Marx's focus and breakthrough in the study of doctoral dissertations -based on the reconstruction of the MEGA2 version of "Berlin Note"

Marx's doctoral dissertation, "Demoly's Differences of Natural Philosophy of Democylit and the Natural Philosophy of Ishiku", reflects his achievements in philosophical reading and thinking during the University of Berlin. The second edition of the History Edition (hereinafter referred to as "MEGA2") of "Complete Works of Marx and Engels" was first published by Marx's "Classical Philosopher Wing" during Berlin, and it was called "Berlin Note". At the same time, the editor -in -chief of the "Notes on the Philosophy of Epine Ruru" published by the old version of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" was published into "Notes on Ishichiru Philosophy" and "Epiuro Rulu Research Film Broken". part. In this way, Marx's notes were "divided into three" during Berlin. The author believes that MEGA2 provides important documents for the study of the Marx Berlin thought, but the above arrangement and naming methods are not ideal. According to the regular practice of Marx's text research, all notes of Marx during the Berlin period can be referred to as "Berlin notes", which combines its writing time and content, and re -stages and research. In this way, the full picture of "Berlin Note" and its support for the research on Marx's doctoral dissertation will be more complete.

The study of Marx's doctoral dissertation began in the winter semester of 1838. From the beginning of 1839 to the summer of 1839, he completed the first group of excerpt notes, which generally corresponding to the first five volumes of the old version of the old version of "Note on the Philosophy of Emi Kuru". These notes reflect that Marx has formed a clear theme in the early days of doctoral dissertation research, and has a certain breakthrough in their views. This group of notes all revolves around a theme: Ibchturu's philosophical thought. Marx mainly excerpted two documents. One is the 10th volume of "Famous Zhelong Word Records". This is the most important document for the system to introduce the life and thoughts of Yibiku Lu. Important development of Epiuro philosophy. Through the more complete excerpts of these two literatures, the Marx system grasped the basic content of Ishichiru philosophy. At the same time, Marx also tried to talk to the critics of Epiuro philosophy in different times. He not only excerpted the comments from Ishikuuro, the Platacon Platac and the suspicion, Emilco. Among them, Pulu Tak's misunderstanding and criticism of Ishimuru was particularly opposed. The most worth mentioning is that Marx has both inherited and made a breakthrough in Hegel's views on the history of philosophy. Hegel proposed in the "Records of the History of Philosophy" that the Greek -based philosophy factions, including Ishimu, "gained the freedom of self -consciousness through thinking", which gave Marx an important inspiration. Marx also pointed out in his notes that Ibquaru "affirmed the freedom of self -consciousness." However, Hegel's natural philosophy of Ibqualu was very low, and he believed that he was "completely dispensable." Marx attaches great importance to this part, thinking that self -awareness is reflected in the theory of heavenly phenomena in Ibich, and his transcendent attitude towards celestial bodies reflects "the absolute freedom of spirit." This view has laid the foundation for Marx to further establish its research focus and writing ideas.

