Research from Greece Research to Zhongxi Civilization Comparative Study

On February 20, 2022, Jazz Ronaldo was at the Le Joseph Institute. Author/Picture

Luojie (G. E. R. Lloyd, also translated Jeffrey Laud, 1933—), Professor Rongxiu University in Cambridge, British, academician of the National Academy of Academy (FBA) of the State Academy of British National Academy of British Essence In 1951, he entered the Classical College of Cambridge University. He graduated from PhD in 1958. In 1987, he was the professor of "Ancient Philosophy and Science" at the Classical Department of Cambridge University in 1987, and from 1989 to 2000, he served as Dean of the University of Cambridge University.

Professor Luojie wrote more than 30 works in ancient Greece and Chinese philosophy, science and medicine, and published a large number of papers and book reviews. In 1997, he was awarded the title of the Queen of the United Kingdom for his "contribution to the history of thought". The Jazz of the Luojie has been awarded a Ph.D. in Honor Literature by the University of Athens (2003), Oxford (2010), and the University of St. Andrews (2016). David Prize (Dan David Prize (2013) and Fyssen International Prize (2014) Cognitive Science Award.

The name of the Jazz of the Luojie and the writings originated from the interpretation task of the author of the author. In September 2018, the His Majesty Palace and Plato Academy -Zhongxi Classical Civilization Summit Forum was grandly opened in Zibo City, Shandong Province. More than 300 experts and scholars at home and abroad discussed the academic topics related to Classical Classical Civilization. During the preparation of the conference translation, when the author searched for the scholar of Zhongxi Culture, Professor Luojie was "encountered", and he was lucky enough to learn his rich research results of Zhongxi civilization. In March 2020, when the author visited the Cambridge Lichecho Institute in the UK, he interviewed Professor Luojie and talked about it. He was able to share with readers' research experience comparison with Chinese civilization.

Studying a bumpy road in a young age, get into the Cambridge

Sun Jicheng: Please briefly introduce your growth background.

Luojie: I was born on January 25, 1933. My parents are from Swansea in southern Wales. My father opened a doctor in Harley Street, London. The air strike bombed, and the mother had to take my brother and me to escape from London and returned to the hometown of Wales. His father stayed in London alone, treating those who were injured in a hospital in London. For my early life, I was most impressed by the departure and moving frequently. Before the age of 12, I remembered that I changed to 6 schools and studied Lambrook School. Later, I won the scholarship and went to the Charterhouse School where my brother was located. At that time, Cherry's public school was more conservative and anti -wisdom, and the cultural and artistic atmosphere was insufficient. Because of his favorite sports activities, he participated in community activities such as crickets, football and hockey, and was avoided by common bullying doors on campus.

The author of this article and the Romonic Jazz Authors/Photo Conferry

Sun Jicheng: What impressive memories do you have in the process of studying?

Luojie: What impressed him was that he was very dissatisfied with the school's teaching and accommodation. Fortunately, I met the approachable teacher Harry Iredale, who had participated in the poetry club activities with him, and read a lot of poetry works outside the classroom. I remember in the last year of Cherhaus's study, I began to shift from the study of classical literature to history, and followed the teacher Wilf Noyce who had climbed Mount Everest to learn Italian.

At the age of 17, I applied for admission to Oxford University and was interviewed by Trevor-Roper, but was not accepted; in 1951, I was Patrick Wilkinson, Patrick Wilkinson at the University of Cambridge University. The professor entered the king's college, specializing in classics (Classics), and also received scholarships. He graduated in 1954. When the freshman and sophomore, we mainly learned the interpreter between Greek, Latin, and English. Because our middle school foundation was better, the language learning was easier and the exams could get high scores. At the undergraduate stage, I followed Professor John Raven to learn ancient philosophy. Professor Wilkinson also encouraged me to read extensively and expand my horizons. I have also taken courses of ancient philosophy and British literature. At that time, from the perspective of linguistics, learning classical literature was indeed a challenge, but this is not the case in intelligence. Later, I followed Professor G.S. Kirk to study the course "The Presocratic Philosophers". During the king's college, I also read a lot of English version of French novels and Russian novels, and learned Italian. In addition, I also participated in many reading society activities, such as the drama reading club every Wednesday, the "Ten Club" (The Ten Club ". Academician Dadie Rylands; and Greek drama reading activities every Monday night, remember that this was organized by Classic History professor Frank Adcock. Classical grafting anthropology is happy to cross the border

Sun Jicheng: How did you set foot on the road of ancient Greek philosophy?

