Coordinates China ｜ How difficult is it to cross the sea?

Xiaoxin said

In the past ten years, a series of heavy weapons and super engineering created by central enterprises have engraved new coordinates of national development from different dimensions. On September 12th, the online theme promotion of "our ten years@coordinates China" was officially launched. Over the major achievements of representative infrastructure construction and scientific and technological innovation, it shows the courage, courage and wisdom of challenging the limits and challenging the limit.

The world's longest cross -sea bridge, the world's longest public railway dual -use cross -sea bridge, the world's largest span -span -cross -cordon public iron dual -use cable bridge, and the world's highest navigation and air -crossing bridge, all in China, they spans across China, they spans across China. The vast bay and the strait form a "sea road". Today, Xiaoxin brings you the second issue of the "coordinate China" series theme film, "China Surgery" "Capital".

have you seen

Is it on the sea?

They are a super bridge that leaps in the sea

The length can reach tens of kilometers

Even a hundred miles

Just jump

You can span the vast bay and the strait

▲ The Hong Kong -Zhuhai -Macao Bridge with a total length of 55km adopts a leaping method combined with bridges and tunnels. In the future, it will also be built in Hangzhou Bay to build a large mileage of Shanghai Boat Cross -sea channel with a total mileage of 160km. Photographers@吴

In China

This kind of sea sky

It was played to the extreme

The world's longest cross -sea bridge

The world's longest public iron two -purpose cross -sea bridge

The world's largest span cross -strait public iron dual -use cable bridge

The world's highest air -crossing bridge

All in China

▲ The deep and middle passage in construction, here the world's largest span -in -sea steel box beam suspension bridge, Lingyuyang Bridge, will be strong through artificial island and the world's first two -way eight -lane underwater tunnel, photographer@

Those seas that used to be unable to cross

Jiaozhou Bay, about 28km wide

Linglongyang with a width of about 65km

Hangzhou Bay, about 100km wide

They are all connected by such sea sky roads

Really changing from Tianyu

▲ A photo of the Qingzhou Channel Bridge and the cargo ship and airplane. Photographer@

So

How are we on the vast sea

Are these super engineering?

What did they bring us?

How difficult is it?

Click to watch the video

China is a marine country

32,000 kilometers of long coastline

There is a different place

——Dramm -city, Zhejiang Province

It is not a continuous land that constitutes here

It is 1390 islands

Known as the Zhoushan Islands

As the largest islands in China

The transportation method here is bound to be different

Xizhenmen Bridge

From the moment the completion

Is the largest span bridge in China

And maintain this record for up to 10 years

But when we look down in a wider field of vision

I will find that even such length

It is just 1/30 of the full length of the entire Zhoushan cross -sea bridge

Including the Zhoushan cross -sea bridge with a total length of nearly 50 kilometers

China's waters

There are more than ten bridges with a total length of more than 10 kilometers

They

All for the same mission

——The cross the sea

However, it is easy to talk about crossing the sea

Part1

Super bridge

2001

The opening of the Cengang Bridge

It marks the beginning of the Zhoushan Islands and the mainland

This bridge consists of reinforced concrete

The beam body is placed in the pre -stretched steel twisted wire

Undertake the load of the bridge deck with the concrete that wraps it

Let the bridge have a greater leapfrog ability

A single span reaches 50 meters

After two years

Not far from the reef gates bridge

This is even more in one fell swoop to 150 meters

But this span is not enough

The cross -sea bridge is also facing an important question:

Navigation

Single span -span 150 -meter ringing reef gate bridge

It can only meet the 500 -ton vessels pass

However, facing the largest port of global cargo throughput

——Ningbo -Zhoushan Port

Cross -sea bridge connecting the Zhoushan Islands and the mainland

Must be on the dense channel

Leave enough space for passing vessels

Build a larger span and higher bridge

It is also an inevitable trend

Jinsang Bridge

With a large span of 620 meters

Pass by one span from an important waterway at the sea

Under the bridge is enough to pass 50,000 tons of freighters

And the secret of implementing such a large span

Just in these two bridge towers equivalent to 70 floors

And 168 tilted steel cables

These steel cables hold the beam tightly

The gravity of the beam body is cleverly passed to the solid bridge tower

So the name of the Cold Bridge

Its special form has a strong wind resistance ability

So on the vast majority of cross -sea bridge

You can see it

certainly

This type of bridge is not a panacea

If the underwater terrain is more complicated

The span of hundreds of meters cannot cross the rapids vortex, etc.

