"Fleet two", why is it

Author:Look at the think tank Time:2022.08.09

Recently, my country's second 075 amphibious attack ship "Guangxi Ship" conducted practical training in maritime courses.

On the deck, under the command of the flight guide, several carrier -based helicopters completed continuous take -off and landing training. On the sea, the releasing training of the air cushion boat also started quickly. In addition, the "Guangxi Ship" also formed a supply formation with the "Chagan Lake Ship", and two thousand tons of giant ships were supplied during sailing.

The amphibious attack ship is a large -scale offensive surface ship in the navy's tonnage second only to the aircraft carrier, and the two are similar. For a long time, amphibious attack ships have been favored by navy navy with their excellent tactical flexibility and strong delivery capabilities.

So how does it develop? What are the functions? What are the equipment?

On May 1, 2019, the US Navy "Boxer" amphibious attack ship at San Diego, the United States.

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Amphibious attack ships, also known as amphibious assault ship. The "amphibious" in this title refers to its ability to send landing power from air and sea to the target area. The amphibious attack ship came out in the 1950s and was a product of the rapid development of amphibious landing combat theory and combat demand after World War II.

At first, people's demand for landing ships was very simple, that is, they were able to transport personnel and equipment ashore. The "Hope Messenger" used by the Russian Black Sea Fleet in 1916 is generally considered to be the first landing ship in history. The ship was converted from a flat cargo ship, and there was almost no attack and defense capabilities. In fact, it was a "shipping ship." After that, the demand for landing ships in the world began to increase, requiring it to have certain firepower to grab the landing troops by self -defense and covering the land.

During World War II, the Allied forces implemented a series of landing battles, from North Africa to Normandy, to Sicily and West Pacific. There are also many inconveniences in actual combat.

Amphibious landing combat backwater tackling, there are very few beaches suitable for landing operations. The repeated competition, the protracted and long -lasting battle and the amazing war injury of the inter -shore beach head have put forward urgent to how to strengthen amphibious combat fire support, especially air fire support support. The demand also prompted people to think about how to avoid the limitations of traditional graphic landing operations.

After World War II, the increasingly mature helicopter technology has fundamentally changed the traditional military delivery model. The U.S. military has tried helicopter vertical delivery forces on the Korean battlefield. In the Suez Canal War in 1956, a large -scale use of helicopters in amphibious operations opened a precedent. The Royal Navy modified two light aircraft carriers "Ocean" and "Theseus", which made it a helicopter carrier with 450 assault players and 22 helicopters. SAID) implemented the world's first vertical landing operation.

Since then, helicopters have been widely used in amphibious operations, and countries around the world have also begun to build amphibious attack ships or rebuilding aircraft carriers for amphibious landing operations. Early amphibious attack ships are essentially helicopter aircraft carriers. After that, amphibious attack ships specially built also have the characteristics of aircraft carriers to a large extent. , Ship Island, Large Woods and Supporting Lifts. These characteristics make the amphibious attack ship known as "quasi -aircraft carrier", and also gives them the name "Xiaoping Ding".

The amphibious attack ship is designed for landing and delivery. Its carrier -based aircraft is mainly helicopter and vertical/short -range take -off and landing fighter, and can also provide air and water fire support for the landing troops. In order to log in to the combat task, amphibious attack ships have adopted more special designs such as high -drying side, dock, and vehicle cabin in the overall layout.

American, explore first

In the 1950s, with the development of helicopter technology, the United States proposed the "vertical surround" landing combat concept: to allow some landing forces and equipment to take air delivery forces such as carrier -based helicopters, and quickly implement vertical vertical in the depth of the enemy coast. The first wave of landing operations was launched.

In this way, it not only avoids the hard touch of the beach landing battle, greatly reduces the casualties of the landing personnel, but also makes the login combat style diversified, and the defense becomes extremely difficult. Compared with the level landing, vertical landing is easier to achieve sudden combat, and can go ashore foothold faster quickly, creating conditions for large -scale landing.

The United States began to convert World War II aircraft carriers into amphibious attack ships and conducted the earliest vertical attack test. These modified ships provide a valuable transition for the construction of the first -generation "Sulfashi" class amphibious attack ship. From 1955 to 1961, the U.S. military converted five, just like the "Sulfashima" class, the number was the beginning of LPH (Landing Platformhelicopter).

