He is a former Prime Minister of France, and a forgotten math strange

He switched between his life mathematicians and different roles of the WTO. Although he has achieved the highest position in his political career, his contribution as a mathematician is even more dazzling.

Written article | Fan Ming

Since the 17th century, many first -class mathematicians have appeared in French history, Cartes, Wate, Pascal, Ferma, Raglan, Laplas, Dalangbeel, Lede, Mongolia, Pengsai,,, Peng Sai,,, Peng Sai,,, Pengsai,,, Pengsai,,, Peng Sai,,,, Peng Saisre,, Master -level characters such as Koisi, Fourier, Galo, Ponkara, Adima, Grotendik and other masters, as bright as stars in the sky, are countless. Unlike people's impression of the stereotypes of mathematicians, many French mathematicians are enthusiastic about social and political activities, and there is a tradition of politics in France. For example, in 1799 Laplas had given Mathematics enthusiasts Napoleon, who had been the Minister of the Interior for six weeks. In 1831, Galwa twice in jail for political reasons, and the 2010 Phils Award winner C. Villani served as French National Assembly. Paul Painlevé (1863-1933, old translation "Ban Lewei") is also such a strange man.

One of the most famous mathematicians in the era

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A craftsman's family in Paris was born in Paris. His childhood was in the turbulent age of France. He was talented in literature and science since childhood. Until the graduation of middle school, Panthewa had not decided his own direction of life and was impulsive between politics and engineering, but finally chose a scientific career. In 1883, Pantwry entered the Paris Higher Normal School (COLE NORMALE SUPérieure (Paris Gao Division) to study mathematics, and at P. Appell, G. Darboux, C. Hermite, Picard (H. Poincaré, ) And the influence of Professor J. Tannery and other professors was deeply attracted by mathematics. In his doctoral dissertation tutor, one of the most outstanding mathematicians in France, Picada suggested that he went to the University of Grain and H. A. Schwarz in 1886 to follow the University of Gostegen in Germany in 1886. He obtained a doctorate degree in the University of Paris with the paper entitled "The Strange Line of Analysis Function".

At that time, the standard professional path of French leading scholars was the first faculty in other provinces, and then tried to return to Paris. After graduating from Dr. Panturova, he was hired as a lecturer in mathematics and applied mechanics of mathematics and applied mechanics of the University of University. He returned to Paris in 1892. ) Teaching, a professor of mathematics at the University of Paris in 1903, and a professor of mechanics at the Paris Institute of Technology in 1905. Panthelvi's main research field involves differential equations and analytical mechanics. His earliest interest in mathematics is a rational transformation of algebraic curves and curves. He put forward the concept of dual uniform transformation and shows great interest in non -linear analysis theory. Panthelvi has a keen mathematical intuition. He has a famous saying: "Between the two truths of the real domain, the simplest and shortest path usually passes through the plural domain."

Under the mediation of G. Mittag-Leffler, the father of the father of modern mathematics in Sweden, the study of the three-body issue in 1888 won the mathematics award from Sweden and Norwegian King Oscar II of Sweden and Norwegian Junhe. Essence From September to November 1895, Pantherwell, who was also interested in the three-body problem, went to the University of Stockholm at the invitation of King Stockholm. Pantwell's lecture "Theoretical Tutorial of the Analysis of Formulas" two years later, including the first systematic research on the strangeness of the N body problem. For example, he proves that "the strange points of the three bodies are all collisions", and proposed the famous "Panthelway conjecture": When N> 3, there is a non -collision point of N> 3. In popular terms, if there are more than three planets in the system, one of them can be thrown into an infinite distance. Xia Zhihong (1992) and Xue Jinxin (2014), Chinese mathematicians in the United States, proved that Panthelvi ’s conjecture was established when n ≥ 5 and n = 4, respectively.

