Fang Jiangshan: The inherent characteristics of the quality of the excellent thinking and the substantive requirements of the excellent thinking ability

Discuss the inherent characteristics of excellent thinking quality and the substantive requirements of excellent thinking ability

Fang Jiangshan, deputy editor -in -chief of the People's Daily

Thinking is the process of human brain's movement, general, and indirect reflection process. Thinking ability is the reflection of thinking activities at the practical level. The specific manifestations are the level of ability to observe, analyze, and solve problems. From the perspective of dialectical materialism, the inherent characteristics of excellent thinking quality are concentrated as the highly unified, rich and strict systematic high -level, unified and full theoretical depth and sufficient practical intensity of strong activity and high maturity. Highly unified. Judging from the theory of dialectical materialism, the substantial requirements of excellent thinking ability are mainly manifested in adhering to the awareness of problem, adherence to vertical and progressive, adherence to comprehensive analysis, and adhering to the goal orientation.

主义 The relationship between thinking and existence in dialectical materialism context

Study the quality of excellent thinking and excellent thinking ability, first of all, you should figure out the relationship between thinking and existence. In the dialectical materialism context, existence is the category corresponding to thinking and consciousness, which can be understood as synonyms of material. Engels pointed out in "The End of the Louvigi Felbaha and German Classical Philosophy": "All philosophy, especially the major basic issues of modern philosophy, are the relationship between thinking and existence." The problem of the relationship is the basic problem of philosophy. The reason is that philosophy reflects on the relationship between people and the world from the whole, and the most essential relationship between people and the world is the relationship between thinking and existence. Throughout the history of philosophy, almost all philosophical schools must answer this question. In ancient Greece, Bamenid had begun thinking about this issue. The only theory and the dispute between the theory of the medieval court's philosophy and the truth of the only theory are essentially the problem of the relationship between thinking and existence. In German classical philosophy, thinking and existing problems have been studied as the central topic of all philosophy.

Generally speaking, the relationship between thinking and existence contains two basic contents: First, which one is the first and which one is the first, which is the original problem. The answer to this question is the basic criterion for dividing materialism and idealism. The principle of world material unity is the most basic and core point of dialectical materialism, and the cornerstone of Marxist philosophy. Engels pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory": "The true unity of the world lies in its materiality, and this materiality is not proven by the three or two sentences of the magician, but by philosophy and natural science The long -term and continuous development proves. "Second, whether the same sex and the existence have the same sex. The so -called thinking and existence of the same sexual issues can be understood as the relationship between the thoughts of the surrounding world and the world itself, that is, whether thinking can understand the objective real world of objective existence. In the above two aspects, the former is the prerequisite and foundation of the latter. Only when scientifically answered the former can the latter correctly answer the latter. The discussion of this article on the relationship between thinking and existence is mainly based on the same sexual issues of thinking and existence.

Thinking is the same as existence. In the history of modern philosophy, Hegel has conducted deep systematic research on the relationship between thinking and existence. Dialectical materialism's argumentation of thinking and the same relationship is based on the criticism of the Hegel philosophy system. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately grasp the principles of dialectical materialism and the same nature. First of all, we need to understand the identity of thinking and existence in Hegel's philosophy.

In the Hegel philosophy system, the identity of thinking and existence is mainly reflected in the existence of being thinking. Hegel pointed out: "When we say that thinking as objective thinking is the essence of the world ... the meaning of thought and ideological category here can be more accurate with the so -called 'nous (rational) of ancient philosophers to rule the world' The language is ... rational is the soul of the world. Living in the world in rationality, rationality constitutes the inherent, inherent, deep nature of the world, or rationality is the commonality of the world. "Hegel believes that thinking is everything The essence of objective existence is the appearance of thinking, and objective existence must conform to the nature of your own. Human thinking activities can understand objective existence, which is based on thinking that thinking can understand the thinking itself. According to Hegel's point of view, when thinking activities revealed the essence of thinking that is hidden in the objective existence, that is, the same thinking and existence; otherwise, if the thinking activity deviates from the nature of the intrinsic existence of the object, it cannot be realized. Thinking is the same as existence. From the perspective of a logical structure, this thinking and the same nature of the existence uses thinking as a subject, the existence as a word, and the thinking of thinking at the level of the ontology, and then pushes the identity of the thinking as the same. In fact, this identity is the same as the thinking and existence.

