Li Xianzheng: Exploring the cultural connotation and philosophy of Beijing mid -axis (below)

Talking about "Everyone" for national architecture

The development of the ancient capital of Beijing for nearly 800 years, the axis has played an important role, and it is necessary to deeply understand the reasons, cultural connotation and philosophical meaning. In particular, the mid -axis length of fifteen miles "number of heaven" and the philosophy of the Book of Changes; compass magnetic partial corner meridian pole and "filial piety culture"; Bell and Drum Tower set up "Heaven and Man", "Time and Space One" Always end with the meaning of "south culture"; the virtual axis of yin and yang space and the concept of "too false and fantasy" after the bell tower; Only in this way can we truly understand the central axis and help the successful application. This platform is published in the upper and lower issues, and the cultural connotation and philosophy of the Beijing central axis are explored. This issue is the lower half.

Text/Li Xianzheng

In the early stage: Beijing mid -axis cultural connotation and philosophical meaning exploration (above)

The fourth question is where is the start of the central axis of Beijing? Why is the bell tower north and the drum tower south?

According to the understanding of most people, the central axis of Beijing starts at Yongdingmen on the south wall. It has been north along the meridian, crossing the Forbidden City, Jingshan to reach the Drum Tower, and stop at the bell tower. According to the homophonic, the word "bell" in the bell tower is inspired by the end point. actually it is a kind of misunderstand. This is to look at the end point of the position of the central axis from the perspective of the psychological behavior of the psychological behavior of the psychological behavior. It is not the essential significance of the formation of the central axis, and it is also a manifestation that does not really understand the central axis.

Figure 27 yuan plane restoration diagram

From the planning of the 13th century to the beginning of the Mingcheng Zu Yongle Emperor Zhu Xi, Beijing will be rebuilt, and then the original state has not changed. It has been nearly 800 years. Determine the central axis. In particular, the status of the central platform is very special. Although it is slightly fine -tuned in the Ming Dynasty for a short distance, it more accurately expresses the role of the city center status here more accurately. The bell tower of the central stage is exactly the coordinate point of this plan. According to Feng Shui, it is the acupuncture point of Mingtang, that is, the central axis of the city as a real axis forward starting point, thereby extending to the south and directly to the southern end of Yongdingmen. It shows the traditional spirit of "south culture". In other words, this central axis forms the Master of the Peking Master from north to south (Figure 27, 28, 29).

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Figure 29 Qing Qianlong Beijing Plan Map

In addition, the formal name of this central axis should be called "Zi Luo", which also shows that "Zi" represents the north. It is the starting position. This also clearly shows the orientation effect from north to south.

The reason why the "southern culture" is contacted here is based on the perspective of Feng Shui's position that follows the noble perspective of the orientation of the orientation, and understands the spirit of Chinese traditional culture in a sense. This orientation concept has been ingrained since ancient times. For example, according to the ancient book "Book of Changes. Saying Gua Zhuan": "The sage listened to the world south and ruled the Ming Dynasty." The north is respectful, and it is a ritual practice on the north. Not only the palace, but also the ordinary houses, the people of the house must be north -south, northward. And the emperor is "south and the world", and his rule has ordered the reputation of "south of the south". It was derived from the northern dynasty and south, and there was "left east and right west", which was expensive in the east. It has also formed the customs and habits of "men's left and women" because of the feudal concept of men and women. Therefore, from the theory of orientation, Chinese culture is also called "south culture". This gives a profound cultural connotation. The formation of this concept of cultural concept is not only related to the natural environment such as the climate and terrain of the Chinese land, but also the source of the Yin Yin and Yang philosophy generated by farming civilization and the corresponding Yin Yin yin philosophy.

This can also be understood, why the Beijing Supreme Courtyard is north of the house as a house, living in the elders, setting up a house and a main house, and the southern house is called the lower house, "inverted", as a guest room and a maid. There is a regulation of "Brother East", which fully reflects the ethical performance of ancient architectural ethics (Figure 30, 31). This is also the reasons for the so -called "host", "owner", "being Dong". It is also the reason why "unable to find the North" as a derogatory term, which is ironic about the phenomenon of unknown ideas.

Figure 30 Beijing Courtyard

Fig

When treating the planning layout, the general plane and map of the drawn are different from today, and the direction is completely opposite. Ancient maps and drawing drawings such as the Tai Chi map of River Tuluo, why are they all going north and south, because when people look at the picture, they are in the south of the north. It is south. This is completely different from the current map of the map. This principle is the same as the sense of arranging direction of the ancient book. We are looking at it from right to left, and the correct understanding is to row with the book with the book. Start at the beginning. These are all the performances of the south culture.