It is bound to have a bridge with greater leapfrog capabilities

—— suspension bridge

This kind of suspension bridge of Xizhenmen Bridge

Two main cables with a diameter of about 0.86 meters

Carrying a huge beam

With a span of 1650 meters

One time spans the turbulent dangerous water channel

then

Cengang Bridge, Xiangjiao Gate Bridge, Taoyaomen Bridge,

The connection section between Xizhenmen Bridge, Jinsang Bridge and them

Together, the Zhoushan cross -sea bridge

It is such a bridge that allows Ningbo and Zhoushan to

It is connected to each other through a sea highway

But truly cross the sea

It's not enough to rely on a bridge

We also need a super combination

Part2

Super combination

The Hong Kong -Zhuhai -Macao Bridge, which was opened to traffic in 2018

55 kilometers in length

As the longest cross -sea bridge in the world

In Lingshengyang Sea

It connects Hong Kong, Zhuhai and Macau with its own power

When we look at these 55 kilometers

Will find that it is a veritable super combination

In areas where no ship passs

Liangqiao with different spans

Wind flowing along the water

Take the mission of connecting

In areas with vessels pass

Add three cable bridges:

Kyushu Channel Bridge

Bridge tower shape like sail

The meaning "sailing and voyage"

Jianghai direct shipwalk bridge

The bridge tower jumps like a dolphin

The meaning "man and nature"

Qingzhou Channel Bridge

Bridge tower like China

The meaning "three places concentric"

But as the busiest area in the world

There are more than 4,000 vessels in the Lingshengyang waters daily

It also faces a super large freighter pass of up to 300,000 tons

Far -beyond the scale that conventional bridges can bear

at the same time

The long -term Lingye Ocean Way is weak

Easy to deposit and sediment

The dense bridge pier will hinder the current

It is undoubtedly worse than snow

Therefore, the combination of the bridge alone

Can't meet such rigorous conditions

So, a super group debut

That is the bridge plus tunnel

Bridge along the way

And gradually extend below the sea

And the bridge disappears

Section 33 giant pipeline

Putting it to the sea by section

Until it is connected to a 6.7 -kilometer submarine tunnel

Not only did they leave enough wide sea surface

It also greatly reduces the entire project's hindrance to water flow

Followed on the artificial island on both sides

The underwater tunnel is also cleverly completed

Excessive conversion with sea bridges

It is such a combination

Let this world's longest cross -sea bridge

Become a real "sea of ​​sea"

today

This super combination will create a new miracle

This is the same crossed Lingyangyang

Connecting Shenzhen and Zhongshan City, Guangdong and Zhongshan City

This 270 -meter -high bridge tower

Together with Shenzhen's skyscrapers in a row

Moderate with the new urban skyline

It will also support

Lingyang Yang Bridge with a span of 1666 meters

Become the largest span bridge in China

the other side

The widest giant sinking tube in the world

A single section weight can reach 80,000 tons

Its displacement even far exceeds the full -load Shandong ship carrier

They will be by a unique ship

Freight to the specified location for sinking

Formed the world's unique two -way eight -lane submarine tunnel

With the assistance of the Beidou satellite navigation system

The huge sinking tube of about 165 meters long

It can ensure the installation positioning accuracy of millimeter level

However

Whether it is a magnificent super bridge

Still a huge super combination

True difficulty in crossing the sea

It's not just a breakthrough of span and length

But how to deal with the challenges from the ocean itself

Part3

Super challenge

in China

The largest wind is not the big northwest of our impression

It is in the southeast coastal area

Especially in Pingtan County, Fujian Province

There are more than 300 days a year, which is more than 6 or more windy weather

Catched in the world's three major air outlets

The strong sea breeze brings huge waves

Therefore, here is once considered to be the restricted area of ​​the bridge

but now

Here is the first seat in our country

It is also the longest in the world

At the same time, the cross -sea bridge of the highway and the railway

—— Pingtan Straits Gongtai Bridge

How does it overcome the windy waves at sea?

