Multi -type rocket supports Chinese manned space engineering: thirty and dream of the sky

On September 21, 1992, the Chinese manned aerospace project was officially approved by the "921". In the past 30 years, my country has broken through a large number of core technologies with independent intellectual property rights and successfully owns its own space station. If the manned aerospace engineering has the goal of our flying dream, the "three steps" strategy of the manned space project gives this goal outline, and each step must have a steady rocket as a support.

Taoist long: "One step at a time, the problem can't be seen at a glance"

Thirty years ago, the most thrust rocket in my country was Long March 2 (hereinafter referred to as "Long Two E", and other models expressed the same). At that time, its reliability indicators were only 0.91, which was far from the manned standard. The China Institute of Lauding Rocket Technology (hereinafter referred to as the "Rocket Institute") decided to develop the "Long March 2 F -loading new rocket" on its basis, and set the reliability indicator of the long two F to 0.97.

How difficult is it to develop manned rockets? Taking the number of parts and components as an example, there are tens of thousands of cars, more than 100,000 aircraft, hundreds of thousands of carrier rockets, and hundreds of million people in manned aerospace products. All links must be lost. At that time, the Rocket Institute's developers had only seen the manned rocket on a foreign pictorial, and knew nothing about its details. For the domestic basic industry at the time, 0.97 was tantamount to looking at the peak peak at the foot of the Himalayas.

If you do n’t understand, go to school. If you do n’t experience it, you will accumulate. Self -reliance is the quality engraved in the bones of the Chinese. The Rocket Academy sent more than 10 people to go to Moscow to study manned rocket technology. After 4 years of concentration, the Chinese manned Rockets have made breakthrough progress: the static test of the arrow structure has conditions, vibration arrows start production assembly, and activity launch platforms are put into production ... Mowing

"Why is it so difficult!" Liu Ye, deputy chief of the long F rocket, recalled that in 1998, the first arrow of the long F -rocket came to Jiuquan, and the ground equipment with the sample state, the first application of the launch field "Three Party". The "three parties" that performed well during the verification alone, but the "division" continued. The rocket and launch platform pushed out and pulled it back. After the problem was resolved, pushed it out, and pulled it back when it encountered a new problem ... "One step at a time, the problem can not be seen at a glance." The confidence is like the gravel on the Gobi Beach. The sun is scattered on the ground.

Falling into the bottom of the valley, gradually climbing, and cross -leaping, the Rocket Academy is more frustrated and brave in difficulties. From 1999 to 2002, the successful research and development of the long -two FD to the four rockets successively promoted the verification of the land and sea aerospace measurement and control network, the space life sciences of space in the micro -gravity environment, and the launch of the space materials.

On October 15, 2003, Liu Yan performed the final inspection on the launch tower. The aerospace officer's special elevator slowly opened, and Yang Liwei brought out the small square box. In contact, Liu Xi was in a mood. At that moment, the former cold wind and Dai Yueyue had the supreme significance.

In October 2005, the long two F Yaoxiu Rockets sent the astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng into space, successfully completed the space flight test of many people for many days, and successfully ended the "first step" strategy of the "three steps" strategy.

Difficulty: reliability and security improvement no end point

"I have been out of the cabin, it feels good!" On September 27, 2008, when the astronaut Zhai Zhigang's voice came from the distant space, the earth of Shenzhou was boiling. The long two -F rocket that completed 7 launch did not humiliate the mission again. The third time he successfully launched the manned spacecraft, and the three astronauts jointly completed the space out of the space.

"Rocket reliability and safety improvement has no end." Chang Wuquan, the overall director of the long F Rockets, said. From 2010 to 2011, during the continuous rise of the safety and reliability of the long two -F -Rockets, the long seventh, long five B entered the development track, and the Chinese manned space project began to take the "three steps+walk away" mode. Row.

The 6 modules of the long seven rockets use a low -temperature engine of liquid oxygen and oil, which is far more complex than conventional engines. The research team adopts a collaborative working model. The overall structure, control, power and other professional designers enter the engine development unit jointly. After two months of fighting for two months, they have not only solved the problem of layout, but also completed the overall and related professional design.

In July 2011, the long -seven rockets turned to the initial development, and in May 2015, the sample development was transferred. The model team exceeded 33 technical difficulties, and completed 313 large ground tests including full arrow training and power system trials. Behind this is the fast -paced and high -intensity silent effort of the development team: some designers just rushed to Xi'an to carry out the engine thermal environment measurement as soon as they completed the wind tunnel test in Mianyang; Installation, in the afternoon, we moved to Yungang to hang the storage box ... From the overall to the stand -alone, from the designer to the workers, everyone is doing their best for the long seven.

Good news followed. From September 2013 to August 2014, the long -seven rockets, the first and second -level module power systems were successfully tested; in March 2015, the long -seven rocket completed the joint practice at the Wenchang Aerospace launcher; 2016 In June of the year, the long -seven rockets were not bad.

"This is not like a new rocket!" Looking at the flight data, the person in charge of the launch site couldn't help but admire.

On April 20, 2017, the Long Qiyao Second Rockets undertook the Chinese manned space project task for the first time. "Step" achieves. The journey is far: creating new history is the best way to pay tribute to history

On April 29, 2021, Tianhe's core compartment was accurately trail, and the construction of China Space Station entered a stage of comprehensive implementation. This time, the baton was handed over to the long five B. Most of the key technologies of long -five B and long rockets sharing core and booster, standing on the shoulders of the "giant" as soon as they were born. However, the first semi -semi -semi -semi -semi -semi -semi -semi -semi -B -rocket type is the first time in my country. The first level of the Rockets is used as the last -class use, and it is directly sent to an effective load.

How difficult is this technology? The developer used a metaphor of an image: the rectifier cover is as large as the vehicle carriage. After the shutdown of the first -class engine of the scheduled orbit rocket, the thrust of about 140 tons will completely disappear within a few seconds, just like a high -speed train suddenly suddenly suddenly, suddenly a train suddenly suddenly suddenly. Bad, stop at the designated location steadily, and get "passengers" and get off. This is a way that the five rockets have never walked.

2013 is the third year when the long five rockets and the long five -B rocket goes hand in hand. "Two rockets grab both hands and both hands are hard." , Realize the development of large -scale carrier rockets in my country; Long Five B is more capable after two rounds of weight loss, and overcome major key technologies such as 20.5 meters of rectified hood design and separation, low -temperature power zero window launch, and large thrust directly on track.

"If you want to succeed, fight again!" In July 2017, when the long five -long rocket flew to 346.7 seconds, the first -class engine suddenly turned off, and the rocket fell into the sea after deviating from the track. Talking about this after many years, Yu Ziwen, a designer of the long -five rocket power system, is still difficult to hide his heartache.

How many efforts did the Rockets make more reliable, how difficult it was to find the lesion at this time. In December 2019, the long five -long three rockets won the battle of resurgence.

On May 10, 2022, the long seven -long five rockets successfully launched the Tianzhou No. 4 freight ship; on June 5, the long two -fourth Rockets sent 3 astronauts into space; Yao San Rockets will ask the Tiangan Experimental Cel to the scheduled track. The new and old rockets take turns in turn to help take the "three steps" strategy "third steps".

From unmanned flight to people flying, from one day to multiple people, from the cabin to the outlet activities, from single boat flight to the stable operation of the combination ... creating a new history is the best way to pay tribute to history. In the year of the manned space project, my country will build a three -cabin -type space station, becoming a long -term manned flight technology for independent grasp of near -ground space. Country with abilities.

(Our newspaper

【Edit: Chen Wentao】

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