Help industry return!What enlightenment does restart the student system?

Wen ｜ Li Xia Huo Jiaxin

As a long history, but now it seems a bit strange knowledge transmission method. Today, the inherent knowledge transmission structure of the apprenticeship system has rarely paid attention.

However, since this century, many developed countries in the West have restarted the academic system at the national level. What is the meaning of this policy arrangement? What is the inspiration of China, which is seeking industrial structure transformation?

The apprentice system helps the US industry return

When it comes to the importance of apprenticeship, we might as well look at two cases first.

First, is the quality of domestic cars and original imported cars assembled by all imported parts? The answer given by many car fans is "different". where is the problem? Obviously, it is caused by the technical differences between the car workers on both sides.

Second, from 2009 to 2010, the Toyota Company of Japan broke out on a large -scale quality crisis. Although there were many reasons for the incident, the primary reasons were still a decline in quality caused by the company's blind expansion -with the rapid global expansion of Toyota, A large number of technical workers in their headquarters were sent to other factories, and the backbone of the technology were diluted in large quantities, resulting in the rapid decline in technical standards in various places.

As a result, the author proposes an experience formula: the ability of the technical level of technology level (or replication) to determine the boundaries of the expansion of the enterprise.

May wish to see how the United States improves industrial technology through policy arrangements.

Since the 21st century, the United States has decided to restart the academic system in order to realize industrialization.

In April 2009, at a speech, then US President Obama proposed for the first time in a speech that the manufacturing industry was revived as an important strategic goal for the long -term development of the United States and raised it to a strategic height of national security.

In July 2014, the Obama administration held the first White House apprenticeship summit, which marked its formal launching apprenticeship education.

In January 2017, after the Republican Trump came to power, although the concept of governance between the two parties was very different, it rarely reached a high consensus on the apprenticeship system.

In 2021, the US President Biden also emphasized that the apprenticeship system should be a carrier for providing key talents, as well as the means of improving the quality of US labor and response to major national challenges.

With the promotion of the three governments, the planning of the American apprenticeship plan has initially achieved results.

Since 2015, the US industry has begun to return, creativity has improved, and the overall economy has performed strongly. Behind these achievements, it cannot be said that there is no great contribution to the apprenticeship system.

Multi -function of apprenticeship

According to our research, there are two main functions of apprenticeships.

First, solve the problem of knowledge transmission through the apprenticeship system.

If the form of knowledge is knowledge = clear knowledge+unspeakable knowledge, then with the increasing maturity of social progress and disciplines, the proportion of clear knowledge will increase, the proportion of unspeakable knowledge will decrease. This knowledge structure is suitable for large -scale promotion This is why the traditional apprenticeship system is ignored.

However, it still exists in difficult knowledge, and this part of knowledge still needs to be obtained by itself.

In this sense, the apprenticeship system is still an effective way to solve the problem of refuge knowledge.

Second, the lower limit of industrial technology is guaranteed through apprenticeship.

The key technical indicators that truly determine whether the product is accepted by society is the lower limit of the industrial technology rather than the upper limit.

Workers trained by apprentices are the key to ensuring that the industry's technology is maintained, and they finally determine the lower limit of a technology.

This is similar to the "bucket shortcoming theory" in management. It is not its long board but the height of its shortcomings that determine the capacity of the bucket.

In the same way, determining whether a standard of industrial technology is accepted by society is not the upper limit, but the lower limit. The maintenance of a high -level technical limit is realized through the apprenticeship system.

There is still a general cognitive misunderstanding here -the more the theoretical knowledge, the higher the level of local industrial technology.

In fact, this is caused by the transformation point on the long chain of knowledge transmission, that is, from scientific principles to technical principles, to the transformation chain of technical inventions and industrial applications, each transformation has from abstraction to specific to specific ones to specific ones. The content loss, especially from technology invention to industrial technology.

At this time, there is a lot of difficulty in the composition of knowledge. This is where the knowledge of knowledge transmission is located.

An important function of the apprentice system is to pass on the educational teaching and pass the unspeakable knowledge to the specific production link, thereby eliminating the knowledge blocking point.

If such an exit is lacking, the "dammed lake" phenomenon of knowledge may occur, that is, all cutting -edge theoretical knowledge is blocked upstream of the knowledge chain. Because the lack of effective transmission carrier cannot sink the knowledge to the industry.

This situation will cause decision -making errors and the deviation of public cognition, that is, on the one hand, some problems are theoretically not a problem in theory, but at the technical practice level, it is not an obstacle to the past; on the other hand "Lake" causes disconnection and mutual trust between industry -university and research.

Good diversion should be based on social preferences

In order to solve the problem of blocking points of knowledge and the lower limit of industrial technology, my country has implemented the general diversion reform of middle school students in the education system. After many years of operation, is the effect of universal diversion equivalent to the apprenticeship?

The Law of my country's universal diversion was originally from the Vocational Education Law promulgated in 1996.

In 2014, the Ministry of Education issued a document, which clearly stated that the graduates of fresh junior high schools should be separated in an orderly manner to ordinary high schools and secondary vocational schools.

This policy has caused fundamental changes in the teaching and cultivation ecology of junior high school. The policy refers to the practices of mature countries such as Germany and Japan, but the national conditions of various countries are different after all -the recognition of engineers and technicians in the above countries is relatively high in society, which is not very good in my country.

In addition, there is also a certain gap between the hard basic conditions of my country's supporting vocational education system and the above -mentioned countries, which makes it difficult for parents to reassure their children to study school.

In 2021, the "Vocational Education Law" revised draft draft "general diversion" gave a clear plan: according to the economic development level and education popularization of different regions, the implementation of education diversion of different stages of different stages of junior high school, establishment, and establishment Improve the vocational education system for education and vocational training in vocational schools, and to communicate with other education and coordinate development.

According to the author's statistics, as of 2021, there were 1001 colleges and universities in general vocational colleges in my country, 656 secondary vocational education schools, 14.68 million students in higher vocational students, and 98.96 million students in the school.

Under the current diversion system, a considerable part of the students who flow to vocational education are derived from the screening of the exam. This is also an important reason for the students and social views that cause vocational education to be in a negative stereotype.

The truly good diversion is based on the transformation of social preferences, and the transformation of social cognition takes time to cultivate slowly.

Therefore, the author suggested that some vocational education units with good basic conditions can be built into a model unit first, so that the local vocational education appearance will be changed from the inside out, and the market recognition is obtained, so that students can get good income and respect. As a result, vocational education will naturally gradually attract outstanding students.

In this sense, there is still a big difference between the vocational education system currently implemented in my country and the real apprenticeship system.

On the long chain of knowledge, not only has many knowledge blocking points, but also has a lot of room for improvement in the improvement of the lower limit of technology.

Therefore, in the face of a huge vocational education student with a total number of more than 110 million, re -thinking that China's vocational education has become a key issue for industrial upgrading and maintaining a steady transformation of society.

(Author Unit: The Institute of Science and Culture, Shanghai Jiaotong University)

"China Science News" (2022-06-14 Observation of the 3rd edition of the 3rd edition)

Edit | Zhao Lu

Capture | Guo Gang

- END -