One of the most important achievements of Pantwell was discovered the non -linear constant differential equations named after his name and the new transcendence function. As we all know, the linear constant differential equation can be solved using an elementary function or a classic special function, and the solution of non -linear differential equations is much more difficult than the linear equation. The ellipse function discovered in the 19th century expands the special function family, which can be used to solve the first -order non -linear constant differential equation. Panthew used the idea of ​​K. Weierstrab, L. Fuchs and S. V. Kovalevskaya to study the first type of second -order non -linear constant differential equation. Local analysis, and there is no such thing as moving. This type of equation is called "Panthert", and some articles (such as Wikipedia) "the only miracle that can move is the extreme point" definition is wrong.

Panthelvier and B. Gambier, R. FUCHS, etc. found that the non -linear constant differential equations with Panthetta can always be converted into one of the 50 specifications, of which 44 equations can be used by the known functions after using the influenzaization function Solution, only six equations need to introduce "new" beyond functions. These six constant differential equations are called "Panthelville", and its solution is called "Pantwell's super -superior function", which has a very different properties that are different from classic special functions. Some of the inconveniences of some Panthelville equations have always been a controversial topic. In the late 1980s, Japanese mathematicians K. Nishioka and H. UMemura proved that all Pantwell equations were incomparable to linear equations or using elliptical functions to use the elliptical function. Solve. Due to the applications in modern geometry, quantum field theory, accumulation system, and statistical mechanics, Pantwell's superior function has re -attracted interest in the mathematical community in recent years, and has been promoted to high -level non -linear constant differential equations and non -linear partial micro -division equations. Research. Pantwry systematically analyzed the movement of the rigid system, which involved the friction of dry (Kulun) during sliding. He gave the general motion equation of such systems, and pointed out that the use of the case of self -conflict that could be caused by the law of the Curon friction, and proposed the "Panthelvi" in the dynamics of the friction system. Later, Panthewa also tried to create mechanics axioms. He believed that mechanics axioms were allowed to define the absolute motion coordinate system that is only applicable to linear and uniform translation. Similar to Pantwell's equation, due to the development of non -linear dynamics methods in recent decades, the Panthelvi Paradox has returned to the public sight again. Mita-Lefle's evaluation of Pantwell is: "He is not afraid of the most difficult problem, it is a real inventor." J. S. Hadamard, who was the same as the Panthelvi, said: "Pan Leway inherited the work of Poncale and reached the limit of human power. "

Panthelvi's mathematics talent was quickly recognized internationally and became one of the most famous mathematicians in that era. He has won the French Academy of Sciences Mathematics Science Awards (1890), Pordin Bordin (PRIX Bordin, 1894) and Puffle Awards (1896), and was elected as academician of the Academy Academy (Académie Des Sciences) in 1900. At the International Mathematical Conference (ICM) held in Paris in the same year, Panthelville served as the chairman of the Analysis Branch. In 1904, he wrote a report on the conference report entitled "Modern Issues of Points Lifting Formula" at Heidelberg ICM. A PhD instructed by Pantwell was a well -known Fatou collection in Paris Gao Division (P. Fatou) in 1907, because of the FATOU in the FATOU and Motivation Dynamic System in the Eleberg.

Aviation pioneer and politicians in charge of multiple departments

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If Panthelvi continues to engage in mathematical research, the future is not limited. However, the well -known "Dre Surov" at the end of the 19th century changed his life and took the first step in his political career. A. Dreyfus was a French Jewish officer who was charged with the crime of rebels and sentenced to life imprisonment in December 1894. In early 1898, it began with the innocence of Dre Surfus, a well -known writer Zara (. In 1899, Pantwellway testified in the new military court and continued to fight for justice for Drevos. Until 1906 he was released innocently and officially became a national hero. Both Ponkara and Adima, who are also friends and friends of Panthelville, both vindicated the call.

