Mu Liangzhu | What is physical and physical culture?

Mu Liangzhu, male, associate professor at the School of Physics at Peking University.

Mainly engaged in the study of general material teaching, physical cognitive research.

Email: [email protected].

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Teacher Mu Liangzhu is currently an associate professor at the School of Physics of Peking University. He has long been engaged in basic physics teaching, demonstration experimental teaching and other work. He also served as the head teacher, coach, and national team leader of the Middle School Physics Olympics Training Team. The teaching system and methods established based on the laws of physics cognitive are welcomed by Peking University students, and they have been rated as the top ten teachers of Peking University by students. Teacher Mu Liangzhu wrote the "Tiger Physical Series" article, starting from the starting point of physics cognition, introducing what is physical, and physical cognitive laws, physical methods, physical spirit and other contents. Teachers of physics education in middle schools and university are inspired. The reason why it is called a Tiger Physics series is because Teacher Mu hopes to receive physics education students can stand on the peak of cognition. They have a broad vision like a tiger, a strong self -confidence, and an independent personality. Happy cognition. Some of the contents of this article have been published in the publication of "University Physics". This time the author has reorganized and improved, and a complete article is the starting point of the tiger series of articles.

Learning physics, teaching physics, study physics, and formulate policies related to physics. First of all, you must understand what physics is. However, finding various textbooks, encyclopedia [1,2], online search [3], the definitions given are not the same, many definitions seem to be right, and it cannot make people clearly understand what the physics is, and even make people mistakenly think that Physics and chemistry and creatures are just a special professional discipline.

It is based on one -sided understanding that some physics lessons have been taught into applied mathematics lessons. Excessive test education and other problems have occurred during the process of learning physics and physics. The status of physics education in the national education system has continued to decline, and it has even become the content of the selection [4]. Some middle school physics teachers have been forced to change other courses. In physics research, Qian Xuesen also asked, and it was difficult to appear a real master. The formulation of physical policies also has a deviation due to misunderstanding. For example, the physical talent evaluation system and the personnel system excessively borrowed from the corporate competition model.

Many of these issues have received attention [5] and are seeking solutions. If you can have a clear understanding of the fundamental problems such as "physics", it may be helpful to solve these problems. Therefore, it is necessary to return to the starting point of physics cognition to analyze, what is physics [6]? How is physical cognition [6]? The way the physics person is doing things, that is, what is the physical method [7]? The way of physics is a human spirit, that is, what is the physical spirit [8]? What kind of physical culture can ensure and promote the health and long -term development of physics? This article attempts to give some answers to these questions, hoping to play some beneficial reference role.

1 What is physics

First give the following physical definition: Physics is a method of combining the combination of experiments and theory of physicists to accumulate the objective objects of the entire nature. These cognitions must at least meet the requirements for proven pseudo. Physics is divided into broad physics and narrow physics according to the research objects. The research object of broad physics is any objective substance in nature. In fact, broad physics is natural science. The research objects of narrow physics are basic components and basic interactions in nature. Physicists believe that there is a universal connection within the nature of nature in the world, which can be explained by a unified physical model and theory, and strive for this.

The detailed explanation is given below.

Physics originated from human exploration of nature, and the accumulation of cognition formed a corresponding discipline. The most important thing is to pay attention to the validity. The most basic effectiveness requirement is to prove the pseudo. The only standard ". Of course, other guarantees are objective, logical, and quantitatively, and these are common sense and do not make specific discussions.

The main process of physical cognition is to observe experiment phenomena, build the theoretical system, and then use the experimental test theory to be wrong, that is, to evidence. Observation experiments are the various senses that employers can, or various detection instruments to understand the physical properties of the research objects, and explore the interconnection between various properties. Building the theoretical system is to explain the nature and connection of the objects with the simple model and the logical system that are as simplified as possible. Is the theory correct? The commonly used method is to derive a prophecy from theory and pass the experimental test. Logically speaking, if the experimental inspection is not in line with the theoretical prediction, the theory is indeed wrong or defective, but the experimental results are in line with theoretical prediction but cannot prove that the theory must be correct. In fact, all natural science theories are the theory that can be proven, that is, the theory that is still right so far. This seems a bit frustrated, because scientific theory cannot prove its correctness. Scientific theory is only a temporary and effective theory, but from a different perspective, the theory that can be proved to ensure that the wrong theory will definitely be removed. Proven pseudo is a necessary condition for ensuring the effectiveness of science theory.