Ferbaha has criticized the same nature of thinking in Hegel's philosophy: "Thinking is the same as existence, but just means that rationality is divine, but just means that thinking or rationality is an absolute entity, but truth and realism In general, it just means that there is no rational opposite, everything is rational "" A kind of existence of no difference from thinking, a kind of existence only as rational or attributes, but only a kind of abstract existence of thought. In fact, it does not exist. Therefore, thinking is the same as existence, just means that thinking is the same as itself. " Ferbaha believes: "Existence is the main body, thinking is a word. Thinking comes from existence, but existence does not come from thinking. The existence is from itself and through itself -existence can only be produced by existence. The existence is based on itself, because only existence is sensual, rational, inevitable, and truth. In short, existence is everything. "Ferbaha's analysis and argument on the relationship between thinking and existence is From the dimension of the body theory, it reveals the existence of freedom and indicates the significance of the existence of the thinking, that is, thinking is a reflection of existence. At the same time, it should be seen that Ferbaha defines and understand people from the perspective of biology, and ignores the subjective initiative of people. The differences between Hegel and Filbaha on the relationship between thinking and existence are mainly concentrated in the problem of thinking and existence as the subject, who is the problem, who comes from and who takes it. Dialectical materialism thinking and the same principle of the same nature are based on the discarding of the two. On the one hand, Marx and Engels set out from a thorough materialist position, emphasizing the existence of not relying on thinking, completely criticizing the metaphysical foundation of the material foundation of Hegel's philosophy attempting to cancel the spiritual and conscious activity. In the analysis of the relationship, the human initiative and creativity overcome the negative, intuitive, and passive reflection theory of Ferbaha. In the dialectical materialist context, the same nature and the same nature are the same, the same, the same, and the same contradiction, and the opposite parties are linked and transformed under certain conditions.

Based on the same nature. In the principle of dialectical materialism and the same nature, there is an indispensable intermediary between thinking and existence -practice, practice provides possibilities for thinking activities. Thinking activities can be carried out; practice provides substantial content for thinking activities. Only with realistic and emotional existences and material data production activities can thinking activities have a mapping object. In addition, practice provides destination and ending points for thinking activities, that is, changing the world in practice, and testing thinking understanding in practice.

Dialectical materialism practice believes that practice is an objective material activity of human purpose and consciously transforming the world. It is an objective objective activity of people's peculiar subjective vision, mainly including human material production practice, social and political practice, scientific and cultural Practice, etc. Practice has the following characteristics. First, objective materiality, the objects, means and results of practice are objective material. The second is direct reality. Practice is subjective and objective activities, and is a real and emotional activity. The third is to move creativity. Practice is a activity of human consciousness, that is, ideological guidance activities. Fourth, social history. Practice is not only a link between man and nature, but also a link between people and people. It is a social and historic activity. The practice of the ground. In 1845, Marx explicitly proposed the category of Marxist practice in the "Outline of Ferbaha". After that, in the works such as "German Ideology", Marx further elaborated on the practice and significance of material production, and established Marxism of Marxism. Scientific Practice. Practice view is the core point of Marxist philosophy. The analysis of the concept of practice into the relationship between thinking and existence is one of the major contributions of Marxist philosophy.

The difference between dialectical materialism and the principle of the same nature than the same nature than Hegel's philosophical thinking and the same nature, in fact, is also the difference between the same nature and the theory of ontology in the sense of practical theory. Dialectical materialism has a criticism of Hegel's philosophical thinking and the same nature, which is from the level of ontology. As early as early 1839 to the end of March 1841, he was preparing to write "Doctoral Thesis" at the end of March, and Marx explained the relationship between thinking and existence on the materialist position, and resolutely refuted Hegel's philosophical thinking and the same nature. Engels pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory": "Hegel is idealist, that is, in his opinion, the thoughts in his mind are not realistic things and processes. In his opinion, things and its development are just a realistic reflection of the "concept" that had already existed somewhere in the world before the world. In this way, everything was inverted by the head and foot, and the real connection of the world was completely reversed. "In the" Outline of Ferbaha ", Marx systematically demonstrated the identity of thinking and existence in the sense of dialectical materialism -the same nature and the same nature on the basis of practice. Marx pointed out: "Whether human thinking has objective truth is not a theoretical issue, but a question of practice. People should prove the truth of their thinking in practice, that is, the reality and strength of their own thinking, and their own thinking This shore. "Marx pointed out:" All social life is essentially practical "" The main disadvantage of all the materialism (including Ferbaha's materialism) in the past is that the objects, reality, and sensuality are only from objects. Understand or intuitive forms, rather than understanding them as emotional people, as practical understanding, not understanding from the subject. " Marx answers the truth of human thinking as a practical question. Mao Zedong pointed out in the "Practice theory": "Judging whether the truth of understanding or theory is not based on how to determine how it feels, but it depends on the results of objective social practice. The standard of truth can only be social practice. "The relationship between thinking and existence, in terms of reality, is the historical relationship between people based on practical people and the world. The most essential foundation of human thinking is the practical activity of human beings. Dialectical materialism believes that only through the practical activities of those who can act as the subject can prove that thinking can grasp objective things, so as to achieve the objective truth of thinking, thereby realizing the identity of thinking and existence. Dialectical materialism thinking and the same principles of existence believe that thinking is thinking and existence, and the two should not be confused at the level of ontology. Only at the practical theory, that is, through practical practice activities, human thinking activities can understand and transform objective existence objective existence. What things that exist objectively can be reflected in people's thinking and affecting the development of thinking activities. Only by thinking and existence can be achieved. In short, only from a practical point of view to look at the relationship between thinking and existence, that is, human beings reflect and create existence in their own practical practice activities, and the unity of thinking and existence in the historical development of practice. The same nature on the basis of practice. There is another obvious difference between Hegel's philosophical thinking and existence compared to dialectical materialist thinking and the principle of the same nature, that is, the former is infinite, and the latter is limited. Of course, limited and infinite here is a relatively speaking category.