In 1958, the United States began to build the first generation of amphibious attack ships- "Usulos Island". The first ship served in August 1961 and built a total of 7 ships. The captain is about 180 meters, a width of about 31 meters, and a full -load displacement of less than 20,000 tons. About 20 helicopters can be loaded. A naval marine team strengthens about 2,000 people. However, the biggest disadvantage is that there is no dock, and the landing craft cannot be configured to carry large combat equipment. This also means that the soldiers cannot get the effective support of heavy fire after landing, and it is easy to be suppressed by the enemy's firepower. Because of dissatisfaction with amphibious landing, the US Navy launched the second -generation "Tarava" class amphibious attack ship (LHA, LANDING Helicopter Assault), and built five ships from 1971 to 1980. The captain is about 250 meters and a width of about 32 meters. The full -load displacement reaches the unprecedented 40,000 tons, which is close to the displacement of the medium -sized aircraft carrier. This class amphibious attack ship has merged the function of the dock landing ship. It is added for the first time to join the dock design. You can use horizontal landing and vertical landing to combat at the same time, realizing the concept of "balanced loading, Cheng construction transportation", and can also be equipped with equipped The AV-8B vertical take-off and landing fighters are regarded as the opening of the modern professional amphibious attack ship. At the same time, the ship has the ability to combat the amphibious attack group, which can command the amphibious attack group independent combat or collaborative aircraft carrier combat group and surface ship combat group to perform expedition strike missions. Both of these amphibious attack ships have retired.

In the mid-1980s, the U.S. Navy was based on new login tools such as air cushion landing and MV-22 croach rotor machines, and proposed the theory of "super-level flat line" landing combat theory. To. Prior to the appearance of the "US" class, the "Hornet" class was the world's largest and most advanced amphibious attack ship in the world, and the size was close to the previous level. It is equipped with a more advanced helicopter, MV-22, the latest air cushion landing (LCAC) and AV-8B. assault. It is also because it is equipped with more types of carrier -based aircraft that it can increase or decrease different models when performing different combat tasks, and the composition of airborne aircraft constitutes more flexible.

The first ship "Hornet" was officially served in July 1988 and built a total of 8 ships (of which the No. 6 ship "Good Man Richard" broke out in July 2020 and was scrapped). The main active force. Because it is necessary, it can also perform tasks similar to aircraft carriers, and many people call it the US reserve aircraft carrier forces.

On July 14, 2020, the San Diego Naval Base in California, USA, participated in the fire extinguishing fire from the US Navy amphibious attack ship "Good Man Richard".

At present, the latest generation of "US" first ship "US" was officially served in October 2014. The No. 2 Ship "Ripoli" was served in July 2020. The No. 3 ship is under construction and plans to build 11 ships.

The captain is 257 meters, the width of the ship is 32 meters, and the full -load displacement has reached an unprecedented 45,000 tons, which has been comparable to the tonnage of the French Da Gogho nuclear -powered aircraft carrier. Compared with the "Hornet" class, the biggest feature of the "American" class is the cancellation of the dock design, which is replaced by the extended internal glory deck to provide more space for the aircraft. The third ship is restored to the dock design.

Due to many types of carrier-based aircraft (MV-22B, F-35B, CH-53K, UH-1Y, AH-1Z, MH-60s), the "US" class can meet multiple task requirements. When the amphibious landing task is required, it can be equipped with a large number of fish eagle transport aircraft and transport helicopters, supplemented by a small number of attack helicopters and F-35B fighters; when it is necessary to obtain air control and destroy the enemy defense system, it can be equipped with an AV-鹞 fighter or F or F. -35B, used as a temporary small aircraft carrier; joining the US Navy aircraft carrier formation is equivalent to allowing the US Navy, which had 11 aircraft carriers, and added a number of medium -sized aircraft carriers, further expanding the advantages of its combat. The multi -purpose "American" level is further reflected.

Although there are no ejaculation and blocking cables, the "American" class cannot configure many auxiliary models such as early warning aircraft, electronic fighter, and unmanned tanker like a large aircraft carrier to obtain sufficient battlefield situation information, but the stealth performance of only F-35B , Collecting and distributing a large number of battlefield environmental data capabilities, and the ability of electromagnetic interference and strikes to the enemy, can greatly enrich the combat mode choice of the US Navy's Marine Corps.