One of the benefits of proven pseudo -cognition is that human cognition is always open, because it may be overthrown at any time, which is completely different from the closure of unskilled recognition. Cognition, everything is perfect. Historically, humans have chosen these two cognitive methods. The closed cognition has brought the dark Middle Ages to Europe for more than a thousand years, and the open cognition has created modern civilization. The people who look up at the starry sky are pursuing the understanding of the entire nature. This can be seen from Newton's title "The Mathematics Principles of Natural Philosophy", so the pronouns in the early physics are natural philosophy, that is, today's natural sciences, so in a broad sense The object of physical research is all objective objects existing in nature. From the "space -time structure of black holes" to "why woodpeckers can't oscillate the brain" are the objects of physical research. Browse the homepage of any school physics majors, and you can always see various disciplines named after studying the objects in the research direction. It should be noted that the object of physical research cannot contain everything. In fact, physics does not study the consciousness of cognitive people. This is because consciousness is the subject and carrier of cognition. We don't even know if consciousness is an objective entity. Cognitive default is not the object of research. In fact, when you want to study your own consciousness, you will find quite difficult and cannot directly detect it. The usual approach is to study the consciousness of others, and then as a reference for self -consciousness, use the nuclear magnetic resonance, brain magnetic diagram, and EEG, etc. It is only indirect signal, not the consciousness itself. The research of artificial intelligence in the future may bring us a deeper understanding.

However, it is almost impossible to study all things in nature, so physicists have adopted the idea of ​​"restoration theory" based on practical experience, that is, disassembling all things into basic particles, and assuming that the entire universe can be assembled through interaction, so so Generally speaking of physics, narrow physics, is the science that studies basic structure and basic interaction. Physicists disassemble the entire cosmic star, celestial body, molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, nuclear, quacker, and light -child. These research objects constitute the main line of physics research. From the history of physics, Seeing this main line clearly, it is particularly clear in the development of modern physics. Of course, the final goal is to find the most basic particles. Perhaps the super string is the ultimate basic structure. In order to understand the entire universe, physicists have to assemble these basic groups back. However The important research content of learning, we now know that there are four basic interactions, and physicists are looking forward to these four interactions that can be unified into one. try. The reason why the "restoration theory" is adopted because physicists have been encouraged by the successful cases similar to the mechanical quality point model. At least after disassembly, the research object may become simpler, and the research on simple objects may be very very good. Deep, and once you have a cognition of simple objects, this cognition may expand to complex objects. Of course, strictly speaking, there is no way to ensure that this road can help physicists find a understanding of the entire nature. In fact, there is a saying of "birth theory", which is considered differently, that is, new rules may appear when assembling.

Modern natural sciences include many disciplines, such as chemistry, life sciences, etc. What is the relationship between physics and other disciplines? This can be compared to Cartesian philosophy [9], which compares natural sciences into a big tree. Physics is a trunk. Other natural sciences are branches, and mathematics is life. From the perspective of the research object, we can see the relationship between physics and other natural sciences. The physical pursuit is the understanding of the entire universe, and other disciplines are pursuing research in a certain field, such as how chemical research atoms and molecules are mutually mutually mutual. The role of an orderly structure; how life science research biomolecules form a structure with life functions. Cartes Cartesian loves mathematics. He praised mathematics as the life of philosophical trees, because the growth of the big tree depends on the logic of mathematics, which is also suitable for natural science trees. In this way, we can understand why physics and mathematics are basic disciplines. Many people regard physics as a professional, a technology, a branch of natural science, and a profession, which is obviously not the essential attribute of physics.

Although physicists have made various attempts, trying to assemble the entire universe with the most basic structural structure, and have achieved considerable attention, there is no way to prove that there is indeed a unified explanation in this world before realizing the theory of great unity, In other words, physicists are just a unified cognition in the world of belief in this world, and persistently work for this. Assuming that physicists do not have this belief, there may be no physics in this world. If there are dark matter and dark energy, then the existing physics only gives only awareness of a small part of the physical world, and this cognition is only evidenced by the correct understanding. In this way, physicists are actually a group of "strange" groups with firm physical faith, reminiscent of Don Quixote of the windmill windmill. This is probably why Einstein's emotional reason, "The Eternal Mystery of the World is its comprehensibility" (the most incomprehensible thing in this world is understandable). In this definition, we will find that its core is that people must build their own understanding of nature. This is the starting point of physical cognition, and human cognitive characteristics and objective characteristics of objects determine the structure of physical cognition. Everything about physics needs to be understood from this core.

From the definition of physics, we can see that physics is the basis of natural science. It represents natural science. Unlike mathematics, it is different from logic. Physics pays more attention to nature. In this sense The national education system represents natural science education, rather than only a professional elective and selection!

2 What is a physical cognitive process

The core of physics is that people must establish awareness of nature, but how does physical cognition be established?

From a person's perspective, people will "do whatever means" to recognize the research objects, and use a positive attitude to exhaust all possible methods to cognitive research objects. It is eliminated, which is different from that mathematics is strictly logically ensured. From this perspective, it does not seem to have any cognitive laws. Perhaps the cognitive process itself is a random process, full of accidents and luck, as described in many physical anecdotes.