First, it has enough weight

Bridge with enough stiffness

The amount of concrete of the whole bridge

Enough to build 4 National Grand Theaters

Facing such a huge bridge

The general wind and waves seem to be inseparable

At the same time, the damping device spread all over the bridge is buffered

It can also be absorbed and consumed to the greatest extent

The impact of natural disasters such as typhoons and tsunami

Not only that to avoid heavy winds

Some beams of this bridge

It will also complete production in advance in the factory

Luck to the scene for assembly

As a result, the time to shorten the construction at sea

For example, huge steel truss components

The maximum weight can reach 3400 tons

They are set up from large -scale floating cranes with nearly 40 floors

It is equivalent to hanging more than 2,000 cars at a time

Anti -collision box used to resist ship impact

During the construction process

It is also intelligently used by the construction staff as a temporary construction platform

As a result, the use efficiency of bridge components

Of course, the challenge of the ocean

From the water surface

The strength of the underwater strata here is extremely high

And there is almost no sediment coverage

Under such conditions

How can we make a bridge

What about "inserting" the naked and hard sea bed?

Want to stand here

We must find a way to penetrate the hard strata of the sea

To this end, my country has developed a giant rig weighing 344 tons

It can be in the hard rock formation

Drilling huge holes with a diameter of 5 meters

Subsequently, 18 diameter 4.5 meters

The 60 -meter giant pile foundation will penetrate deep into the hole

Form the foundation of a deep -rooted bridge tower

Have such a huge foundation

The bridge pier and the bridge tower can take root here to support the bridge and stand firmly in the wind and waves.

In fact

Not only the strong wind and strong waves and complex terrain geology

Deep water, ocean flow, tide, ship impact

Even high salt, high humidity air, etc.

All affect the life of the bridge

Coupled with the impact on aviation lines

Governance of sediment problems

Protection of marine ecology and so on

A few kilometers

Even a bridge of tens of kilometers

Want to stand in the sea

The builders need to use wisdom and creation

Conquest these challenges one by one

Why is this

The 16 -kilometer Pingtan Strait Gongtie Bridge was built

More than 5,000 builders have used 7 years

Build a 24 -kilometer -long deep middle channel

More than 10,000 builders will take 8 years

Behind the 55 -kilometer -long Hong Kong -Zhuhai -Macao Bridge

From planning construction to opening to traffic

More than 20,000 builders

Fighting for 15 years

So since it is so difficult to build

The construction process is so long

Why do we have to do it again and again

Do you want to cross the sea?

The answer is actually very simple

When we overlook Lingyangyang

Humen Bridge, Hong Kong -Zhuhai -Macao Bridge, Shenzhen Middle Channel

Three almost parallel bridges

The Guangdong -Hong Kong -Macao Greater Bay Area is connected as one

In the future, a large channel of Shanghai boat crossing the sea

Will directly connect to Shanghai and Zhoushan

It will form a closed loop with a crowd of cross -sea bridge

Integrate the entire Hangzhou Bay as one

These super projects

Break through the endless sea

Eventually it became a solid road under our feet

Set on this one -sea sky road

We are not just the sea

Go to a common future

Creation team in this article

Written article: Director Ding Ding

Picture: Thanksgiving Heart Design: Yang Ning

Council: Kunka

Cover photographer: Ma Honghai Huang Kunzhen

Poster photographer: Xu Peng Zhu Qingxiang Ren Yuhao

Do you want to know which new era coordinates?

Please continue to pay attention to "coordinate China",

The next issue is equally wonderful!

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