As mentioned earlier, in the Hegel's philosophy system, thinking is the essence of everything, everything is the appearance of thinking, and everything must be in line with their own nature. The thinking mentioned here is higher than the rational thinking of general thinking activities. This rational thinking constitutes the inner, inherent, and profound nature of the world, and is the commonality of the world. Hegel believes that the reason why human thinking can understand objective existence is essentially because thinking can understand the thinking itself. In fact, Hegel's philosophy interpretation of thinking and the same nature is to abstract "general" from "individual", then reverse the relationship between "individual" and "general", and to make it substantial. Finally Create individual and specific things. Using this method to analyze the same nature of thinking and existence, you will find that this same nature is actually the first place of thinking as the essence. The appearance is limited to the same nature. As Hegel said: "Unlimited unification is limited, thinking exists, and subjectivity is taken by objectivity." This prerequisite for the establishment of infinite identity is a priority preset a rational thinking. It is used as a world of all things in the world The essence and commonality are taken everything, and everything is included, and everything includes people itself, which is its appearance. The same thinking as the existence is the specific existence of unlimited thinking. For example, the concept of thinking as a "fruit" is the same as the specific apple, pear, tonsils, etc., provided that the concept of "fruit" exists, and is used as the essence of all specific apples, pears, and tonsils. Wait. The process of thinking about apples, pears, tonsils, etc., is actually the understanding of its essence- "fruit". When human thinking activities abstract and rationally conclude the concept of "fruit" from the existence of apples, pears, tonsils, etc., they realize the same thinking and existence.

Dialectical materialism thinking and the same principle of the same nature are essentially the same as the practice of thinking and practice on the basis of practice. Dialectical materialism believes that only through practical can prove that thinking can grasp objective existence, so as to achieve the same thinking and existence, and practical activities must be carried out in specific, historic, limited time and space. Social and historical conditions restricted. Therefore, the same thinking and existence on the basis of practice must also be specific, historically and limited. Taking "fruit" as an example, in accordance with the principle of dialectical materialism and the same nature, the concept of "fruit" thinking is the same as the specific apple, pear, tonsils, etc., and must be realized in specific practical activities. It is often gradually expanded to the general thinking concept from the specific and individual existence. Only when people know the specific existence of apples, pears, tonsils, etc. in practice, can they gradually form the general concept of "fruit" in their thinking. In this process, the deeper and specific the practical activities, the richer the concept of thinking, the more mature, the closer to the same thinking and existence. Only by recognizing and grasping dialectical materialist thinking and the same principle of existence, clarifying that the same nature is based on the limited and the same on the basis of practice, can we understand what kind of inherent characteristics of the quality of the good thinking of thinking and the quality of the understanding of dialectical materialism and the dimension of the dimension. Grasp, understand what kind of substantial requirements are and grasp from dialectical materialism practice dimensions.

面 Grasp the inherent characteristics of excellent thinking from the level of epistemology

The concentration of excellent thinking quality is the height unity, richness and strict and systematic highly unified, plump theoretical depth and sufficient practical intensity of the high degree of unity, richness and strict and systematic highly unity of strong activity and high maturity. These three "highly unified" reveal the inherent characteristics of excellent thinking quality from the dimension of dialectical materialism.

The high degree of activity and high maturity are unified. In reality, people with excellent thinking quality can often be keen to find problems, analyze problems flexibly, and deeply reflect on problems. Among them, the keenness of the problem and the flexibility of analyzing the problem is specifically reflected in the strong activity of excellent thinking. The profoundity of understanding and reflection problems is mainly manifested by the high maturity of excellent thinking. The unity of strong activity and high maturity is one of the inherent characteristics of excellent thinking quality.

Strong activity. The activeness of the so -called thinking can be understood as the frequency and intensity of the thinking of thinking, recognition, and analysis of existence, and the frequency and intensity of the evolution of the thinking itself. The strong activity characteristics of excellent thinking are reflected in the process of thinking about the high frequency and powerful capacity of the object of the object, and the process of thinking about the continuous evolution of the thinking knowledge itself. Among them, the frequency and intensity of thinking and thinking of thinking about practical activities and the frequency and intensity of thinking, and the activity of thinking is positively correlated. The stronger the frequency and strength of the practical activity, the stronger the frequency and intensity of thinking about update and evolution, and accompanied by it, the higher the activity of thinking; otherwise, the lower the activity of thinking.