Britain, the successor is weak

Since the helicopter was applied for amphibious attacks for the first time in the Suez Canal War in 1956, because the two modified helicopters performed well, Britain modified two "half -man horses" class light aircraft carriers and served in 1962.

In the 1960s, the "FearlessClass) dock landing ship was born, including two ships of" HMS Fearless (Equipment in November 1965) and "HMS Intrepid). This class is a ship specially built by the Royal Navy for amphibious combat missions. It has an internal dock and sends the landing power through landing crafts and helicopters. In the Malaysia War, the "No Truth" played an important role, which is the key to landing in San Carlos. However, the British Navy believes that there is still a large limitations of amphibious warship combat capabilities, which is one of the important reasons for the serious casualties in the landing operation. In order to cope with future local wars and occasional incidents, the British Navy plans to develop new amphibious warships, the later "HMS Ocean" amphibious attack ship. The captain is 203 meters, 35 meters wide, and a full -load displacement exceeds 21,000 tons. Because it uses a large number of folk ship standards and technologies, the cost is equivalent to only one frigate, but the overall protection capacity has decreased to a certain extent. The "Ocean" amphibious attack ship served in September 1998 and retired in March 2018, and then sold to Brazil as the flagship of the Navy and changed its name to the "Atlantic Ocean".

Britain currently has two active "Son of Poseidon" amphibious attack ship- "HMS Albion" and "HMS Bulwark". The two ships were served in 2003 and 2004, and the displacement reached 20,000 tons.

Although the United Kingdom is the first country to build an aircraft carrier, it is also the first country to land vertically. Due to the sharp decline of British national strength and emptiness after the war, Britain did not build a great job in navy construction, especially amphibious attack ships. Regarding the current Royal Navy's current combat capabilities, the British "Save the Royal Navy" website published the article "The Royal Navy's amphibious combat capabilities is worrying". The article believes that the three core combat capabilities of the Royal Navy are sea -based nuclear deterrence capabilities, aircraft carrier strike capabilities, and amphibious combat capabilities, respectively. The construction of the first two combat capabilities is more valued, making the construction of amphibious combat capabilities. In recent years, the Royal Navy has gradually reduced its combat forces and funding. In the UK, there is a voice in the UK that the two -type active amphibious attack ship combat concept is outdated, and related technologies have also been outdated, and it is difficult to play an important role in future wars.

France, the momentum is full of momentum

After the 1990s, there were only four amphibious combat ships used by the French Navy for maritime operations. The 2 "Lightning" class dock landing ships that served in the 1990s, 2 "storm" class amphibious in the 1960s, Attack ship. In addition, there is also a helicopter mothership of the "Virgin Joan" built in 1964, which is too old and difficult to perform amphibious combat tasks. In order to further enhance amphibious combat capabilities, the French Navy shipbuilding bureau implemented a multi -functional amphibious attack ship plan in 1997.

On September 30, 2017, near the southern France, French Prime Minister Edward Philip (first from the right) inspected a "Northwest Wind" class amphibious attack ship.

The "Northwest Wind" first ship was served in 2005 and built a total of 5 ships, including 3 French Navy. The other two were originally ordered by Russia and will become the first foreign warship obtained by the Russian Navy, but the order was canceled due to the Crimean crisis in 2014, and it was eventually resold to Egypt. The Captain Captain was 199 meters, 32 meters wide, and a full -load displacement exceeded 21,000 tons. It is the first ship of the French Navy to adopt a integrated power promotion system with a maximum speed of about 19 knots.

In terms of hull structure, the "Northwest Wind" class integrates the functions of helicopter carriers, dock landing ships and dock transport ships. The ship can carry more than 16 NH-90 helicopters or tiger-type armed helicopters. The internal space of the ship can accommodate 70 vehicles containing 13 main battle tanks, or a tank battalion plus 450 soldiers.

In terms of ship body, the first half of the ship was built in accordance with the civilian specifications, and the second half was built with military specifications. Although the cost of shipbuilding and saving the construction time, it will inevitably reduce the strength of the warship. In addition, although there are 6.3 meters of water, the above part of the water line is still very high. The height of its water line to the deck is even close to the height of the waterline to the main mast of the modern destroyer. Oceanic airlines.