Is there a regular physical cognitive process? We have no way to know that there must be, but please remember that the physicist is positive and optimistic, "whatever means", so that we also take this positive attitude. Study objects and try to summarize a basic reliable cognitive process through a large number of physical exploration. If there is such a process, we can simplify our understanding of a large amount of physical knowledge and learn from the research process of other objects. Whether this summary can be tested in the cognitive exploration of the new object.

Figure 1 Key steps to establish physical cognition

(Note: Figure 1 is a complete physical cognitive process, which can be simplified into experimental physics, theoretical physics, and application physics. It can also be further simplified into scientific exploration and technical application. Through this process, you can clearly understand the experiment, theory, and application of the experiment, the theory, and the application. The relationship between the intercourse and the connection between scientific exploration and technical applications, real innovation can only occur in scientific exploration of unknown areas.)

Figure 1 detailed the key steps of establishing physical cognition and forming a cognitive process. Of course, this process is suitable for a new research object that humans know nothing.

Let's use this cognitive process to review the process of establishing the theory of celestial operation in Newtonian mechanics system [10].

(1) Both the ancient Chinese and the ancient Greeks began to pay attention to the research object of celestial body. Early observations were qualitative and semi -quantitative. Celestics have many attractive physical properties, such as brightness, color, size, exercise, exercise, exercise Wait.

(2) Of course, the characteristics of different celestial bodies are different. Among them, the movement of planets has received more attention, because the corresponding phenomenon is more peculiar and interesting, such as the research objects that are focused on, and the planets are selected as the focus.

(3) The problem of planet movement has become the focus of research.

(4) Among them, quantitative description and observation are major breakthroughs in research. The characteristics of a large number of planet movements are carefully observed and recorded. The most famous is the large amount of precise observation data of Diigu. Detailed records of planet time, location, cycle and other information, and even even It also observed the data running by the comet.

(5) After that, the emergence of Capeler will study the relationship between these quantities, that is, the discovery of the three laws of Cairpler, which is a huge success of experimental physics.

(6) The emergence of Newton will study the direction of theoretical physics. In "The Mathematics of Natural Philosophy", the celestial bodies are simplified into a mass point model.

(7) The assumptions of gravity and the three laws of Newton are axioms. The operation of the celestial body can have a perfect theoretical system explanation. I believe that Newton understands the operation of the entire universe, and the sudden and cheerful joy is unparalleled.

(8) The Neptune, who later "discovered on the pen tip", strengthened people's confidence in Newton's theory, and the use of Newton's theory even made people believe in the decisive theory of machinery. It was not until Mercury's recent margin, as well as the establishment of relativity and the establishment of quantum mechanics that it broke the "superstition" of Newton's theory.

(9) Before being faked, Newton's theory basically explained the phenomenon of the planet movement in the past. (10) You can also predict the phenomenon of solar eclipse and lunar eclipse with Newton theory.

(11) Newton's theory has guided the design and manufacturing of many empty aircraft, and even helped humans ascend the moon.

Let's briefly explain Figure 1: A complete cognitive process can be simplified to the following three stages from the above cognitive example.

① Experimental physics (step 1 ~ 5 of the process)

② Theoretical physics (step 6 ~ 8 of the process)

③ Application physics (step 9 to 11 of the process)

Simplify it: Experimental physics and theoretical physics corresponding scientific exploration, which will apply the application of physical corresponding to technology. From this perspective, we can better understand the two concepts of science and technology.

From this process, we can clearly see how physics is from experiment to theory, and the relationship between theory and experiments, that is, experimental exploration is inspired by theoretical construction, and the theory of false errors is proved, while theory predicts experiments and guides experiments. The famous physicist Fermi has changed from experimental physicist to theoretical physicists along this cognitive process.

From this process, we can also understand the relationship between scientific exploration and technology application well, scientific exploration provides inspiration and theoretical support for technical applications, and the advancement of technical applications has expanded the cognitive ability of scientific exploration. The typical case is the application of technologies such as telescope, microscope, electron microscope, particle accelerator and other technologies in scientific exploration.

There are many cases that meet this cognitive process in the history of physics, such as theory of theory such as thermodynamics, electromagnetics, etc. It should be noted that when physicists have accumulated sufficient cognitive experience, when facing the next research object, they often often go to the next research object. There will be jumping in the cognitive process, and sometimes even theory is in front, and the experiments have become a tool for verification theory. Even if this happens, following the above cognitive processes still helps our cognitive understanding.

3 What is physical method

In physical teaching and scientific research, physical methods are often emphasized, but the general understanding of physical methods is often one -sided. It is often limited to rigorous reasoning and analysis. Many people even misunderstand the rational thinking of physics. Logical thinking, this one -sided understanding has a serious impact on the physical education of middle schools and even universities. In order to return to the right education, it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of physical methods.