Strong activity makes excellent thinking people show the keen capture, analysis, and judgment of the problem. It can be keenly found from the seemingly common phenomenon, and accurately locks the "biggest" problem from the problem of complex interweaving. The "biggest" problem accurately grasps the main aspects of the main contradictions and contradictions, and at the same time, it continues to realize the "metabolism" of its own knowledge system. Using dialectical materialism and the existence of the same principle of analyzing excellent thinking quality can more reasonably explain this strong activity characteristics. In accordance with the principle of dialectical materialism and the same nature, the subject's understanding and grasp of the essence of the existence of the existence of the existence is based on practice. At the same time, it must be realized in practice. It will be restricted by certain social and historical conditions, and its thinking activities will inevitably have historical limitations. To realize the fundamental understanding and grasp of the existence, that is, the same thinking and existence must go through frequent and multiple practical processes, and continue to amend the thinking judgment on the basis of this. In this way, the strong activity of excellent thinking is actually a person who is the subject of thinking. On the basis of frequent and in -depth practice, it summarizes the laws of experience and revises and deepen the product.

High maturity. Excellent thinking also has the distinctive quality of "seeing a step away", "seeing a deeper layer" and "standing inspection", that is, high maturity. This distinctive quality also comes from the principle of dialectical materialism and the same principle. As mentioned earlier, the subject of thinking about the nature of the existence of the existence must be frequently "practical -understanding -re -practice -re -understanding" activity. Among them, the ability of human cognition reflects creative characteristics, and human thinking activities are capable and creative activities. As a conscious mind body, people can consciously summarize the laws of experience in repeated practice, and further form a recognition result of more approaching the essence of things and can withstand practical tests, and continuously promote the same thinking and existence. The "see a step", "see a deeper layer", "the inspection of the inspection" of the high maturity, is essentially derived from the subject of thinking with subjective initiative. Sublimation of knowing activities.

Strong activity and high maturity are highly unified. The strong activity and high maturity of excellent thinking comes from dialectical materialism thinking and the same principles of the same nature. According to this principle, strong activity and high maturity are a highly unified relationship. In understanding practical activities, activity provides rich emotional materials, high -efficiency information processing paradigms, and strong thinking tension and cognitive vitality. Only after many frequent understanding of practical activities can we summarize the laws of experience and realize the rise of thinking and understanding; maturity provides clear starting points and footholds, problem scope and inspection standards for activity. Only by continuously summarizing the laws of experience and realizing the rise of thinking and understanding can we more clearly clarify the direction, frequency, and strength of future thinking activities, so that thinking understanding can more withstand practical tests. If you talk about the maturity of the degree of activity, the thinking activity will become a concept worship of the school -style priority, and it is difficult to promote the substantial progress of the knowledge system; if you leave the maturity to talk about activity, the thinking activities will become aimless, slightest, and slightest. The clueless ideological game, the views and conclusions have not been confirmed, nor can they be falsified, and eventually become mysterious and mysterious meditation. Rich and highly unified systematic and highly unified systematic and highly unified. The quality of excellent thinking also has a wealth of concrete and strict systematic and unified distinctive features. This distinctive feature can also find the basis from the principle of dialectical materialism and the same principle.

Rich and specific. Rich and concrete is one of the distinctive characteristics of excellent thinking quality. From the perspective of dialectical materialist epistemology, the characteristics of the dimension and grasp of this feature must first clarify the meaning of "specific". In Marxist philosophy, "specific" and "abstraction" are the category of relatively. "Abstract" is a simple form of thinking. This provision is a summary of the attributes of things in some aspects in thinking. When people carry out abstract thinking, they often presented the attributes and relationships of objective existence from all aspects of the objects and relationships from the unity. The so -called "specific" refers to the unity of diversity, such as Marx pointed out: "The specific reason is that it is a combination of many regulations, so it is the unity of diversity." Most of the things in reality are unified unity of diversity , All are specific. In thinking and understanding activities, the "specific" is further divided into two types. The first is "emotional concrete", that is, the full image of things, which is the vivid and concrete appearance of the existence and specific perception of the existence of things. Essence In thinking about thinking activities, objective existence as the object of cognition is that the subject of thinking can feel, that is, there are specific things that have the emotional and sensuality of watching, listening, tasteing, sniffen, and trigger. These specific things form an overall image in the human brain through the feeling and consciousness of the mind. This overall image of objective existence is the result of "emotional specific". The understanding of "perceptual specific" is mostly chaotic appearance, and it is difficult to deeply penetrate the essential level of things, so it cannot reveal the essential provisions of things and its internal relationships. The second is "specific thinking", which refers to the rationality and specificness of the human brain based on the abstract regulations. Overall reproduction. Different from the unity of "perceptual concrete" perceptual and intuitive, "specific thinking" can penetrate the essence of things, and integrate the essence of things, which is a higher level of reunification after analysis. Generally speaking, in a relatively complete process of thinking logic, "perceptual specific" is at the beginning stage, "abstraction" is in the middle stage, and "specific thinking" is at the end of the end.