Luojie: In the third grade of college, I started to think carefully about how my academic road should go. Because of the influence of my father and brother's study medicine, I once wanted to change the medical major, but from time to time, it was too late. As mentioned earlier, due to the good foundation of my middle school, after entering the university, the study pressure of classical literature is not high, and it is easy to get better grades and scholarships. I remember that on February 14, 1953, I met Janet Lloyd in PEVSNER ’s Art Lectures, and we soon fell in love. So I decided to stay in the classical department and continue to learn ancient Greek philosophy. Every year I use my scholarship to go to Greece or Sicily, Italy for three months. From 1954 to 1955, I applied to travel to Athens, Greece. Sarah Rock, a friend of the World Council of Churches, introduced some of the musicians of Athens. I also learned to perform Greek string instruments -Bouzouki. At that time, the study time of studying was relaxed and free, and the time for learning Greek philosophy was relatively small.

The undergraduate and graduate stage go to Greece to act as an exchange student. The main purpose of studying in studying is to experience local culture and traditions. As for my research direction, I have also consulted some experts. For example, Professor T. B. L. Webster of the University of London has suggested that I sort out the history of the development of Greek philosophical abstract nouns, and Teacher W. K.C. Guthrie suggested that I learn from Hippo Craates, Greece. medicine.

Sun Jicheng: During the blog, you completed your doctoral dissertation "Polarity and Analogy, Cambridge University Press (1966) during the study of Greece.

Luojie: In 1960, when I ended the military service and returned to Cambridge, Edmund Leach introduced me to Rodney Needham, which made me know the human scientist Mai The different research methods of Meyer Fortes are also the starting point of my doctoral dissertation. When I read the blog, I did not meet with Professor Kecock at the University of Cambridge because of most of my time in Greece. I want to use Anthropologie Structural for studying ancient Greek philosophy. For this choice, the mentor Professor Kirk is insufficient confidence, and he is worried that the thesis review will be troublesome. "Apocalypse and analogy" was firmly implemented with the inspiration of Professor Mayer Fords and the encouragement of Professor Lichi. In the writing of thesis, I also borrowed the sociologist Tuergan (

The research results of 1858-1917) and Lucien Levy-Bruhl (1857-1939). After about three or four months, I finished the first draft of the paper. As far as I know, this is the first time that the "opposition and analogy" is used to summarize and analyze the types and explanations of the Greek thoughts of Aristotle.

At that time, the academic circles had mixed evaluations of the "opposition and analogy". The classical department's evaluation of it is not friendly, and David Hamlyn, a philosopher, also believes that it is not philosophy. Professor Rodney Needham is one of my doctoral dissertation professors. He praised my doctoral dissertation and believed that it opened the writing of practical anthropology, which is worth learning from the academic community. However, researching ancient Greek culture by anthropology, which seems to be a bit outrageous in classical academic circles. Sun Jicheng: In the early research of Greek philosophy and science, you have achieved a lot of results. What is the connection between them?

Luojie: The philosophy, science and medicine of ancient Greece were the starting point of my early research. I have published more than a dozen works. In addition to "opposite and analogy", there is "Aristotle: Growth and Structure of Thought" (the growth and structure of thought "( Aristotle, The Growth and Structure of his thought, Cambridge University Press (1968), "Early Greek Science: Early Greek Science, Thales to Aristotle, Chatto AND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIND WIR Greek Science after Aristotle (Chatto and Windus, 1973), "Magic, Reason and Experience, Cambridge University Press" "(Science, Folklore and Ideology, Cambridge University Press, 1983). Among them, "Early Greek Science: From Tylers to Aristotle" and "Greek Science after Aristotle" were selected as the "Ancient Culture and Society" series edited by Professor Moses Finley. Its focus and characteristics are not to describe the science of ancient Greece, but to explain why it becomes so. We must reconstruct the problems faced by ancient researchers and its historical situation. Ancient Greek science has long been ignored by the classical academic community, and it is mentioned in the Department of Science and the Philosophy of Science, and it is not in -depth. These early works paid attention to all aspects of Greece's early science, emphasizing the importance of logic and scientific methods in research, and their profound impact on scientific arguments.

Sun Jicheng: What are the opportunities for the ancient Greek science and early Chinese science to study?