So what is a physical method? The physical method is a method of cognition of physicists. In short, it is how physicists "do things". Physicists adopted and invented a large number of effective methods in the process of cognitive world. Different methods adopted by different cognitive stages have different cases of successful mathematical logic. "Use various methods, the reason why it can be done because of experimental falsification guarantees. From this perspective, it is not necessary to study which methods are physical methods. However, starting from a positive and optimistic attitude, you can summarize some commonly used methods from a complete cognitive process to experience the thinking methods of physicists, especially some thinking that is different from mathematical logic. This can not only be new for the new one. Studies provide some reference and help physics teaching. If you consciously train physical methods in physics teaching, you can effectively cultivate students' physical cognitive ability. Figure 2 lists some physical methods corresponding to the cognitive process.

Figure 2 physical methods that correspond to the cognitive process. (Note that the reason why it can be so flexible is guaranteed by proven pseudo)

Observe physical phenomena often use classification. When people observe the world, if they are really like artificial intelligence, they will be exhausted by cognition of big data. It is impossible to establish a detailed cognition of each object, and then remember all the objects. This is a human physiological. Features determine. Of course, it is not excluded that someone has a strong memory ability, as shown in Jiangsu Satellite TV's "The Strongest Brain", but even them, a large number of memory processes are very difficult. Therefore, people have invented a simple ratio mechanism to simplify cognition. This is the source of the classification method. Anyone who knows a little bit of scientific history knows that the classification method is widely used in natural science cognition, such as the systematic classification method of tithers. The advantage of the classification method is that the same type of object may have a common law. The so -called law is the same nature. When you dissect a sparrow to understand its structure, you can guess that all birds may be similar to the structure of the sparrow structure. , So there is a saying that "the sparrows are small, the five internal organs are all". However, even the same category, such as sparrows and peacocks with the same birds, have different properties after all. If they care about details, they still need to study separately. In any case, the classification method simplifies the common nature of the same type of objects, so that we may choose the simplest one from the same type of objects for research, and then promote the cognition to other objects. The reason why Newton is surprised by the "Apple's whereabouts will fall" is because Apple and the moon are the same type of objects attracted by the earth, but the nature looks completely different.

The selection of research objects often uses extreme simplification and restoration methods. In the study of the same type of research objects, in order to seize the common essence, the most effective way is of course to pick the simplest research object, often the simplest under extreme conditions. For example, when studying celestial sports, if the celestial body and a small iron ball are the same type of object, it is obvious that a small iron ball is simpler. It is easier to obtain effective cognition for small iron balls. The law. In Newton's theory, the extreme method is used to the extreme, and the research object is directly simplified into a mass point. This is actually an ideal model method. If you have to study a complex object, but there is no most simplified case representative, then you can use the method of repayment theory to disassemble the complicated object into a combination of simple objects. This method is the most widely known in the entire Western scientific system. The most thorough research objects have been demolished from the largest universe to the smallest quarks and lights. Of course, this is not to be demolished, and the overall system research method in Chinese culture also has a successful case. Clarifying research problems often uses the main method, which is often the main contradiction. After selecting a simple research object, its physical properties are often very rich. The simplest mass point, the most basic attribute is exercise, and due to the energy, momentum, angular momentum and other attributes caused by exercise. Powering, this involves electrical properties, and the charged charging movement also involves magnetic properties. If the texture point encounters photon scattering again, it may involve light properties. The texture is moved in the fluid and there is a fluid problem. Therefore, when you study, you have to clarify your research issues, that is, choose the nature we want to study. For example, if we only care about the nature of the grain point, then do not involve other properties such as electrical, magnetic, light, fluid, etc. The next nature is also the common nature of the same type of object. This method can be simply called the main and secondary method. On the one hand, this method simplifies the complexity of the problem, and on the other hand, it will inevitably bring approximation, because some secondary factors are discarded temporarily.

Quantitative descriptions often use analog and conversion methods. After observing the experimental phenomenon, what to do is to describe the observed physical quality, that is, definition and observation of physical quantities, which is a key step in the accuracy of physical cognition direction and axiom. For example, to observe small balls, in order to describe the nature of the flat moving, it is necessary to define time, displacement, speed, and acceleration; in order to describe the changes in the state of moving, the inertial quality, momentum, and force are defined; in order to describe the rotation, the period, angle, and angle speed are defined. Corner acceleration; in order to describe the change of the rotation state, the rotation inertia, angular amount, and torque are defined. When these definitions are given, they often use analogy methods, such as the concept of displacement directly class to class the visual experience of people. The displacement can be matched with the characteristics of the feet. ), The Earth's Rotary cycle (year); and the physical quantity described by the description can directly analogize the physical quantity of the flat, of course, there will be a difference in definition details. Some physical quantities cannot be directly classified, and the conversion method can be used to be directly measured. For example, the concept of temperature can directly classify the cold and cold experience of people, but the temperature measurement of temperature is measured in the mercury thermometer to be converted into a mercury length measurement measurement Essence Modern life sciences, medicine, and psychology have also used a large number of quantitative descriptions, such as human blood sugar, degree of pain, fatigue, and degree of cleverness. Actival method, conversion method.