According to the principle of dialectical materialism and the same principle, the understanding and grasp of thinking can only be expanded in specific and limited practical activities. Therefore, the understanding of the existence of thinking must start from the specific existence of sensuality. After analysis, the intuitive and "perceptual specific" in the appear into "abstract", decompose the overall into various parts, peel off the simplest and most peeling out of it, the simplest and most simple and most simple and most simple and most simple and most simple and most simple and most simple and most simplest and most simplest and most simplest and most simplest and most simplest and most simplest and most simplest and most simple and mosts -part -bests and mosts -top -out -. The basic essential prescribedness, after integration, comprehensively analyzes the abstract regulations obtained in accordance with the inherent connection of the existence, forms a unified understanding of the overall thing about things, so that the abstraction regulations are reproduced in the "thinking specific". This complete understanding process is from abstraction to specific ideological methods. This method of thinking is the fundamental method of dialectical materialism. Clarifying abstraction, specific, and rising from specific to abstraction, and then from abstraction to specific dialectical thinking methods, you can understand the rich specific characteristics of excellent thinking quality from the dimension of dialectical materialist epistemology. The so -called rich and concreteness mainly refers to the process of leaping from abstract to specific understanding process from the rich "perceptual specific" to a rich "thinking concrete" process. Rich "Sensory Specific" is the prerequisite and foundation of a rich "specific thinking". The rich "specific thinking" is a rich goal and purpose of "perceptual specific".

Strict systematic. The quality of excellent thinking also has strict systematic characteristics. The specific manifestations are the high degree of coupling between the thinking cognitive system and the subsystem, and the overall self -consontion of the system is high. Specific "jumping into the full degree of" specific thinking ", and the tightness between different" thinking specific ". In the process of abstraction to the specific understanding process, most of the understanding of the "emotional specific" stage is mostly intuitive and chaotic understanding. After the abstract stage peeling and analysis, the original chaotic understanding will be divided into different components and elements. In the process of transformation from "abstraction" to "specific thinking", these decentralized components and elements will be further integrated, becoming a subsystem that constitutes the overall system. At the same time, different systems will form a more macro system after interaction. The strict and systematicization is not only reflected in the "emotional concrete" fully transformed into "thinking specific", but also the tight and organic connection between different "thinking concrete", that is, the overall level of the system's overall leap from disorder to orderly jump. At the same time, this order is open and open, that is, the system can be absorbed and integrated with new specific phenomena and new subsystems. Rich specific and strict systematic and unified systematic. In dialectical materialist epistemology, rich specific and strict systematic and unified unity. On the one hand, the richer the "emotional concrete", the more detailed the emotional materials of the abstract process, the more integrated the comprehensiveness and integrity of the "specific thinking". The higher the higher. On the other hand, as the whole system of various relationships, it is not a mechanical collection of various "thinking concrete", but the internal connection and specific structure formed by the interaction between different "thinking of thinking". The stronger the strong and specific structure, the higher the degree of self -consistent systems in the system. Here is an anti -examples to demonstrate: Ancient Greek astronomers have constructed a complex celestial operating system superimposed by the "round" and "average wheels" in order to prove the correctness of its localism. However, in practice, people gradually discovered that this system became more and more stretched when explaining the new astronomical phenomenon, and this system was eventually eliminated in the scientific revolution. From the analysis of dialectical materialist epistemology, the reason why the system of earth is eliminated is that on the one hand, it is not rich enough for the experience of celestial bodies during the "sensational concrete" thinking understanding stage. In this way, the perceptual materials in the abstract process are not detailed enough. In the end, the comprehensiveness and self -contribution of macro understanding at the "thinking specific" stage are not strong enough, and the coupling between the system and the subsystem is not high enough. In order to "reasonably" explain the new astronomical phenomenon as much as possible in the scope of the system, at that time, astronomers had to continue to add a "round" and "average wheel" to gradually form a complicated system, so as to try to save the theoretical system Sexual construction, but this kind of rescue activity eventually ended in failure, and the new astronomical phenomenon continued to impact the inherent relationships and overall structures of the system system. As a result, the degree of self -consistentness of the system was constantly questioned until it was replaced.

It can be seen that it can be seen that the abundance of rich and exact emptiness and talked about the strictness and systematicization of thinking will become a delicate "decoration" that is self -spoken, conservative and closed. Conversely, the pursuit of richness and concreteness of the pursuit of strictness and systemicity, and the thinking activities will become the view that the trees do not see the forest. Excellent thinking activities must be a wealth of concrete and strict systematic and unity, and the rich specificization into strict systematization has established theoretical and practical, essence and phenomena, inevitable bridges, and strict systematic. Promote thinking activities to be sublimated in the system integration.

Full theoretical depth and highly unified practical intensity. The inherent characteristics of excellent thinking quality should also include the high unity of theoretical depth and practical intensity. This comes from the profound presence of theoretical thinking as the "most important thinking form", but also deeply cultivates the dynamic process of "practice is the only criterion for testing truth". The integration of "criticism of weapons" reflects the important viewpoint of dialectical materialism and the same principle of the same nature.