Luojie: Early ancient Greek Roman science research progress was difficult, because the collection and analysis of related original literature materials were not easy. I feel that if it is placed in ancient civilizations such as Babylon, Egypt, India, China, etc., it can be clarified how sciences in different ancient civilization exist, and why they develop in their own unique ways to thoroughly dig into ancient times Typical characteristics of Greek science. Therefore, I started the contrast and research of ancient Greek science and early Chinese science.

Western Xuedong gradually opened the eyes of China Greece Comparison

Sun Jicheng: In 1981, your research vision began to turn to the Far East, and you also visited Japan for the first time. Please talk about your gains and feelings of visiting Japan.

Luojie: My attention to Japan originated from Japanese scholar Kawada Shigeru's translation of my work. Mr. Kawada is a student of Tanaka Michitaru (1902-1985), a famous Western Classical Scholar of Kyoto University in Japan. Accompanied by Mr. Kawada, I traveled to his wife with his wife's monuments with my wife, understood Japanese culture in depth, and clarified the cultural origin of Japan and China. Later, I invited Professor Kawada to visit the University of Cambridge. His ability to adapt was very strong. I have been to Japan four or five times and started to connect with ancient Greek philosophy with Japanese culture and Chinese culture, and think about their cultural differences.

Sun Jicheng: In 1987, you were invited to Peking University for academic lectures, thus opening up the comparative research of ancient Chinese science, medicine, and Greek science and medicine. Is this the first time you have come into contact with the Chinese academic community? How do you learn Chinese?

Luojie: Yes, I was invited by Professor Li Zhen from Peking University to teach the school's mathematics and medicine for the students of the school. Bei University students are very smart. They have a strong sense of cultural contrast between ancient Greece and early China. The response to Greek mathematics lectures is very enthusiastic, which has inspired me to learn Chinese science and medicine. I also hope that I can read scientific and medical works written in ancient Chinese. Later, I invited Teacher Li Zhen to visit the University of Cambridge. During this, we studied Chinese together. In order to better learn Chinese language, I also studied "Mencius" and "Tao Te Ching" with graduate student Bridie andrews, familiar with the basic grammar knowledge of ancient Chinese. In order to improve learning efficiency, I changed Chinese learning materials and started studying the mathematical literature of ancient China. After two years of hard work, I can basically read the classical Chinese with the help of the dictionary. Later, I have been invited to lecture on China many times. This is especially grateful for the invitation of Professor Liu Duan, Institute of Natural Sciences, Institute of Natural Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. I also collaborated with Professor Nathan Sivin, a Sinologist, and published "The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece, Yale University Press." , 2002), this is an important work we completed in the field of research in Greece and China. Sun Jicheng: Please briefly introduce the academic value and contribution of the book "Dao and Name: The Science and Medicine of Ancient China and Greece".

Luojie: As shown in the title, we conducted a comparative study of the science and medicine of early China and Greece, and explored different experiences and complexity of the two in expression of science. The biggest advantage of comparative research is to reveal the diversity of scientific traditions and make scholars get rid of the narrowness of their subjects. The comparative study of the ancient culture of Higher China allows people to have a different understanding of another culture. Through comparative studies, we can truly reproduce how science and medicine are connected with the social structure and status and status of practitioners. Compared with Chinese peers, the working environment of Greek philosophers and scientists is more isolated or independent. We also summarized a new concept "Cultural Manifold" from a comparative study: when studying science and medicine, do not make a single element or concept comparison. , Analyze the complexity of ideas and activities.

Sun Jicheng: In your opinion, what is the difference between ancient Greece and early Chinese research on science and medicine?

Luojie: How can the individuals in China and ancient Greece inherit their traditions in the early days? How to create and use your own research space? How to establish your own position and achieve your goals? These questions do not have a single answer. Greek -China civilization provides a wide range of possibilities for the insiders of "Tao" or "Logos". Both China and Greece have sufficient conceptual tools and institutional frameworks, which can systematically explore the unique exploration of the starry sky, the human body, and the entire universe. The main way of exploration in Greece is to find the foundation, carefully demonstrate, and reach consensus. The advantages of Greek science are clear ideas and rigorous interpretations; the weakness is that it is keen to discuss differences, hindering the achievement of consensus, and habit of maintaining doubt about the preconceived views. The main inquiry methods of ancient Chinese science were to find and explore the correspondence, resonance and interconnection between things. This method in China is conducive to forming comprehensive opinions, and can consider the uniformity of different fields of inquiry issues. The disadvantage is that it makes people unwilling to use radical alternatives to fight the established original position. We believe that the comparative research of Chinese and Greek science can help understand the similarities and reasons between Hizhong science.