After defining various physical quantities, what I want to do next is to find the relationship between these quantities, that is, the laws of empirical, and find these experimental laws often use extreme conditions and control variables.

In order to explore the rules of the experiment, you must toss the research objects in various methods to observe the phenomenon of records, such as small balls, straight lines, free landing, sloping slides, flat throwing, and oblique throwing. However, in order to find out various factors related to the issues that need to be studied, extreme conditions are often used. In the famous Galileo ideal slope experiment, what is the exercise without friction? In the flat throwing small ball experiment on the earth surface, Newton will make the speed of small balls larger and larger, what will it be pushed to the limit? What will happen to the resistance? What will be measuring liquid at extreme temperature? What will happen to compress the universe back to extreme high temperatures? What will happen to the two protons that collide at extreme high speeds? Many magical physical phenomena are found under extreme conditions. Why use extreme conditions? Extreme conditions are actually pushing a certain factor to the limit to suppress other factors, which highlights the impact of the factors on the research problem. From another perspective, extreme conditions are often the border of cognition, and breaking through this border may naturally have surprises. Extreme conditions are often accompanied by extreme technological progress.

When seeking the relationship between the physical quantities, if only two physical quantities are of course simple, but in fact, more than two variables often involve, at this time, the control variable method is often used, that is, the control part of the independent variables remain unchanged. Only the two variables are studied only two variables. The relationship between. For example, the three laws of gas in thermalology are actually the laws obtained when controlling pressure, volume, and temperature. The control variable method actually corresponds to the partial slight points in mathematical analysis. It should be noted that because it is partially slightly different, there are often many laws, and it cannot comprehensively reflect the relationship between each physical quantity. At this time The systematic relationship between each physical quantity, so that the number of experiences will also decrease sharply, that is, cognition will simplify a lot. Human cognition is not satisfied with only a series of experience laws, although there can be many applications of experience. In fact, there are often many laws of experience, which is not simple and systematic for people's cognition. At this time, physicists began to explore the simpler reasons behind these experience laws, that is, pursuing axiom cognitive system. In fact, from the mathematical cognitive system. If you can find basic axioms from the rules of experience, or assume basic axioms, and systematically derive all the rules of experience with mathematics logic, this will be greatly simplified and progressive in the physical cognitive system, especially for us Get up and find the laws of all things, or find the reasons behind various phenomena that changes.

To establish this theory, the first step is to build a model. At this time, the ideal model method is commonly used. Common quality points, ideal gas, point charge, current element, ideal fluid, quark, etc. Obviously these models are extremely ideal, and often do not actually exist. It is the most reflected common essence in the same type of research objects, and the simplest representative, or the idea of ​​repayment theory, artificially constructed ideal objects. Obviously, the ideal model method is an approximate method for the actual object. For example, the ideal gas hypothesis does not interact between molecules, only irregular thermal movement, which is obviously the most ideal object of studying thermal phenomenon, and current elements and quarks are ideal models constructed by reducing theory. Of course, in addition to the extremely simple ideal conditions when constructing the model, there will be other methods such as analogy and abstraction.

Establishing axiom cognition often use mathematical logic, simple induction, and conjecture. Once a model is established, a axiom cognitive system can be established around this model. Obviously, the model is required to be logically strict. The basic mathematical logic methods must be used, such as analysis methods, comprehensive laws, counter -evidence, and induction methods. In fact, the entire set of axioms is mathematical logic. In the axiom system, the choice of axioms is not unique. How to choose is very important. Different axiom choices may lead to the entire system that looks very different. Of course, different physical definition definitions will also affect the axioms. It is necessary to make the entire axiom system simplify as much as possible. Axioms can be simply summarized from existing experience laws. For example, the first law of thermodynamics can be regarded as a summary of experience laws. This simple induction is obviously not a complete induction in mathematics, but simply promoting. Of course, the axioms can also be analyzed by relatively strict mathematical methods. For example, Newton has launched a gravity square anti -ratio in accordance with the third laws of Cairple.但简单来说，公理都只是一个猜想，猜想法其实往往是基于研究者以往的经验积累和现有研究对象之间的关联产生的，无论怎么产生出来，我们都假设这是一个公理，然后将Its promotion is suitable for the same type of research objects. Whether it is correct or not is related to experimental inspection. If it is wrong, it will definitely be falsified, so guessing the idea is just a effective way of thinking, but it is not strict and correct mathematics. logic. Interestingly, this is not very strict with simple induction, and guessing method has brought us a lot of cognitive breakthroughs. There are many similar cases in mathematics, such as the famous Riemann conjecture, Ponkarley conjecture, etc.