Full theoretical depth. The so -called theoretical depth can understand it as the combination of the theoretical form and the content of the material dialectics. The more fully and harmonious the combination of the content of the material dialectics, the more the theory depth is full. Excellent thinking quality is based on dialectical thinking methods, such as forward -looking strategic thinking, penetrating historical thinking, breakthrough innovative thinking, comprehensive system thinking, security bottom -line thinking, dialectical theoretical thinking, etc. Wait. Among them, theoretical thinking as a method of thinking from specific, from outside to internal, from outside, from phenomenon to essentially reflects the organic combination of theoretical form and material dialectics. Ideological weapon. The so -called thinking quality reflected in the theoretical form is actually compared with the thinking form of the spontaneous, metaphysical, and unprepared concept system. It emphasizes that the quality of thinking must have a conscious, systematic, and relatively complete concept system. Essence This form of thinking can not only directly reflect the connection between things, but also processes these connections, and obtain the profound regularity behind these connections. The content of materialist dialectics is the core connotation of theoretical thinking, mainly manifested in the concept system reflected in the human mind, and after processing and transformation. This is a kind of "subjective dialectics that reflects objective dialectics", which gives the theoretical thinking amazing profoundness, because only in affirmation and negation, can we truly understand humanity. Excellent thinking quality is exactly the endogenous, critical, era and development characteristics of this "artistic art", which is called "the most important thinking form" by Engels. The necessary conditions for ethnic groups are at the highest peak of science. Full practical intensity. The perspective of practice and life is the basic point of view of Marxist epistemology. Practicality is a significant characteristic of Marxist theory different from other theories. Marxism uses practice as the basis of cognition, apply dialectics to epistemology, and practically understands the world's way to achieve great philosophical changes. Excellent quality of thinking must be deeply cultivated in the practical process of using dialectical materialism to solve practical problems. The essence is the interaction quality of knowledge and action, to promote the bank and promote knowledge. It should be realized that practice is a complex system that contains multiple elements, multiple goals and multi -parameters. One kind of understanding is the truth. It needs to be tested for a long time and multiple times. Practice test. A single, individual, local practice, has limitations. It can neither completely prove that a certain knowledge is correct, nor can it be completely proved that a certain knowledge is wrong, and obviously cannot be "the only criterion for testing truth". Therefore, the practical intensity here is essentially the cycle of continuous practice, understanding, re -practice, and re -understanding. The infinite approach to Lenin must use "all practices of people" as the comprehensiveness of the truth. Understanding the truth is still the criterion of errors. This continuous process of seeking the same is not only to test the external toughness of excellent thinking quality, but also test its inherent character of adherence to dialectical materialism.

The theoretical depth and practical intensity are highly unified. The relationship between theoretical depth and practical intensity is almost the most intuitive mapping of thinking and existence in the context of dialectical materialism. The high unity of theoretical depth and practical intensity is the basic requirement of excellent thinking quality. On the one hand, theoretical thinking must be based on full practical intensity to obtain in -depth power. All society life is essentially practical. The correct understanding of people comes from practice, and practice provides the purpose, motivation, home destination, and inspection standards for understanding. The theoretical thinking based on the intensity of the practical intensity can we obtain the insight and the creativity of the time of the times and the creativity of the times, thereby achieving the "targeted" that Mao Zedong emphasized. And the theoretical thinking of lack of practical intensity is easy to become an empty form of self -speaking, not only may "use the art of concept" into "play with concepts", but its theory itself will also be in the woodless wood, the source of no source, no source In the predicament of the water, it is either because of the "poison" that becomes a realistic "poison" from the actual whimsical opening, or because of losing the development force that keeps pace with the times, it becomes the "specimen" of thought. On the other hand, it will be difficult to explore the theoretical thinking of sufficient depth. Just staying in the practice of empiricalism, unable to truly understand the outside world, or fall into idealism because of obsession with a metaphysical experience world. The important characteristic of the quality of excellent thinking is to be good at transforming the accumulation of practical intensity into the expansion of theoretical depth, grasp the phenomenon and essence, form and content, cause and results, accidents and inevitable, possible, external causes and internal causes in actual work, The relationship between personality and commonality, insight into historical laws in historical development, seize historical opportunities, grasp historical initiative, and achieve the integration of "critical weapons" and "weapons criticism" in the unity of truth and methodic knowledge and action.

面 Grasp the substantive requirements of excellent thinking ability from the perspective of practical theory

