The "country" in the United States is among the "power network" covering the world's new colonialism

New colonialism does not seek territorial mergers, but it will establish a dominant-dependency-dependent relationship with political-military means through equal and substantial unequal transactions through forms of equality and influence.

They have discovered a new colonial dominance model that is more hidden than old colonialism, lower costs, and higher income

Establishing a financial system in accordance with the standards advocated by the United States can help concentration of wealth, while financial liberalization helps the United States to carry out cyclical harvesting of concentrated wealth.

With the appearance of the private subject, they can easily penetrate into the space advocated by other sovereigners. As long as the colonial empire always protects their interests, they can play the role of grabbing and expanding in their "power network"

Where is the "country" in the United States? We may be able to answer this way: the "country" in the United States is not only within its territory, but also in a new colonial "power network" covering the world. This "power network" uses capital's desire for profit to expand and maintain its own operation; this "power network" provides basic support for the US war machine; this "power network" is also the carrier of the US ideological output

Wen | Zhang Yongle

For a long time, there have been some "overallists" in the United States that advertise the old colonial owners of the United States and European powers. The aggression of doctrine has supported many people from all over the world. There has always been such a argument in other countries: the United States has no territorial expansion and supports the education of other countries, so it is a great country.

Is this really true? If you want to ask where the "country" in the United States is, the answer given by the above two arguments seems to be that the "country" in the United States is within its established territory. However, these arguments not only did not ask how the United States obtained the existing territory through, and it has not been seen that the United States has long transitioned from the old colonial form for the purpose of plundering the land to the new colonial pattern of more expansion and concealment. And in the form of a "power network", the dominance of other countries and ethnic groups has been established.

Old colonialism is a expansion model that the powers often adopt during the original accumulation of capital. Most of them adopt naked violence, including martial arts annexation of land, immigration reclamation, pirate plunder, fraudulent trade, bloody slave trading, and so on.

New colonialism is a new way of expansion at the development of capitalism to exporting the remaining capital stage. It can acknowledge the legal independence status of the governed person and does not seek territorial mergers. Economic establishment of dominance-dependent relationships, and politically-military means to protect this dominance-dependency relationship. This dominance model that does not invade the land to obtain "output" not only saves the cost of direct domination and governance, but also can achieve efficient exploitation and wealth transfer. , To create and maintain the so -called "kindness" image.

From the North American colonial stage to the global hegemony stage, the United States has exerted both new and old colonialism to the extreme.

It's no different from the colonial conquest of the European powers

The main ethnic group of the United States was British colonists. The expansion of the United States' independent founding and territorial expansion itself has a profound background of old colonialism.

This historical process is that modern British population has continued to increase. At the same time, the eldest son inheritance has led to other sons in a family often lacking a living method. By the 17th century, the British political situation began to be turbulent, so a large number of people flushed to overseas. During the overseas colonial process, the British bourgeoisie and new aristocrats saw the opportunity to make huge profits, so they established a series of colonial companies to organize external colonials. Unlike Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonists who go overseas alone and give birth to mixed -race children alone, British colonists often bring their families and form racial isolation with Aboriginal people. The number of British colonists is more and eager to obtain the land of the Aboriginal people, which makes them more inclined to implement race extinction on the aboriginal people than Spain, Portugal, and French colonists.