From mid -1839 to the beginning of 1840, Marx pays more attention to the atomic theory of Ishichiru's natural philosophy during comparing other philosophical genres during the comparative Emiuro philosophy and Greek period, and will be with Democylit atom On the comparison, the special significance of the disclosure of atoms was discovered. This is the focus and breakthrough in Dr. Marx's thesis research. During this period, Marx left a new set of excerpt notes. The existing part of the old version of the old version of "Notes on the Philosophy of Ishiku" was likely to have other notes at the same time, but it was lost. At the same time, at the end of the previous 1, 2, and 4th volumes, he left a few additional supplements, and MEGA2 was published in "The Emi Kumuro Research Film" separately. It can be seen from the new notes that Marx seemed to know the evaluation of the Study of the Greek period, the evaluation of the philosophy of the doubts of the party, and the overall relationship of the Greek philosophy and the previous philosophy. However, in the process of excerpts, what repeatedly caused him to comment was Ishikuru's natural philosophy, especially atomic theory. His excerpts of Clemen in Stubbei and Alexander specifically explained this. Marx's proposal: "Epiuro's natural philosophy is basically Democylit, and the moral rules are similar to the moral outlook of the Xilni." It is a key point that is different from Democylite, that is, the law of atoms from the straight line and sloping. In fact, Hegel also mentioned the view of Ishichiru in the "Records of the History of Philosophy", but he just referred to it to think that Ibquy's emphasis on accidentality. And Marx has a new understanding of this. He believes that the significance of the Ishikuuro atomic theory is to advocate the freedom of anti -decision theory. Marx added at the end of the previous one notes: "The direct form of the atom as the concept is only in the direct non -conceptuality (Vergegenst? NDLicht), which is also suitable for philosophy.意识，这个原则就是哲学意识的本质。”这段话的意思是说，原子本来只具有抽象的形式规定性，而偏斜甚至没有固定的规定性，但原子恰恰是在这种不固定的、 In the event of accidental activities, they reject each other, which has turned themselves into a special specified object, manifested as "the movement of breaking the restraint of destiny". In short, the disclosure of the atom is not only anti -decision -making, accidental, but also true individuality and freedom. And this is exactly what the atom is inclined and "philosophical consciousness": philosophical consciousness should also be individual and free. This view constitutes the core of Dr. Marx's thesis, and the content of notes during this period is also clearly adopted. In the first half of 1840, Marx had clearly selected the topic of doctoral dissertation as the comparison of Democcaite natural philosophy and Ishichiru natural philosophy, and his previous excerpts were based on the philosophy of Irsihara. He added a batch of literature on Democylit's natural philosophy. Judging from Marx's doctoral dissertation later, almost all of the information of Democlete's information from Aristor from Aristotle (including "Soul Theory", "metaphysics", "Physics", "Discussion and Destroy", etc.) Simphizius and Tamistius's "Aristotle Note" and other related documents. It is speculated that Marx should systematically extract these works of Aristotle. However, there are only one set of incomplete Aristotle "Soul Theory" notes that are currently preserved. Therefore, what notes have Marx made during this period, whether it contains his new views on Democylit's philosophy, it is unknown.

Since the second half of 1840, Marx officially wrote a doctoral dissertation and completed the paper at the beginning of the following year. In April 1841, he sent the papers to Jear University with the application letter, and then received a doctorate degree in the university. However, this paper manuscript sent to Yaa has been lost. The version of the doctoral dissertation currently stayed was copied by others before the end of March 1841. Marx later modified the draft and drafted a new preface, indicating that he intends to publish the article at the time. Unfortunately, this manuscript is not well preserved. It can be seen from the existing content that Marx further associates the atomic theory of Ishichirum and ethics. In his opinion, the rules of atoms are exactly the role of self -awareness. Marx pointed out that the reason why Ishiku did not recognize the eternal nature of heaven is because "self -consciousness regards the heavenly elephant as its deadly enemy." The movement in the atomic world is interpreted by Marx as the struggle of the formal material, and the form of struggle "is self -consciousness itself". In this struggle, "abstract, individual self -awareness has turned its nature (Vergegenst? 觌 NDLicht". It can be seen that Marx sees "the absoluteness and freedom of self -consciousness" from the atomic theory and heaven theory of Ishichirum, and "the object of self -consciousness" reflects the spiritual essence of Dr. Marx's thesis, that is, through the physical world Fighting and obtaining the perception and realization of individual freedom.

From January to March 1841, when Marx was completed or is about to complete a doctoral dissertation, a new set of extract notes were left, the content of Leibniz, Hume, Spearza, and Rosen Kranszit's"History of Kant Philosophy".MEGA2 includes these notes and the aforementioned Aliba Dose's "Soul Theory" notes in "Classical Philosopher's Order".In fact, this new set of notes is not only obviously different from the previous notes in paper, cover, and column methods, but also the connection with Dr. Marx's thesis content is not obvious.Therefore, this is more likely to be prepared for Marx to take the subsequent teaching qualification examination.(Author Unit: Zhejiang University Urban College)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Zhang Yixiu

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