The actual manifestations of thinking, analyzing, and solving problems in practice are reflected as thinking ability. In addition to the attributes of thinking itself, the thinking ability also has practical attributes, such as subjective initiative, objective materiality, direct reality, etc. According to the principle of dialectical materialism and the same nature, it is necessary to measure whether a thinking is excellent. The key depends on whether this kind of thinking can achieve dialectical unity with the existence of the existence, and eventually falls on the consideration of thinking ability. The substantial requirements of excellent thinking ability, in general, are mainly manifested by adhering to the awareness of problems, adherence to the vertical and progressive, adhere to comprehensive analysis, and adhere to the goal orientation. Persist in the awareness of the problem. According to the principles of dialectical materialism and the same nature, practice is a necessary element of thinking and existing historical, specific, and dialectical unification. In specific and realistic practical activities, the recognition activities of the minds of the thinking are mostly in the form of discovery, observation, and analysis of problems. This is because the essence of the problem is the contradiction in practice, or the specific manifestation of contradictions in practice. Dialectical materialism believes that all things in the world and their development processes include interconnected, mutual rejection, and opposite aspects -contradictions require people to observe and analyze the contradictions of various things, and find them based on this analysis. Solving contradictions. Lenin once pointed out: "As far as the original meaning is, dialectics is the contradiction in the essence of the research object." It can be said that excellent thinking rises from a kind of quality to a ability, and must be completed in practice. Constantly analyze and resolve contradictions in practice. Adhering to the practice with problem consciousness is one of the substantial requirements of excellent thinking ability. Of course, the awareness of the problem emphasized here is not simply mechanically raising problems, but to acknowledge the universality and objectivity of contradictions, and be good at taking understanding and resolving contradictions as a breakthrough in the problem. The process of thinking.

Persist in progress. In practice, contradictions often show the complexity characteristics of constant change. The historic and contradictory complexity of practice determines the process of finding problems, analyzing problems, and solving problems. Only in the advancement of the vertical and horizontal progress can the problems of complex interweaving the interoperability be turned into zero and separate analysis. This is another substantial requirement of excellent thinking ability.

From the vertical perspective, the movement of the contradictions often shows universal characteristics in the seemingly individual, and the regular characteristics are displayed in the seemingly disorder. Those who have excellent thinking ability often can often discover the common practice based on the practice of predecessors and long -term practice, and find the rules from disorderly. From the horizontal point of view, the process of understanding and grasp of conflict issues is also the process from the phenomenon to the essence of the problem. This process can be understood as a process of concept -judgment -reasoning step by step. The concept is the most basic unit of thinking activities, the cells of thinking, and the most basic element of judgment and reasoning; judgment is a form of thinking that thinking is determined by the existence. The most basic feature, the result of judgment, must be tested through practice; reasoning is the nature and relationship of thinking about the nature and relationship of the existence. The logical form of reasoning is expressed in a certain connection or relationship between judgment. Reasoning and concepts, judgment interconnection and promoting each other. Judgment is the development of contradictions between concepts, and reasoning is the unfolding of contradictions between judgment. The test of thinking and judgment on thinking focuses on the test of concepts, judgments, and reasoning in thinking activities. In practice, the contradiction between the problem of cracking problems with excellent thinking ability is also based on the comprehensive progressive progress and expansion of the concept, judgment, and reasoning.

Adhere to comprehensive analysis. Solving problems in comprehensive analysis is another substantial requirement for excellent thinking ability. Analysis and synthesis are a basic method of interrelatedly associated in thinking activities. Analysis is a method that decomposes the overall decomposition into various parts, aspects, and elements in the thinking one by one. Dialectical analysis is a contradictory analysis and overall analysis in terms of its essence. Based on the method of reuniting a unified overall method. Engels pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory": "Thinking not only combines interconnected elements into a unity, and also decomposes the objects of consciousness into their elements. Without analysis, there is no synthesis." The dialectical comprehensive method is to combine all aspects of the existence in the way of thinking in the thinking. This method requires the significance and structure of the material, so that the essence of the existence can be manifested. In practice, analysis and comprehensive two methods are interdependent and interdependent. On the one hand, comprehensive analysis is inseparable from analysis. Analysis is a comprehensive foundation. Without systematic and thorough analysis, it is impossible to have the correct synthesis; on the other hand, analysis is also inseparable from the integration. The existence of things made correct analysis. The purpose of analysis is to integrate to achieve a unified understanding of the nature of the existence. The process of analysis and comprehensive application is also the process of rising from "perceptual specific" to "abstract regulations", and from "abstract regulations" to "specific thinking".