The North American War of Independence was actually a war that expanded obstacles for North American colonists. In the middle of the 18th century, in order to obtain more land, North American colonists sent people to London to lobby Britain to attack France's colonial forces in North America. At that time, the British conservative politician Edmond Berke's brother William Berk explicitly opposed the claim. He believed that if the British troops helped their people to obtain more North American land, the latter would have a long wings one day and stiff wings. Leave the empire. However, the British Parliament did not adopt William Berke's opinion, but sent the army to participate in the British and French "seven -year war" and greatly compressed France's scope of power in North America. After the war, in order to ease the relationship between French, the United Kingdom made a boundary in the western North American colonies in 1763 to prohibit the colonials from crossing the border directly from the Indians to obtain the land. This triggered great dissatisfaction with North American colonists who eager to expand, and they believe that Britain has no legal basis for its expansion restrictions. In order to compensate the huge military expenses spent in the "Seven Years War", Britain has added some taxes in the North American colonies. Although the new tax burden is far lower than the British native, it still triggered strong opposition from the North American colonies and finally ignited North American independence. war. From this perspective, the North American War of Independence was not a desperate resistance to suffocating external oppression. In fact, on the eve of the war, North American colonists are generally richer than their British compatriots. The essence of the North American War of Independence is an event of "long wings and hard and flying away": Through the independent founding of the country, North American colonists eventually got rid of the restrictions on its expansion of the princes. During the North American War of Independence, most of the Indian tribes stood on the side of the UK, and they strongly opposed North American colonists. Because of this, the new U.S. government has carried out cruel ethnic extinction of the Indians. In the 19th century's "Westward Movement", the Indians were massacred, the land was deprived, and the population population was almost left. This was completely a typical European -style colonial movement. Lincoln, who liberated black slaves, is regarded by many Americans as the greatest president of the United States, but behind the "House Law Law" it promulgated is the Indians' blood and tears.

After the founding of the United States, in order to expand the territory, it not only deprived the Indians' land, but also extended their hands to Mexicans. The United States continued to enter the white new religious immigrants and black slaves to the Nests of the United States, which belonged to Mexico at the time. By 1835, the number of white American colonists had reached 10 times that of Mexicans. In 1836, the White Protestant Colonist announced that Texas was independent. In 1845, Texas officially merged into the United States, causing a fierce response from Mexico. From 1846 to 1848, war broke out between the United States and Mexico, and the losing large land after the defeat of Mexico, and the United States established California, New Mexico and other states on these land.

The last large -scale territorial expansion in the United States took place in the end of the 19th century. Through the Western War, the United States got Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, occupied Cuba, occupied the Philippines in Asia, obtained Guam in the Pacific Ocean, and annexed Hawaii, which had colonized for many years. The United States' annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines has also caused great controversy within Congress. Many members believe that this is no different from the colonial conquest of European powers in the Americas.

In the 20th century, the United States has not carried out territorial expansion of the above -mentioned scale, but this is not because the U.S. ruler elite has a moral guilt on territorial expansion, but because they have discovered that they have been more hidden than old colonialism and lower costs. , New colonial dominance model with higher income.

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The United States learned the "harvest" method of Britain

New colonialism is not the first in the United States. After the industrial revolution, the United Kingdom quickly completed the original accumulation of capital and then entered the stage of exporting capital. In the 19th century, Britain supported a series of independent movements in Spain and Portugal American colonies, and incorporated the new independent Latin American countries into the British trade network, which was the practice of replacing old colonialism into new colonialism. The United States and the United Kingdom have played a long -term game in the Americas, and they also learned the British technique in this process.

The first large -scale implementation object of the new colonialism in the United States is Latin America.

In 1823, the United States proposed "Monroeism" to oppose the establishment of a new colony or interference in the internal affairs of the American countries in the Americas. On the surface, the United States respects the sovereign independence and territorial integrity of the American countries, but shortly after its rise, it has begun exported goods and capital to these countries, controlled the economic lifeblood of some countries, and rejected the interference of European powers to interfere with the internal affairs of these countries in the internal affairs of these countries. Essence

At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States further promoted the "Golden Yuan Diplomacy" in Latin America. U.S. -American debts in Latin American countries may lead to interference in the European powers, actively repay their debts for these countries, turn themselves into debtor, and then control these countries' customs, finance and financial systems, and send consultants to their army. This is actually setting up a "debt trap". In the meantime, United Fruit Corporation formed a "country of the country" in many countries, which can not only call the wind and rain, but also manipulate elections and subvert the regime.

China has also become the target of new colonialism in the United States very early.

American businessmen began to smuggle opium in China in the early 19th century. The construction of cities in many parts of Boston is benefited from several families called "Boston Brahmin" to China. After occupying the Philippines through the United States and Western War in 1898, the United States further planned a leading way for the Asia -Pacific region. In 1899 and 1900, the United States proposed two "portal opening" photos to Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy, hoping that the powers to maintain China's "portal opening" together. The obstacles set by the market, the so -called "maintaining China's territory and administrative integrity" in the second photo conference, the focus is not the same.