Verifying for pseudo -often use special cases. After the establishment of the model and the axiom system, in principle, a certain type of nature of the research object can be fully described by the axiom system. Self -consistent nature is the natural requirements of logic, and the completeness is to derive all the relevant properties of the research object. In this way, the behavior of the research object can be predicted, and these predictions can be tested with experiments. Limited by the difficulty of experimental conditions or theoretical derivation, these prophecies are often targeted at some extreme special cases, such as the general theory of relativity prediction to the starlight deflection during the day, statistical physical predictions at low temperatures, Big Einstein cohesion and so on. Although it is only a special case, as long as the experiments are not in line with the theory, the theory can be performed directly. This is why the theory of natural science needs to be proven. Because there is usually no way to exhaust all possible verifications, special cases of evidence pseudo are a effective cognitive method that physical cognition has to be adopted.

In application physics, whether it is explaining the phenomenon that had happened before, or the phenomenon that would occur, and even including technical invention and creation, the commonly used methods were analogs and logical reasoning methods. Once the theory has been tested by the experiment, it is still right, then it can be applied. In fact, even if there is no clear theory, only the experimental experience rules can be directly applied. The method of applying often uses analogy. Finding a similar research object to try it up. Sometimes the analogy is not so direct, then you need to do a little logical reasoning. When doing technology applications, there are more analogs that need to be done. The characteristics of different research objects should be applied to the same object. For example It requires theory such as ratio of mechanics, heat, electromagnetics, optics, quantum mechanics and other theories. Understand the physical cognitive method and its background, we should understand that the training of physical methods must be carried out in combination with the cognitive process. Without this rule, many problems will occur. For example, the high school physics education of some schools basically ignores the cognitive process and jumps directly to the cognitive application stage. In fact, a large number of training is cognitive application methods, because many teachers think that in order to cope with the college entrance examination, a large number of exercises are required to improve the exercise training to improve the improvement. The process of answering the question, and the process of doing the question is to remember the existing theory of axioms, and then apply it to the scene settings. This is actually the application of thinking training. This is obviously wrong, it is very one -sided, which is not conducive to the training of students' overall cognitive methods. In fact, according to the entire cognitive process, the methods and abilities required for solving the problem have been included. Early physical problems were actually simplified physical research. Today, there are very few questions.

The current popular innovation education emphasizes application thinking education, such as innovation and entrepreneurship, refers to applications, but in fact, without the previous cognitive education, innovation education is a tree -free tree.

It should be noted that the physical cognitive method is repeatedly used and has universal characteristics. It is called a conventional method. Some methods are only adopted by specific people, or applicable to specific research objects, called unconventional methods. The conventional method can be trained through physics education. People who need to do physical cognitive people who need to do physical cognitions and continue to develop new effective methods. Therefore, in physics education, we must train conventional physical methods through large -scale teaching, small class discussions, etc., but also develop their unique unique methods for students to fully free the environment.

Understand the physical methods in the process of physical cognition, you can understand the importance of physical education. On the one hand, physical methods are more flexible than the abstract logic method of mathematics. On the other hand In fact, education can train people's comprehensive cognitive ability, which is often called scientific methods and scientific literacy.

4 What is physical spirit

What is physical spirit? This concept is not very popular. Generally, it is easier to think of the scientific spirit. Because this concept has been rising to the level of philosophy, it is too complicated, so although there are many in common in the physical and scientific spirit. No other fields are involved. Recently, the so -called scientific spirit such as critical critical spirit and skepticism, and even some universities' undergraduate general education reforms require the spirit of critical suspicion in the course. But what is the spirit of critical suspicion? Do you really understand? Is it doubt? Is there such a spirit if you criticize it? In reality, many people criticize for criticism and doubt, and finally evolved into a personal attack. How to correctly understand the physical spirit like critical spirit? This needs to return to the origin of physics, that is, in the process of physical cognition, to seek some understanding.

What is the spirit of physics? Physical spirit is the independent personality spirit formed by physicists in the cognitive process. Simply put, it is how physicists "be human." In the process of cognitive world, physicists invented a lot of effective methods, formed physical methods, and used these physical methods to build awareness of the world. Physicists' own behavior and thoughts, cognitives will reflect on themselves, form constraints and requirements for themselves, and form a physical spirit, physical method and physical spirit to form a physical culture, which deeply affects the development of human beings.