In 1901, Pantwell and J. Ptit de Villeneuve were married, and their son Jean Painlevé was born the following year. Unfortunately, Pantwry's wife died of puerperium fever after six weeks of production. Let the elder sisters who have been in their father -in -law to develop adults, and later became the famous documentary director and producer, and directed more than 200 scientific and natural films. Panthelville is an idealism, humanitarian, and peacekeeper. He stopped all teaching and research work in 1910 and became a full -time politician. As the Republican-Socialist of the left, Panthelvi has been a member of the French House of Representatives. After the beginning of the World War I, he presided over a number of military committees. Panthelville joined the cabinet in 1915 and served as the French Minister of Public Education, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of War, the Aviation Minister, and the Minister of Finance.

Panthelvi was interested in exploring the mystery of science since he was a child and was curious and passionate about avant -garde technology. He used fluid mechanics theory to prove the possibility of flying in 1903. In 1908, the US aviation pioneer Wright Brothers fell to France at almost no government support, showing their planes and negotiating patents with France. On October 10, Panthelville boarded the aircraft of Wilbur Wright, becoming the first French to fly to the sky. The aircraft carried 45 -liter gasoline, flying for 55 kilometers in a ten -meter -high air, and successfully landed after 1 hour and 9 minutes. The enthusiastic aviation scientist personally experienced his calculation results and successfully completed the feat of conquering the sky.

Panthelville is very clear about the importance of aircraft. He believes that this is a new type of transport with broad prospects. He lobby the French House of Representatives, suggested to set up a military department involving aviation and succeed, laying a political foundation for the French aviation industry. In 1909, Pantwell became the first professor of aviation dynamics in France. He was committed to theoretical research of aviation science, served as the chairman of multiple air navigation committees, and took the lead in opening air dynamic courses at the university. In 1910, Pantwell and his friend, a famous French mathematician, wrote the book "Aviation Studies" in collaboration. Borel was one of the pioneers in the early 20th century, and the Borel in topology was named after his name. Borier is also a politician and served as the Minister of Ocean in 1925. In 1917, as the Minister of War, Panthelvier said in a speech: "Science is a legal and reasonable law and organization for human society. It will solve social problems by increasing industrial power and control of nature, constantly creating new wealth wealth , But will not take them from anyone. Science will finally soften human behavior through the training of love and the development of wisdom. The teachings. "From 1924-1925, Pantwell was elected as the Speaker of the House of Representatives. He also served as Prime Minister of the Third Republic of France twice. The second time during the financial crisis from April 17th to November 22nd, 1925, he resigned because his reform plan was not approved by the House of Representatives. Borel was a member of the Cabinet during the second prime minister of Panthelvi.

Bridge for Sino -French Cultural Science Exchange

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Due to the scientific research, Pantwell is very curious about the ancient mysterious Chinese civilization. As early as 1914, he met Cai Yuanpei, the first chief of education in Paris due to the failure of the second revolution. During the Paris Paris in 1919, the chief traffic chief of the Beiyang Government went to Europe, the United States, Japan, and North Korea for inspection. With the efforts of Ye Gongchao, Panthelville, and Han Rujia, the Chinese Academy of Paris was established on March 17, 1920. Panthelvi is the first dean. Essence Panthewa once proposed to Ye Gongchao that the French government was willing to use the refunded part of the Geng models to go to the four libraries. To this end, he made a special trip to Shanghai in September 1919 to discuss the matter, but due to the timely turbulence of the funds, he failed to succeed.

From June 22nd to September 11th, 1920, at the invitation of the Beiyang government, Panthelvis led a delegation from the French cultural and intellectuals to visit China. Among his successor, French writer Bonar Bonal was , Ma Dan, an economic professor at the University of Paris, Nadal, railway engineer Nadal, and mathematician Borel. Panthelvis specially emphasized that this trip was a cultural journey, and the delegation exchanged extensive exchanges with the Chinese academic and cultural circles. On July 1, Pantwell visited Peking University and gave a speech at the Peking University Dalisman University of Science and Technology. President Cai Yuanpei gave a welcome speech. From June 29th to July 1st, "Peking University Daily" was promoted for three consecutive days. On July 4th, the "Report" reported on the title of "Welcome to Peking University", and published Cai Yuanpei's welcome words and Panthelville's speech. "Three or four thousand years ago, European civilizations have not yet formed, and Chinese celestial literature and mathematics can predict day and monthly erosion to really admire."

