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Learning things slower than others?You need the help of "accidental incident"

Author:Cool brain Time:2022.08.31

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The new research clearly shows that the changes in the brain's neurochemistry behind "frightening emotions" may be much more complicated than we expect.

You reach out to the stove and pick up the pot.

However, what you don't realize is that the stove gas is still open.

Ouch!

You were burned.

This painful experience will give you a lesson.

Learning from accidents is adaptive, so we will not repeat our mistakes. When we are surprised, our brain may be inspired by additional attention. In a recent study of "Nature", researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that there was evidence that a hormonal-norepinein, which changed the brain activity at these surprising moments, thereby changing the animal's Subsequent behavior.

Aphphriacinine is one of the chemicals that can fill the brain that can fill the brain with powerful signals. Past studies have shown that when we feel excited, anxious, or alert, removing norepinephrine will participate in it, and it helps to learn. But new research shows that it plays a strong role in the response to the accident.

Molecular molecule

The M.I.T. team uses a method called optical genetics to study the norepinephrine of mice. Scientists add special light -sensitive proteins to neurons. When laser pulses are irradiated, these proteins work as the "shutdown switch" of cells. They focus on modifying a brain area called Locus Coeruleus, which is responsible for release of cells to de -renal gonadine. Through laser, researchers can prevent these cells from producing hormones under certain circumstances. They combine this method with photos. This is a protein -flashed technology that enables scientists to observe the activity of tray -shaped cells, and then determine how many norepinephrine is produced.

The researchers then designed a trial and error learning task for rodents. When mice hear a sound, they can push leverage. There are two sounds in total. After about 12 kilometers of high -frequency sound, the mouse of the push rod got a reward of drinking water. For the low -frequency sound of about 4 kilometers of Hzz, the mouse of the push rod got a slightly unpleasant fright: a uncomfortable air will blow to them. Over time, the mice learned to push the leverage only when they hear high -frequency sounds, because they will get water. When they hear low -frequency sounds, they avoid leverage.

当研究人员检查了在这些事件中在大脑皮层内发生的情况时，他们看到去甲肾上腺素的分泌在两个不同的时刻激增：在小鼠推动杠杆之前，以及当啮齿动物收到水或When a bite.

Researchers suspect that the first outbreak of norepinephrine revealed that it plays a role in the decision of animal pursuit of rewards. One of their experiments supports this assumption. When scientists reduce the volume of tone, it is more difficult to distinguish between high -frequency, water -producing notes and low -frequency, and blowing notes, and the mice are confused. Some mice are unwilling to push the rod, but some are pushed. Then, the researchers used their optical genetic shutdown switch to prevent the release of norepinephrine, which made mice hesitant even more. It seems that the release of norepinephrine increases the chance of risks of mice under uncertain results. In addition, the researchers tracked the norepinephrine released by the mouse before the leverage, and found that it entered the brain motor cortex. This area participated in the sending nerve impulses that stimulated muscle exercise. In other words, the surge in brain chemical reactions helps to promote mice to promote leverage.

As for the second soaring of norepinephrine, the researchers found that when mice received a bite of air or water, this chemical substance was released. When the results surprise them, this brain reaction is the strongest. For example, after the mouse learned to linked higher tones with water, the researchers decided to change some situations by releasing air. These changes have changed the behavior of mice, for example, unexpectedly make the mice more vigilant to promote leverage in the next test.

Moreover, scientists have found that when animals get these unexpected results, the cerebral cortex releases more norepinephrine. Researchers have also found that the release of norepinephrine to reduce the accuracy of the accuracy of water rewards when grasping the leverage to obtain leverage. This discovery helps to explain that norepinephrine is particularly useful to help us learn from accidents.

In future work, researchers can investigate whether there are similar processes in humans. Scientists can also study how the norepinephrine works with other chemicals (such as dopamine), which plays a role in our reactions. The new research clearly shows that the changes in neurochemistry behind the "Scare Elements" may be much more complicated than anyone expects.