The physical spirit can be given a lot of examples, but these spirit does not exist in isolation, and it is associated and layered. The establishment of a physical spirit is developed around how to better establish physical cognition. As the cognition continues, the physical spirit has also derived the hierarchical structure. Here we try to simplify these issues, so we only discuss it. Some important physical spirits are not rigorous. Figure 3 gives a schematic diagram, pursuing truth, positive optimism, and collaboration spirit is the first level of spirit that gradually established with the development of cognition, and each spirit will continue to derive new new newly derived new new spirituality. the spirit of.

Figure 3 Pursuing truth, positive and optimism, and collaboration is the physical spirit of the first level

4.1 The spirit of pursuing truth

The most basic physical spirit is the spirit of pursuing truth, which is the basic belief of physicists. From the definition of physics, the purpose of physical cognition is to form as accurate systematic theory as possible, especially a unified interpretation of the entire world. In all aspects of cognition, this pursuit of physicists reflects the pursuit of physicists, and the spirit of truth seeking a series of spirit has spurned, as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 The spirit of pursuing truth will derive other spirit

Objectively seeking truth from facts is spirit. This is determined by the nature of objective research objects. The dishonesty of the observation, description, and research of the research objects is not honest.

Independent thinking and skepticism. This is because people are born with various defects, and they may make various mistakes. In addition, physical cognition is evidence of pseudo -cognition, so in order to build their own cognition, I have to adhere to independent thinking and doubt. Good thinking, correcting errors, breaking the cognitive boundary, and gradually approaching the truth. The reason why everyone can think and doubts independently is because the objectivity of the research object determines that the independent thinking of different people can reference and reach consensus, which is different from the humanities. Now some people have misunderstood the skepticism and understand them one -sidedly as a critical spirit. Everything must be criticized, and it has evolved into an attack on people. This is very inappropriate. The spirit of suspicion in physics is only for better thinking, because if suspicion stops, it will stop thinking. In fact, suspicion is a very positive way of thinking, which can stimulate new cognition from all angles, stimulate the desire of exploration, and expand the boundaries of cognition. That's not a real skeptical spirit.

Rigid analysis spirit. This is a familiar spirit, which is related to mathematical logic. When using analysis method, comprehensive law, anti -syndrome method, induction method and other mathematical logic, rigorous analysis spirit is inevitable.

The spirit of seeking roots. Because the physics cognition is pursuing the essential law of the entire universe, this determines that the thoughts of physicists will never stay on the surface of the phenomenon. The ultimate pursuit of physicists is the theory of unity. This kind of thinking habits have made physicists constantly ask the habit of "why", forming the spirit of seeking roots.

Perseverance spirit. Physical cognition is actually difficult. Simply review the history of physics, you know that the process of establishing cognition of a research object often requires the efforts of multi -generation people. Newtonian mechanics system has undergone thousands of years of accumulation before it is completed. It also took nearly a century, and the perseverance of perseverance could not be completed. To investigate the work habits and working hours of physicists and current physicists, they will find that they are almost synonymous with diligence, and their persistence in their own research field has completed the continuous accumulation of physics cognition.

4.2 A positive and optimistic spirit

Although physicists are pursuing the ultimate truth, in fact, due to various restrictions, physical cognition is only effective cognition. This has made physicians develop a positive and optimistic spirit. As shown in Figure 5. For physicists, positive and optimism is to try to move towards truth. For example, choosing to believe that there may be a unified theory in this world, because if you don't believe it, you will not work hard, and there will be no results. This is actually a positive and optimistic spirit. In fact, the spirit of doubt can also be regarded as a positive and optimistic spirit, because if you do not doubt, you will stop thinking, and you cannot have new discoveries. Choosing suspicion is a more active approach. It should be noted that this is not a simple blind optimism, but to actively find ways to move forward under an optimistic attitude.

Figure 5 A positive and optimistic spirit will derive other spirit

Don't be afraid of failure and courage to try. From the history of physics cognition, it can be found that in the process of cognition, it is often accompanied by a large number of failures. It is a positive and optimistic spirit that makes physicians not be afraid of failure, courage to try, and constantly explore physically unknown areas. For example, the study of controlling nuclear fusion, even if the national ignition device (NIF) suffers setbacks, physicists will not stop the pace of exploration. It should be noted here that failure is not the mother of success. Success is the mother of success. The experience of failure is to know that this is impossible to succeed, and success is to know that this may be successful. The path of cognition is a case of continuous accumulation of success , Imitate successful experience and make breakthroughs in cognition.

Proved pseudo -empirical spirit. Physicists are pursuing truth, but what is interesting is that in terms of cognitive laws or cognitive logic, the result of cognition cannot be ensured that the truth is truth. Significance, but physicists have adopted a positive and optimistic spirit, stepped back to seek effective theories, to constantly approach the truth, and use the evidence of evidence to test the effectiveness of cognition. The spirit of doctrine. However, it is such a positive and optimistic spirit of empiricalism to help humans have made great progress in physical cognition, so that many people misunderstand that physics is truth, or even superstitious physics, or superstition science.