In view of the enthusiasm of Pantwell's cultural exchanges between China and France and his contribution in the field of mathematics, Cai Yuanpei hosted Panturi as a honorary professor at Peking University on August 31 at Peking University. Peking University ’s Academic Affairs Conference also decided to grant P. S. Reinsch, a US diplomat, an authoritative in the Far East Affairs, P. Joubin, the French educator and diplomat, the president of Lyon China France University, the famous American philosopher and education The title of "Ph.D. of Science", a home and psychologist J. Dewey, first opened a precedent for the award of the honorary doctorate of foreign scholars by domestic universities. On the day of the awarding ceremony, only Pantwell was in Beijing. Cai Yuanpei said in his speech:

"Peking University first awarded a degree, and the recipient was Mr. Ban Lewei. It can be a special commemorative person: First, the purpose of the university, all scholars of philosophy, literature and applied sciences must start with pure science. Pure scientists must start with mathematics. Therefore, the order of various departments, class mathematics as the first department. Mr. Ban Lewei is the world's mathematics everyone, which can represent this meaning. Second, science is the public, and universities naturally have common research. Object. But the place where the university is located, for the society and history of its place, have to pay special attention to the task of division of labor. Peking University is not only located in the common research of China in the common research of world scholars. Special responsibility. Mr. Ban Lewei most advocates the study of Chinese learning and can represent this meaning. So I think that the school's first grant degree belongs to Mr. Ban Lewei. The great memorial. "

At the end of 1920, Cai Yuanpei arrived in France for inspection and visited local celebrities. In January and February 1921, Cai Yuanpei visited the old friend Panthel twice and asked him to recommend several French scholars to visit China. The first scientist recommended by Pantwell is the world -renowned Mary Juri, and the other three are physicists J. B. Perrin, P. Langevin, and mathematician Adima. To this end, Cai Yuanpei made a special trip to Mary Juri's laboratory and invited her to visit China. Unfortunately, she has not been able to go. In 1931, Lang Zhiwan participated in the China Education and Scientific Development Inspection Corps organized in China to visit China, conducted extensive contact and exchanges with Chinese physicists, and gave many academic speeches. In 1936, Adima went to Shanghai Jiaotong University and Zhejiang University. Later, at the invitation of Tsinghua University, he went to Beijing for more than 3 months. The four masters have cultivated Chinese disciples such as Shi Shiyuan, Li Shuhua, Wang Dezhao, Xiong Qinglai, and Wu Xinmou, which have had an important impact on the development of modern mathematics and physics in China. "Broad Confucianism" episode in political career

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From 1921-1922, Panthewa's attention turned to broad theory. In November 1915, Einstein proposed the core of general relativity -field equations, and shortly after the German physicist K. Schwarzschild proved the ball symmetry called "Swadas" Swana radius and strange point. Panthelvi and A. Gullstrand have independently derived the Einstein equations that have no strange Einstein equations at the radius of Starcas. This solution was later named Gullstrand-Painlevé coordinates. Gulstrand is a professor and optical professor of Ophthalmology at Upesala University in Sweden, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1910, and a judge of Nobel Prize in Physics. In October and November 1921, Pantwell issued two notes at the French Academy of Sciences, including the mathematical form of general relativity theory, and directly derived the above -mentioned Eydan field solution from the symmetrical nature of the problem.