Although there are various limitations, the ship also has remarkable points. In order to enhance the resistance of the anti -war, it uses a double -layer shell structure. Both the island and the mast are closed. The chimney is in the back of the rear mast structure. Some structures deliberately use a composite material that can absorb radar waves, which effectively reduces the overall radar to effectively reduce the overall radar. Side area and infrared signal.

In terms of practice, since serving, the "Northwest Wind" level has participated in a large number of military operations and peacekeeping missions. In 2006, Israel launched military operations against Palestine in Lebanon in Lebanon. France sent four warships to the Lebanon Coast to perform the task of protecting EU citizens' security and withdrawal of the battle zone. Among them, the "Northwest Wind" withdrew 1,375 refugees. In 2007, as soon as the No. 2 ship "Thunderbolt" completed the first flight, he participated in the United Nations "unicorn" peacekeeping operation in Cottida and successfully intercepted 5.7 tons of drugs in Guinea Gulf. The 3rd ship "Dix Medel" successfully completed the mission of transporting the French 92nd Naval Marine Regiment in 2013. 5

Spain, go out of your own way

Compared with the clearer ship classification of other countries, the "Huan Carlos I" seems to be different, and Spain is named "Strategic Delivery Ship". The ship is designed with a dock cabin and a full -length deck that conforms to the characteristics of amphibious attack ships, but also designs a skid -type platform at the front end of the deck, which combines the characteristics of light aircraft carriers.

On November 30, 2010, the Spanish Navy "Huan Carlos I".

The reason why such a design appears is because after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the opportunity of positive conflict on the fleet of the fleet has fallen line directly, and it is necessary to carry out troops to the conflict area, or the situation of humanitarian rescue is significantly improved.

Its national strength does not allow it to build a new aircraft carrier and a new amphibious attack ship at the same time. Considering that amphibious attack ships and light aircraft carriers are in common, Spain has been folded in the design of the new ship. "Hu An · The strategic delivery ship of Carlos I was born.

The ship was delivered to the Spanish Navy in September 2010, which briefly fulfilled the Double Airlines' dream of the Spanish Navy. However, due to the continuous downturn of the economy and the severe defense budget, the only light aircraft carrier in Spain, the 400 million euro upgrade plan of the "Prince Asurias", was also completely drifted, and then officially retired in February 2013. Essence "Hu An Carlos I" once again became the "independent seedlings" of the Western Navy aircraft carrier.

The captain is 230 meters, 32 meters wide, and a full -load displacement reaches 27,000 tons. The maximum speed can reach 20.5 knots. It is the first ship for the Spanish Navy to adopt a full -electricity. Its space in the ship can be equipped with 100 light vehicles or 46 main battle tanks, while holding 2 LCAC air cushion landing crafts or 4 LCM-8/LCM-1E landing crafts. 35B fighters, and 900 soldiers landed. When used as light aircraft carriers, the ship can be equipped with about 20 AV-8B and F-35B fighters. Such delivery capabilities are not strong.

Spain combined with the specific national conditions and use needs, it took a road of carrier that suits them, which can be described as extremely successful in the "small aircraft carrier". It is precisely because of the successful design that the ship has also successfully exported.

Italy, the most tonnage Europe

Italy is located in the Mediterranean center, and there are many islands surrounded by many islands. The geographical location is superior. It does not need to be deployed by ocean. Therefore, the concept of developing large ships is not very strong, and it is more accustomed to using a large number of small and medium -sized warships.

In September 1985, the first Italian aircraft carrier "Karobo" was completed and served, with a full -load displacement of only about 14,000 tons. After 1988 to 1994, Italy built three "St. George Olympics" class amphibious dock landing ships with less than 8,000 tons of tonnage, each with only 3-5 helicopters, 3 mechanized personnel landing crafts and 440 soldiers. This is obviously because the main ports of the Mediterranean are closer to the port. They do not require ocean deployment capabilities. They are very regional characteristics, but they have the ability to send regional troops. In 2001, considering that the performance of "Garroba" gradually lagged behind, Italy began to build a 30,000 -ton "Kafar" aircraft carrier. The amphibious dock ship undoubtedly became the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean region.