Open spirit. Physics is an unknown exploration. Unknown is full of possibilities. The tolerance and open spirit allows us to catch clues to the truth. Of course, we need to rigorously analyze the spirit to eliminate invalid clues. On the other hand, the exploration of physical cognition is very difficult, full of uncertainty, should be tolerant of failure, and take a open attitude towards the exploration of various issues. Small goal spirit. The ultimate goal of physical cognition is magnificent, but the reality is that everyone's ability is limited. For everyone, the goal is too large, and it is actually impossible to achieve. At this time Small goals that can achieve efforts, constantly achieving small goals, and accumulation are great progress. This is actually a manifestation of positive optimism spirit. More importantly Strong self -confidence and sense of accomplishment have become important cognitive drivers.

4.3 Collaborative Spirit

In the process of cognition, physicists will find that their own cognitive ability is limited. At this time, they need to continue to cooperate with others. At this time, the spirit of collaboration is developed. The spirit of collaboration can also derive many spirit, as shown in Figure 6. The spirit of collaboration is not unique to physics, and other disciplines also need the spirit of collaboration, but the physical collaboration spirit is relatively effective because of a cognitive pseudo -guarantee guarantee.

Figure 6 The spirit of collaboration will derive other spirit, the most important thing is the spirit of justice

The most important one in the spirit of collaboration is the spirit of justice, which is an objective and impartial evaluation and respect for the cognitive contribution of others. In fact, without this, it is impossible to build trust between people, and it cannot cooperate. The establishment of a physics papers references the system, the establishment of the peer evaluation mechanism, and so on are the concrete manifestations of the spirit of justice.

In collaboration, negotiation and decision -making issues need to be negotiated. At this time, the spirit of democracy is relatively effective. At least all possible opinions can be expressed equally, everyone has the right to know and choose. For a mature physical community, democratic methods are often the most effective, such as the professor system of professor governance of the school, and so on. But for collaboration in a new cognitive field, or in the collaboration of immature physical community, be careful of democratic traps.

Here are not all the physical spirit of all, but just list some important typical physical spirit. These spirits are all developed by the development of people in the process of physical cognition. This is the same as the requirements for doing things. In order to establish an effective understanding of the world, the physical spirit and physical methods together constitute a physical culture, which is exactly the spiritual wealth that physicists have brought us to the world.

It should be noted that the above list is a relatively strong physical spirit. Students can have these spirit through receiving physical education, while some spirit depends on specific cultural backgrounds and personal characteristics. This is why we can cultivate physics workers, but we cannot directly cultivate Einstein. But once the physical and cultural environment formed by physical methods and spiritual formation, Einstein, the Nobel Prize winners will grow themselves.

5 summons

In summary, it can be seen that starting from the point of physical cognition, you can understand what is physics, how the physical cognition is established, and how the physical method and physical spirit are formed in the cognitive process, that is, how physicists are Doing things and human beings, which constitute the core of physics culture. Physicists have formed a physics community on the basis of such a culture, forming a community of physicists. This community and even across national borders. Regarding the related issues of physics learning, education, research, and policy formulation, in principle, thinking about thinking will help find methods to solve the problem.

The core of physics culture is to establish effective cognition. Physics teaching and research are actually training in a complete cognitive process. They need to go through experimental physics, theoretical physics, and application physics. In this process, not only can learn effective physical methods, but also can be raised Increase the spirit of physics. From this perspective, physics education actually represents natural science education. It should occupy a more important position in the national education system, rather than becoming a test subject. The biggest problem for exam -oriented education is only the training of physical thinking, ignoring the training of experimental physics and theoretical physics. For the famous Qian Xuesen's question: "Why can't our schools always cultivate outstanding talents?" Although there may be various other factors, from the perspective of physical cognitive laws, we may know the answer. If you can return to the essence of physical definition in physics teaching and research, start from the starting point of cognition, consciously follow the laws of cognitive process, and believe that it will play a beneficial role in talent training and scientific research.

On the other hand, the value of physics education is that once students have a cognitive ability through physics education, they can recognize the world, form a world view, understand life, and form an outlook on life. Value. Once you have an independent cognition, you will not trust others. At this time, you have the ability to doubt and criticize. Only in order to be called an independent personality. This is the basis of the "personality" education that Mr. Cai Yuanpei said. Without cognitive ability, it is impossible to talk about personality. Because of these cognitive skills, talents have basic dignity. Why use a physical cognitive method? Because this is by far the most effective way of human beings. I hope that more people can understand what is physics and physical culture, so as to convey physics culture in physics teaching, develop physics culture in physics research, protect physics culture in policy formulation, and popularize physics culture among the people.

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