In practice, contradictions are often a complicated whole. To solve the problem of contradictions, we must adhere to the method of comprehensive analysis, comprehensively, then analyze, and finally return to higher stages of new synthesis to achieve the effect of "overall sum of sum of part". The use of excellent thinking ability to solve contradictions is done in the process. Among them, the comprehensive link must grasp the nature and laws of contradictions as a whole, focus on grasping the overall effect of things in the unity of structure and function, and in the interconnection and interaction of the elements inside the system, from the system and the external environment from the system and the external environment. Grasp the overall structure of the system in interconnection. The analysis link should be disassembled to disassemble the contradictions into all parts, aspects, and elements to explore the basic and essential things that linked all aspects. Only in the first comprehensive, then analysis, and then comprehensive, comprehensive and analysis of the dialectical unity, can we understand the conflict on the basis of understanding and grasping the conflict on this basis. Lenin pointed out in the "Elements of Dialectics" that this link that is both analyzed and comprehensive judgment is "dialectical link", emphasizing that "the combination of analysis and integration" is "the element of dialectics". Solving problems in comprehensive analysis, concentrated manifestations of analysis -comprehensive -re -analysis -re -comprehensive spiral rising process. Persist in target -oriented. Dialectical materialism believes that the purpose is the distinctive feature of practical activities. When analyzing the labor process, Marx deeply revealed the purpose of the purpose of practical activities. The goal is the results of the practical activity expected by the thinking subject. The unified process of goals and results is the same process subjective and objective, thinking and existing the same process. The goal is expected by the practical results established in the form of thinking, but the goal is not subjective self -self and self -reliance in the human brain, but a reflection of objective existence. The emergence and implementation of the goals are inevitably affected by the objective environment and are restricted by social and historical conditions. Objective contradictions and complexity and historical limitations are determined. The realization of goals is often not achieved overnight, but a gradual process of stages and steps. The greater the goal, the longer the process of achieving the goals, and the more phases and steps are often. In actual understanding of practical activities, adhere to the target -oriented specific reflection of the stability of the direction, the continuity of the movement, and the coupling of measures. Only by adhering to the goal orientation, with uniform goals guidance and unifying each level, every stage, and every link, can practical activities avoid the "flip cakes" of Qin Muchu and dynasty, so as to have the stability of the direction. Promote steadily in one direction. Only with the stability of the direction can we further scientifically plan the links and steps of future practical activities, so as to enhance the connection between practical activities in different periods and self -consistency of practical activities at different levels, so that practical activities have the continuity of action as a whole. Coupling of measures. Under the target -oriented unity, the stability of the direction of the practical activity, the continuity of the movement, the coupling of measures are closely correlated, and the mutual causality. Only by adhering to the goal orientation can we consciously connect and target the local goals with the general goal of development, and continuously enhance the matching and fit of the goals and the overall goals, and then achieve the unity of the goals and results, the same thinking, and existence of the same goals and results from the macro level. Essence

In the rich practice of solving problems, the process of analysis -comprehensive -re -analysis -re -comprehensive process must be accompanied by complicated contradictions. These ever -changing and ever -changing contradictions can easily cause thinking and action subjects to fall into the blind spots of "disorderly flowers and fascinating eyes." At this time, excellent thinking ability must reflect a distinctive goal orientation, adhere to the materialist dialectics of objective things internal connection, so that the stability of the behavior and enhance the direction, the continuity of the movement, the coupling of measures to prevent the teratogenic and lightness from light teratogenic lightness , Single soldiers suddenly advance, take care of this, and take the global perspective with the overall view of "the overall situation, grasp the trend, and focus on the big event". Excellent thinking ability with distinctive goals can make local goals and overall goals, short -term goals and long -term goals, secondary goals and main goals actively connect tables. In practice, in practice The degree of matching and fit of the overall development of the goal and the overall development; grasping the long -term trend, consciously enhance the foresight of the time -trial situation, draw the tenacity of the bottom of the blueprint, the victory is a big victory, and the stubborn step is thousands of miles; learn to "play the piano" On the basis of high -consistency coordination, the main aspects of the main contradictions and contradictions, scientifically coordinate the relationship between parts, and mobilize all positive factors to complete the overall target service. In essence, the excellent thinking ability that adheres to the goal -oriented is to always master historical initiative with high historical consciousness, insisting on objectively, not subjective, not static, comprehensive, not one -sided, systematic, not systematic, not systematically, not Scattered, universal connections instead of observing and analyzing problems in isolation, so as to finally solve the problem.

Outstanding thinking, as a activity of human brain reflects the world, is a high -level form of human cognitive ability, and has the dual -phenomenon characteristics of knowledge and practice. The quality of excellent thinking and excellent thinking ability are two inseparable faces of excellent thinking. Excellent thinking quality is the quality of excellent thinking ability at the world level. Excellent thinking ability is the comprehensive application of excellent thinking quality in the world level, and the two are unified in practice. According to the principle of dialectical materialism and the same principle, the development of excellent thinking is the process of solving contradictions in practice with excellent thinking quality and continuously exercising the ability of excellent thinking. (This article is based on the expansion of speeches and sorting by the author and the Ministry of Communication and Cooperation of the People's Daily on the afternoon of April 27, 2022 and the Ministry of News Coordination Department, Comment, theory, Research Department, and Foreign Exchange and Cooperation Department. ).)

[Introduction to the author] Fang Jiangshan, deputy editor -in -chief of the People's Daily, doctorate in law (political science). He has worked in the Propaganda Department of the Guangming Daily, the Central Policy Research Office, and the Publicity Department of the Fengfeng Mining District Committee of Handan City, Hebei Province, and the Xuancheng Municipal Committee of Anhui Province. Academic paper representative works include the "Cultural Significance of the Confucius" "Sky", "The Third Standard of the Act Arist on the Types of Political Affairs", "The Ethical Value of Modernization", "New Institutional College Ideological Theory of Constitution Theory - "Economic Function on Concerning Ideology", "Correcting the Process of Urban -Rural Relations Promoting Urban and Rural Integration", etc., and the doctoral dissertation "Non -System Political Participation" has been published in Chinese and English.

Source | "People's Forum · Academic Frontier" in August 2022

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