In 2006, Italy's defense white paper announced the design and construction plan of new multi -purpose amphibious attack ships in order to replace the increasingly aging "St. George Olympics" and maintain the advantages of the Navy's amphibious military in the Mediterranean region. It has been dragged to 2018. The "Riyaster" amphibious attack ship was officially opened and launched in May 2019. It is expected to officially serve this year and replace the "Karobo". For the Italian Navy, it supports the "facade" of the Navy in the Mediterranean.

On the data, the "Riyaster" is 245 meters long and 36 meters wide, with a full -load displacement of 33,000 tons. It is the largest amphibious attack ship in Europe and the largest warship built after World War II, second only to its World War II period. 45,000 tons of "Vineto" class battleship. And it is also the world's first amphibious attack ship designed with Double Ship Island.

In addition to being equipped with various helicopters, armored vehicles, and landing crafts, the ship can also be equipped with a F35-B fighter. Not only can it be competent for the duty of amphibious attack ships, but it can also be used as a light aircraft carrier if necessary. It has strong task flexibility. For NATO, which has continuously strengthened the construction of amphibious forces, is undoubtedly another force.

In addition to the above -mentioned countries, Australia proposed a development plan for "multi -purpose auxiliary ships" in 2000, and in 2003 it was announced that they would purchase two multi -purpose amphibious attack ships. In June 2007, in the bidding of the new generation of amphibious assault ships in Australia, due to the characteristics of amphibious attack ships and light aircraft carriers, the ship defeated France's "Northwest Wind Grade" and won the order. The "Canberra Class" first ship "Canberra" and No. 2 ship "Adelaide" were served in November 2014 and December 2015, respectively. It is the largest surface ship in Australia in history. The service of the two amphibious attack ships has greatly improved the ability of the Australian Navy's troops, and also maintained the maritime deterrent ability to the neighboring countries.

In 2013, the Turkish National Defense Industry Bureau announced that it would commission the country's private shipyard Ce Dider and the team of Navana, Spain to form a self -made amphibious attack ship based on the "Huan Carlos I" as Turkey. New flagship of the Navy. In May 2019, the "Anado" was launched.

China, thick accumulation

my country currently has two active 075 amphibious attack ships, "Hainan Ship" and "Guangxi Ship". The third ship has also been launched, but this is not overnight. In December 2006, my country first developed the type 071 comprehensive dock landing ship with a tonnage of about 20,000 tons. It can be equipped with various armored vehicles and helicopters. It is the first amphibious ship with three -dimensional landing capabilities in my country.

Because of its high cost performance, my country has made 8 wipedians. However, after all, the 071 dock landing ship does not have a full deck. It only has two shutdown positions at the stern. It is more focused on landing at sea. The comprehensive combat effectiveness is not as good as a serious amphibious attack ship. In 2011, the Navy began to discuss the 075 amphibious attack ship, officially developed in 2013, and officially started construction in 2017. The first ship "Hainan Ship" was officially served on April 23, 2021. The second "Guangxi Ship" appeared publicly on April 21, 2022.

As the first amphibious attack ship independently developed in my country, the "Hainan Ship" and "Guangxi Ship" are equipped with a direct deck and dock. The tonnage has reached 40,000 tons. With complete three -dimensional landing combat capabilities. It can form an amphibious strike group with 071, which plays a significant role in operations and amphibious delivery. Coupled with the cooperation with the land -based airlines and the aircraft carrier battle group, our army forms a stronger joint combat capability in the process of winning the island.

The 075 amphibious attack ship can also conduct a variety of wars and non -war military operations in many battlefield spaces such as land, sea, air, etc., which has greatly expanded the scope of the people's navy's implementation tasks. Has an irreplaceable role.

It has a milestone significance for improving my country's amphibious combat capabilities and improving the combat system. It can be said that it was the batch service of the 075 amphibious attack ship that the people's navy really had the ability to do large -scale amphibious combat missions. Therefore, the 075 amphibious attack ship and the aircraft carrier are well -deserved strategic ships. It is no less significant to join the naval service than aircraft carriers.

In addition, its emergence fills the gaps compiled by naval ships, marking the development of the Chinese Navy's surface ships into a new era. Due to its complex design, the shipbuilding process is high and expensive, it has made it a large surface ship that is second only to the construction of an aircraft carrier. So far, only China and the United States can build countries similar to large -scale amphibious attack ships 075.

Reference

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