Germany and Japan attach importance to promoting the employment of college graduates

The employment of colleges and universities not only has a relationship between people's livelihood, but also economic development, social stability, and the future of the country. It not only has a far -reaching impact on national construction and innovative development, but also is a "test stone" for testing the talent training of colleges and universities. In order to promote the full employment of college graduates, many countries have conducted active exploration. This article will introduce relevant measures in the United States, Germany and Japan.

American universities actively provide employment services

The United States started the process of popularization of higher education. As early as the 1970s, the gross enrollment rate of higher education in the United States had reached 50%. In the United States, the employment of graduates is related to the reputation of colleges and universities and the evaluation of universities. Therefore, colleges and universities will invest a lot of manpower, material resources and funds to support and promote the employment of graduates. U.S. universities generally set up employment guidance, career planning, job search services and other departments to provide students with more professional career planning and employment guidance services. Universities often provide courses such as "career planning" for low grades, starting from the aspects of employment environment and career direction selection, and imparting employment -related knowledge to students. With the rise of the students, especially in the graduation grade, the school will provide guidance from interview skills, resume writing, and job search experience. In addition, the employment guidance departments of some universities will provide long -term services for students. Even students who have graduated can return to their alma mater to receive employment -related guidance and services.

The cost of higher education in the United States is high. In order to allow more young people to receive higher education, the United States has launched a student loan in the 1950s. However, with the several changes in the student loan system and the growth of tuition fees for universities in the United States, and the amount of student loans became higher and higher, some students chose not to study in college or drop out of school because it was difficult to afford tuition fees or student loans. After many years of graduation, when you have entered middle age or even old age, you still need to continue to repay school aid loans. The disorderly expansion of the scale of student loans has exacerbated the US and family debt crisis in the United States, which has a negative impact on people's pension savings ability and willingness to study for further studies. In this context, at the same time, it is also to promote the employment of college graduates. The United States has introduced the policy of attracting college graduates to work or engaged in specific occupations through reducing loans, including "teaching for the United States" and "reserve military officer groups" "Two items. The "Teaching for the United States" is a college graduate who has excellent and teachers with potential for teachers, provides training for them, and then delivered to the underwriting area in the United States to teach. The "Preparatory Military Regiment" project requires students to take the corresponding courses. The school provides basic courses scholarships and bear all relevant costs of the students. Students will be appointed as officers as long as the officers will be appointed as as long as they pass the advanced curriculum examination and obtain a degree.

According to data released by the US Department of Labor, tens of millions of people in the United States have been unemployed since the new crown pneumonia. In order to cope with the challenges in the field of employment, the US government has adopted a number of measures, including using public funds to carry out a package plan to promote employment; help small enterprises to obtain loans and financial support through the "small enterprise salary protection plan"; use "economic damage loan" to use "economic damage loans" Enterprises issuing bailout loans, companies that meet specific conditions can apply for loans to pay the funds required to maintain the operation of the enterprise, and the loan amount does not need to provide mortgage when it does not exceed US $ 25,000.

Germany promotes employment with public services

In Germany, the employment of college graduates has been closely concerned by all parties in the society for a long time. Public institutions play a dominant role in this field. The German Federal Labor Bureau has established dense public employment service outlets in Germany to provide employment guidance and employment consultation services for various types of people including college students. In order to promote employment, the German government launched the "non -full -day work" system. Under this institutional arrangement, the working hours and work income of workers will be reduced, but they can also get more time that can be flexibly dominated and enjoyed. Social welfare benefits are not affected, and this move has played a certain positive role in creating more employment opportunities.

In addition, the German government also provides subsidies to encourage college graduates to enter some relatively "unpopular" low -remuneration industries. In addition to normal compensation, those who undertake these jobs can get additional social insurance subsidies on a monthly basis, and their children can also receive a child subsidy. In order to improve the employment rate, the German government also encourages enterprises to hire unemployed personnel. Each enterprise hires an unemployed person, and is qualified to apply for an additional 100,000 euros of loans. Enterprises can also obtain taxes and unemployment insurance reductions after employment of unemployed personnel.

German universities have a tradition of attaching importance to vocational education, and some universities are mainly cultivating skills and production talents. These universities attach great importance to providing employment guidance for students. They will set up various forms of specialized institutions to provide employment consulting services for students. They will also provide courses such as interview skills, employment skills, job consulting, and ability testing to further improve their employment capabilities. German universities provide students with practical vocational skills training to help them determine their professional development goals and improve job search skills. In the binary teaching model, colleges and universities cooperate with enterprises to invite professionals in enterprises to school, and introduce their employment standards to students through formal lectures or lectures. Enterprises are responsible for providing vocational training for students to provide vocational training. They need to provide students with different levels of internship positions, so that students can obtain comprehensive occupational ability instead of only in a job by trying to work in different positions.

After the new crown pneumonia's epidemic, many German college graduates have intensified jobs. To this end, Germany has introduced economic assistance policies for college graduates. Gold, plus rental, heating costs and surcharges, and subsidies for legal disease insurance and nursing insurance premiums. In addition, graduates of German universities can also apply for interest -free loans for initial stages of Fuxing Credit Bank of Germany. The Japanese government dominates the employment promotion activity

In Japan, the employment of college graduates is led by the government. The government is not only responsible for formulating employment policies, but also responsible for controlling all aspects of the employment of college graduates, and through macro -control intervention and guiding the employment related to the employment of college graduates. In the context of government -led, the employment market plays a basic role, and college graduates have selected employment through two -way selection with employment units. In terms of employment policies, Japan has released laws and regulations such as the Labor Standards Law, "employment countermeasures", "minimum wage law" and "zero short -term workers' labor law", which clearly stipulates the form of employment, occupation, and public institutions functions. The Japanese government also adjusts the industrial structure, develops the industrial structure, develops the tertiary industry, health industry and low -carbon technology, and broaden the market from the needs of employment to create more employment opportunities.

At the same time, Japanese students can receive long -term employment and entrepreneurial education. Many Japanese students have tried to participate in social practice since elementary school, and use the spare time to work in simple and effort to experience the workplace environment, try work or start a business. In the junior high school stage, the school will generally open a "professional section", divide the skills or common sense of skills or work fields in the two themes of technology and housekeeping, so that students can master basic vocational skills and techniques. At the university stage, the Japanese government will jointly assume the duties of providing employment guidance to college graduates with colleges and universities. The Ministry of Culture and Science and Technology of the Ministry of Culture and Sciences are responsible for formulating the employment promotion policy of college graduates, investigating, collecting and analyzing the employment information of graduates across the country. Through interaction with various economic groups, enterprises' understanding of employment activities of college graduates will be used to strive for their support. Universities are responsible for providing employment guidance for students. On the one hand, colleges and universities usually pay more attention to employment and entrepreneurial education. They will set up specialized institutions to manage students' employment and entrepreneurship. Special guidance provides students with specific and targeted guidance, understand and grasp the actual employment of students Essence On the other hand, Japanese universities also attach importance to providing vocational ability education for students, paying attention to the cultivation of students' vocational outlook and professional knowledge and skills, so that students can obtain determination and preferences based on their own personality, ability and preferences. Actively choose the ability of your future development direction, and actively work hard for the development direction he chose.

(This article is the phased achievement of Zhejiang's industry -academia cooperation and collaborative education project "Reform of Labor Education -based Education -based Education -based Education -based Education" from 2019 to 2020)

(Author Unit: School of Economics, Hangzhou Normal University; School of Fine Arts of Hangzhou Normal University)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Dai Lihua Zhongjiang Shun

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