Soon after, the United States tried to compete with the control of the railway in Northeast China and Japan and Russia, entered capital in Central China, and participated in the bank group initiated by the European Union to jointly monopolize China financial business.

More hidden and more efficient expansion-dominance mode

In the Second World War, the overseas population controlled by the United States in the world by the United States by 1945 had surpassed the American population, which caused it to form a temporary "territorial empire". However, the United States did not expand territorial expansion. After the war, the U.S. military withdrew from most of the occupied land, only retained some military bases, and allowed the Philippines to be independent. This has become the story of "American overallism". In fact, this is not because the United States has so-called "morality", but because it has adopted a more efficient expansion-dominance mode after cost-income calculation.

First of all, the United States believes that the rise of global anti -emperor and anti -colonial struggles after the First World War has greatly increased the cost of direct colonial rule. In order to dispel the German Empire, the Austro -Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, US President Wilson supported a series of national independence or resurrection movements in these empires after the First World War. The Soviet Union also supported anti -emperor and anti -colonial struggles of a series of colonies and semi -colonial society outside Europe. European colonial clan is constantly concession to the colonial nationalist movement. In the face of such a trend, the direct colonial rule that go against the trend is very incompetent.

Secondly, from the perspective of the United States, the emergence of new technologies and new dominance has made the original establishment of the "territorial empire" is no longer the most economical option. For example, the United States has established air control through aircraft and radio, so that it can achieve many strategic purposes that can only be achieved through direct colonial rule by military bases.

Compared with the old colonialism occupied by the land, the new colonialism system that the United States adopted after World War II to obtain the "output" on the land has the following architecture:

First, we have established its own military alliance system in Europe and East Asia, and has established more than 800 overseas military bases worldwide. It turned out that the maritime transportation hub controlled by the British Empire basically fell into the United States. A military base is a military island that can project military influence to surrounding areas. Hundreds of military bases can constitute "island chains" that almost covered the world.

Graham Aireson, the proposal of the "Xiu Cattledid Trap", pointed out in the article "New Power Scope" that the reason why American decision makers do not recognize the "sphere of influence" after the Cold War is that "the entire world has changed its essence in essence It has become the scope of the United States. "

The second is the backing of strong military strength. The United States has built a stronger US dollar hegemony than the British hegemony, which has further enhanced the harvesting capacity of global wealth.

Under the US dollar hegemony, when the Federal Reserve enters the interest rate reduction cycle, the US dollar in the United States has pushed the global asset prices to increase the global asset prices through purchasing global goods or foreign investment, so US capital obtained a large number of value -added returns; when the Fed enters the interest rate hike cycle A large amount of overseas capital takes the value -added returns to return to the United States, and the currency depreciation of the US dollar outflow is usually increased, the cost of repayment of US dollar debt has greatly increased, and the price of asset prices has fallen. With a low -interest loan in the dollar, it is easy to acquire high -quality assets of other countries to fall into cabbage prices. For example, after the outbreak of the US financial crisis in 2008, the Federal Reserve rely on "quantitative easing" to resolve the US local crisis from global harvesting wealth; since the outbreak of the new crown epidemic in 2020, the Federal Reserve harvested global wealth in the same way to be the US economy " Blood transfusion.

Third, relying on science and technology hegemony, leading the global industrial chain to ensure that American companies occupy the top of the industrial chain and obtain excess profits.

Although the United States has also shifted some important technologies outward, it is always very vigilant to prevent other countries from being stained in the core technology and industrial standards of the United States. At the same time, it must also suppress the technological upgrade of other countries. For example, allies like Japan have also been hit by the United States when their semiconductor industry challenges US science and technology hegemony.

The firm control of the industrial chain has provided stable profit guarantee for foreign investment in US capital, and also made the periodic wealth harvesting through the US dollar hegemony.

The fourth is to promote the "Washington Consensus", induce other countries to establish a financial system and promote financial liberalization in accordance with the standards advocated by the United States.