Scientific research management on both shoulders to find roots and ask for the history of civilization

Sun Jicheng: When did you start teaching at Cambridge University?

Luojie: I participated in the bidding of Researchers in the King's Academy with the first draft of doctoral dissertations, and successfully raced with the support of Richard Braithwaite and Arthur Hibbert. The post of researcher at the King's College began in March 1957. At that time, I was married to London. My wife worked at Shell Company (Shell), mainly for daily business translations. Later, we moved back to Cambridge to live. But in 1958, I had to go to the military service. I was sent to the North Anton County Corps to serve in 1958. Later, I was transferred to the intelligence department because I could speak Greek. Then, I was sent to Cyprus again. The port of Famagusta is in service, and the work is similar to customs audit. In 1960, he ended in military service and returned to the University of Cambridge. From 1964-1965, with the assistance of Professor Finili, I received the position of assistant lecturers at the Department of Classical Studies. Work. Every Sunday night, students come to my house to eat and chat. I like to communicate with young people.

Sun Jicheng: You have served as the dean of the University of Cambridge University for 11 years. How do you balance between administrative management, scientific research and life? Luojie: For me, management and scientific research is a challenge, and the two cannot be opposed. Since I am the dean of Darwin Institute in 1989, I have been committed to raising funds to open more academicians and researchers. The graduate students of the Darwin College came from all over the world. The 11 -year dean's time passed out. I enjoyed a happy time with students. Darwin Academy gave me a lot of free arrangements for me to go to Spain for vacation writing. About the teaching of the King's College, I study at home every morning for four or five hours at home, about 10 am to around 11 am. I go to class or go to the college to handle management affairs. One relaxation, complement each other.

I have three sons, my eldest son works in New Zealand, the second son works in London, and the third son travels between London and Barcelona. They all have their own career. His wife Jennite is a translator, engaged in British and French translation, translated as many as 70 units, and has always been happy. She helped me raise three sons, and helped me more research. She often accompanied me to lecture and took care of me carefully. I have always been grateful to her. When I was the dean of the Darwin Academy that year, my wife would entertain my visiting students at home every weekend.

Sun Jicheng: You have made a lecture on "ForeSight in Ancient Civilizations" at the Darwin Institute, focusing on the value of group experience. Can you briefly summarize?

Luojie: Different environments, different methods, and different groups will have different success or failure. Different historians in the world strive to discuss and sort out the lessons or experiences of them, but they are not exactly the discussion, and they are about to be questioned. History shows that people have not changed much, and they are in ancient times and modern times. People must learn to reflect on historical lessons, face up to realistic issues, strive to correct historical errors, and try to do the right things. By sorting out historical experience, facing historical events, and learning wisdom in historical experience from knowledge.

Sun Jicheng: Can you recall your early interaction with Dr. Li Joseph? How does his research on Chinese scientific and technological history affect you?

Luojie: I remember when I was a lecturer in the Department of Classical Studies, Dr. Li Joseph left me a card and consulted me: "When did the earliest Diving Bell in Greece or Rome appear?" I later learned that Li knew, Li The reason why the doctor asked me was because Professor Arthur Peck, who had long -term cooperation with him, went to the United States for vacation at the time, and Professor Parker recommended him to come to me for consultation. I just knew about this, so I helped him a little. In the early years, I also discussed the development of ancient Chinese mathematics and medicine with him. Later, the Lean Joseph Institute Foundation recruited chairman. Although I was not the most suitable candidate, I was successful in the end. From 1989 to 1990, as the chairman of the Le Joseph Institute Foundation, I made some reforms and adjustments in financial and publication, and successfully raised funds with the assistance of sisters such as Hong Kong and New York. It also enriched the collections of the Institute Library. Later, Lady Pamela Youde took over the chairman of the foundation and retained the office for me at the Josephishane Institute. Now I have become a senior researcher in the office. At that time, Li Joseph changed to study the history of Chinese science and technology. Like I used anthropology to study classical science, they all belonged to academic adventure. Now we want to come, we all belong to the status quo.

Sun Jicheng: Combined with your scientific comparative research, what principles do you think cultural comparative research should follow?