At the end of 1921, Pantwell wrote to Einstein, introduced his solution, and invited Einstein to Paris to discuss. At the end of March 1922, Einstein accepted the invitation of the French Institute of Physics to visit Paris, becoming the first German to show up in France after the First World War, which caused a sensation. Einstein gave a public speech at the French Public College, and with Panthelville, BECQUEREL, L. Brillouin, Jiadang (. Cartan), Adima, Langzhi, etc. People have argued fiercely. Einstein was confused about the non -two -time cross -cross items of linear elements in the Panthelway, so he denied his thoughts. After this debate, Panthewa published the third notes to extend the geometric form he used in Newton's theory to a broad sense theory.

The French Academy of Sciences is a fairly conservative academic institution, including some of the most active members of them. Until 1921, they held hostile attitudes towards a general theory and believed that it destroyed Newton's classic mechanics. After a vicious attack on the general theory of relativity after certain sciences, Pantwell's work aims to "ease" the debate to guide those colleagues who are confused about Einstein's theory to compare the two theories of the two theories to compare the two theories Research. According to Pantwell's scientific background, it was difficult to be completely objective at the time. He was not ready to give up the entire classic mechanics building. However, his attempt was highly constructive and contributed to the subsequent inspirational debates in the Sciences, making Einstein's Paris in Paris is effective.

The earliest Einstein equations that did not have a strange Einstein equation at the radius of Starcas were initiated. Although he later expressed doubt about its effectiveness, as a mathematician, Panthew was convinced that this controversial plan was Device is correct. Pantherwell's interest in general relativity lasted six months and returned to politics, but some of his advanced thoughts were forgotten for decades. Although many famous physicists, including Einstein at the time, believed that the physical odds on the radius of Starcas were actual, and G. LEMAITRE in 1933 discovered that Pantwell's solution was actually Swadas. A coordinate transformation of the rules, people learned that the transformation of the coordinate system revealed that the Swaizas radius was only a coordinate point, and the far -reaching significance was that it represented the black hole's incident vision. Until the 1960s, some more advanced mathematical tools such as slightly divided geometry entered a broad theory of relativity, and physicists generally recognized this.

A lifetime of rational and vitality

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Pantler is naturally simple, energetic, energetic, and full of vitality, exuding a personality charm that rarely can resist even in its opponents. He switched between his birth of a mathematician and the living politicians in his life. He wrote and published 144 academic works, textbooks, and papers. The last book was the "Unsure Fluid resistance tutorial" published in 1930. In 1925, Panthelvier resigned as a French Prime Minister's position and continued to serve as senior officials in the government. In 1932, he was elected as a French presidential candidate, but withdrew before the election. Pantherwell's life has enjoyed the joy brought by rational thinking and the spirit of science, and has become a model of "math governing the country". Panthelville is one of the main designers of the Martino defense line along the eastern border of France. He also proposed to formulate an international convention that prohibits the manufacture of bombers and establishes an international air force to maintain global peace, but The east of the French government in January 1933. Some historians believe that although Pantwell has achieved the highest position in his political career, his contribution as a mathematician is more significant. Panthelvi returned to his favorite research field at the dusk of life. He once said, "If I must leave, I will try to do this elegantly!" On October 29, 1933, Pantheinin, Pantlerin, Heart failure died in Paris's house, and prophecy became a reality. The national funeral was held on November 4, and Pantwell's sleep on the ancestor of the sages, and France lost her best son. A square in Latin, Paris and a mathematical laboratory at the University of Rier, named Painleva with Panthelwell 953. A French aircraft carrier was also named "Pantwell", but only existed in the drawings. Just like his many visions, he may not be able to put it into reality or forgotten for a long time.

references

[1] A v. BORISOV & N. A. Kudryashov, Paul PainLevé and His Contribution to Science, Regular and Chaotic Dynamics Vol. 19, 2014.

[2] J. Fric, PainLevé in 1921, a breaking-through solution, in general related, totally misunderstood at that time, Paris-Diderot University 2020.

[3] Cai Yuanpei and Hyundai China, Cai Yuanpei Research Association, Peking University Press 2010.

Source: Return to Park Popular Science China-Creative Cultivation Plan

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