Establishing a financial system in accordance with the US claims to help concentration of wealth, while financial liberalization helps the United States to harvest periodical wealth that are concentrated. The governments of these countries unconsciously play the role of social turbulence in the social stability and the harvest of the US wealth harvest. For example, after the financial crisis in 2008, the "quantitative easing" of the United States caused a sharp fluctuation in global grain prices. The Middle East caused a large -scale political turmoil due to the lack of grain, which caused large -scale refugees to cause the European refugee crisis and political turmoil. But few people ask what kind of responsibilities should US financial policies be held. Fifth, in terms of "tame" foreign regimes, in addition to strong military deterrence, a large number of Foundation, non -governmental organizations, media and social platforms in the United States have also played a huge role.

They usually spread the so -called "values" of the United States, suppress the countries, organizations, individuals, and different values ​​systems that have been included in the United States. Midea leaders and candidates support the pro -American party and politicians. Although the global wealth harvesting mechanism in the United States is a deep cause of economic and social turmoil in other countries, these forces can still mobilize local people to point their finger at their government, blame the people's anger on The role of democratic "teachers", the development of "teachers" and the "arbiter" of the dispute.

The essence of this new colonial dominance model is that on the surface, it respects the sovereignty of various countries, and uses equal treaties in form to fix the essentially unequal interest distribution pattern. To this end, the United States often mobilizes local forces, opposition, or so -called "civic society" to fight against the central government of related countries; use the US -led international organizations to restrict the decision -making of the central government of the relevant countries; to protect trade and financial liberalization and the United States country. On the grounds of security, weaken the central government's control of capital, goods, personnel, and information cross -border flow. If the relevant countries are countermeasure, the United States will use domestic law for sanctions and use the "long -arm jurisdiction" to coordinate government and enterprises in other countries.

The "private plunder" gene and "power network" of the new and old colonialism

Article 8 of the Federal Constitution, paragraph 8, stipulates that Congress has the right to "issue the rules for the capture of enemy ships and take revenge on civilian ships, and formulate the rules for winning warfares on land and sea." This provision is the profound brand of British's "private" tradition. In 1243, King Henry III issued the world's first "private loot permit", allowing armed civilian ships to legally plunder the wealth on the host of the host government and civilians. In the 16th century, in order to hegemony with Spain, Queen Elizabeth issued a large -scale "private lobby permit" to the Captain Pirates, allowing him to attack Spanish merchant ships on the Atlantic Ocean and capture the income from the royal family. In this tradition, it contains the genes of new and old colonialism.

Private ship represents such a form of power -it is not a pyramid -like, but a mesh. A private plunder ship is the point on the power network. They appear with the appearance of folk forces, so they will not be alert to other forces like the formal navy; Strategic purposes, extended disposable space.

The colonial company and millions of colonists play the same role as the private ship, which is both a private subject and a carrier of the colonial empire. With the appearance of the private subject, they can easily penetrate into the space advocated by other sovereigners. As long as the colonial empire always protects their interests, they can play the role of grabbing and expanding in their "power network". This "power network" output action is reflected in the original accumulation of capital as old colonialism, and in the capital output stage, it has developed into new colonialism.

The global new colonial system in the United States today reflects the nature of "mesh power". For example, a large number of multinational companies and non -governmental organizations usually appear with the face of private subjects and public welfare organizations, which can easily enter the jurisdiction of other sovereign countries and play their own roles in the "power network" of the empire. In particular, some high -tech multinational companies have harvested their national data from other countries. These data not only serves the company's own profits, but also can be used to serve the US national strategy. Usually they can preach "trade without borders", "artless borders", "science no borders", and "news no borders", but at a critical moment, it can become a tool for the United States to comprehensively sanction in specific countries, organizations and individuals.

Where is the "country" in the United States? We may be able to answer this way: the "country" in the United States is not only within its territory, but also in a new colonial "power network" covering the world. This "power network" uses capital's desire for profit to expand and maintain its own operation; this "power network" provides basic support for the US war machine; this "power network" is also the carrier of the US ideological output Essence For the people of the world, deep understanding of this "power network" and seeing its oppression can be prepared to eliminate its oppression. (The author hired associate professor at Peking University Law President and Deputy Minister of Social Sciences at Peking University)

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