Luojie: Dr. Li Joseph tried to answer: Ancient Chinese technology was so developed. Why did the modern science and technology revolution happen in the West without appearing in China? What is human cognitive law? How do humans know the world around them? Why is human understanding so diverse? The comparative study of Higher Chinese science shows that although human culture is diverse, there is only one. Each culture has a concept system formed based on its own living environment. It is a complex of complexity and specialty. It deserves our deep and meticulous research. The scientific comparison of early China and ancient Greece provided us with vivid and vivid case analysis; we should not review the early scientific concepts from the perspective of modern science, but we should understand the original appearance of science from the original ecology derived from conceptual science Otherwise, you may be looking for fish, and the end is upside down. This is also the principle of cultural comparison I have always admired -immersive experience and field survey.

For cultural comparative research, the most taboo is to compare the single factors with existing prejudices. The best way is to be able to appreciate your research objects and ask yourself: If you are in the same cultural situation, how will you deal with it? Immersed in it and let your research problem slowly emerge, you may find different solutions. This feeling is the well -known "mountains and rivers, there is no way, Liu Dark Huaming another village"! To conduct cultural comparative research, we must also conduct as much as possible cross -disciplinary and cross -industry exchanges as much as possible. In academic exchanges, only people with different backgrounds can collide with different ideological sparks. I have visited a number of universities in the United States, but I am surprised to find that many US professors focus on research within their own disciplines and rarely communicate with other colleges and other majors. breakthrough. Looking back on my own cultural comparative research, to a large extent, it is due to the college system of Oxford University and Cambridge University, so that I have the opportunity to communicate in depth with experts from different disciplines. Only in this way can you deeply appreciate the comparative academic fun: "There is no place to step on the iron shoes, you have to get all the time!" Ancient Greece and China Compared, Cambridge University Press (2018) is a centralized display of the results of the comparative research results of the China -Greek civilization in recent years. The book is divided into five parts: comparison method and purpose, philosophy and religion, art and literature, mathematics and life sciences, agriculture, planning and institutions, and sorting out the latest achievements of the comparative research of Zhongxi Civilization. Please briefly describe the academic background of this book, and look forward to the future prospects of the comparative research of Zhongxi Civilization.

Luojie: The thesis selected in this book is the latest achievements in the comparative research of ancient Greece and early China in recent years. It explores the common points between the Central and ancient civilizations, and analyzes the particularity and deep reasons in their respective culture. In terms of future academic cooperation and interdisciplinary research, this book provides an effective research model for the reference of the academic circles. For example, how to conduct cultural comparative research? How to seek comparison factor in ancient society? How to avoid unilateral interpretation of another cultural research trap? As a sinologist Lu Wei said, any comparison must consider its motivation, attitude and purpose, and consider the social environment and political background behind the culture. Conflicts and differences between different cultures are the available tools for excavating their own cultural roots. Carefully study a phenomenon in culture, and then promote it, and put it in different cultural backgrounds to examine and compare the similarities and differences, and you can see the essence of this cultural phenomenon. In this way, in some so -called cultural particularity, in the same type of cultural comparison, it may easily solve it and lead to other research topics. The two common traps are more studied. One is to focus on the fine branches of a certain problem, and ignore the inner development model of the problem; the other is to ignore the differences between the two and blindly obtain general conclusions. The best way to compare is the purpose of comparison from specific to general, from part to the whole.

The comparative research between ancient civilization allows us to have the opportunity to deepen the awareness of cultural research and improve our depth and breadth of cultural understanding. Only through cross -cultural analysis can we be more confident in the similarities and similarities between ancient civilizations, and we can hold a more cautious attitude towards cultural superiority. In theory, everything can be used to compare, but in practice, many comparative studies are prone to ignore the environment and background of the comparative research factors. Why compare? How to compare? What are the criteria for comparison? How to detect our comparison results? Will the concepts and terms we usually use to distort the theme objects we compare? How to fix the terms used in our concept system? These issues are difficult for our culture to compare scholars, and they are even more opportunities! Because of cross -cultural research, we can expand our research horizons and correct our initial views on the problem. The future prospects of the comparative research of Higher Chinese are worth looking forward to, and it will definitely deepen and more interesting.

(The author is the MTI cooperative tutor of the School of Foreign Languages ​​of Qingdao University, Associate Professor of the School of Foreign Languages ​​of Shandong University of Science and Technology)

Source: "China Social Sciences"

Original title: Research from Greece Research to Zhongxi Civilization -Professor Rongxiu of Cambridge University, Jazzjie, Academician of the National Academy of Academy of the British National Academy

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