From this, you can understand the positioning arrangement of the bell tower and the drum tower on the front axis. Although they are in the center of the center, the bell tower is the "morning bell" of Si Chen's role, indicating that the beginning of people's lives, and the dawn symbolizes the opening of the city's vitality. This is the starting point of all activities. Northern end. The Drum Tower is the "twilight". It is late to the dusk, and the sun will be replaced by darkness. Naturally, it should be located at the southern end of the end of the central station, thereby forming a central axis direction, and continuously continuing to expand the city to the south. Therefore, this central axis starts from the bell tower. When the Ming Jiajing period expands the outer city, the sacred "number of heaven" 15 miles is used as the length of the central axis and extends south to the location of the southernmost city wall of the entire city. Surprisingly stopped, and established the south gate of the south, that is, Yongdingmen, becoming the end of the central axis (Figure 32).

Figure 32 Beijing South Daimen Yongdingmen

The name "Yongding Gate" has a double meaning. In the governance of political significance, it declares "the world is peaceful, and it is well -preserved." However, in the symbol of cultural implications, it means that the central axis planned in the practice is always calibrated and ended here. As a result, the designated city of the South Daimen City Tower was set up to complete the overall layout of the Beijing Normal University planning. These are the serial results produced by "south culture". Although there are several dramatic measures, it can also produce the poetic charm of traditional "south culture" from the Chinese style.

However, western culture is the opposite. Western classical buildings, especially churches, such as Catholic Churchs in Western Europe, such as the Paris Virgin, are all west to east and west. Its main purpose is to open the door east, configure the large rose round window above, and welcome the sun every day to directly illuminate the lobby, especially the Jesus icon worshiped on the semicircle of the west end. These are the actual needs of religious worships. Although they also have the meaning of welcoming the sun's yearning, they do not have a deeper cultural connotation.

The fifth question is why the city space behind the bell tower has no central axis display without extending it to the North City Wall? What is the meaning of urban space behind the bell tower?

Since the starting point of the central axis is the bell tower, and it is in the central platform, and the central axis can only extend south. So why is there no extension of the central axis to the north of the bell tower? What is the meaning of layout in the north of the bell tower? This is also a question worth exploring.

According to the "south culture" concept of yin and yang, there is an idiom of "Tiannan and North", which indicates that heaven is in the south and the earth is in the north. So, where is the critical point of this north and south and yin and yang reflected on the central axis? This is the bell tower. Because the morning bell was not ringing, it was still night, which was yin. With the first bell of the day, it ushered in the morning glow and opened the vitality. The arrival of this day was the display of yang. Many important iconic buildings are arranged on the central axis of the sun in the south of the bell tower, indicating that it is a real axis, which is very obvious.

The north side of the bell tower is still a considerable range of urban space, and there is no northern delay and display of the central axis. When the plan was planned at the Yuan Dadu that year, there was not much construction in a large new city in the north of the center of the center of the center. However, it did not extend the central axis to the wall of the North City, nor did it set up the North City Gate Building in the middle. There was no symmetrical layout on both sides of the city planning. It seems that this central axis has disappeared.

At this time, the Beijing imperial city of the Ming and Qing Dynasties has the position of the geometric center, and its longitudinal north -south noon axis function remains unchanged, while the horizontal west east virtual axis is only image. To. Although the central platform where the Zhong and Drum Tower is located has not moved to the east, it is no longer a little bit tuned to the east, and it is no longer the urban geometric center of Yuan Dadu, but the function has not changed, but it has strengthened the role of the commander of the north to the south. There is still a lot of space behind the bell tower. Because this part of the space is still the range of the attributes of the yin, the axis is hidden and becomes a virtual axis. It is connected to the suburbs. The layout of the city space construction in the rear is also broader, and it does not need to be as rigorous and solemn as required as the real axis, symmetrical and orderly.

Figure 33 The four -way four seasons centered on Huangcheng

Then, according to the characteristics of the north, the two city gate buildings that are symmetrical on both sides of the northern wall can be set up, namely the Andingmen and De Shengmen (Figure 34). This is different from the urban wall of the city. In order to show the function of the real axis "selection", there is a Yongding Gate. There are three gates on the left and right of the right side. In this way, the bell tower is the north of the north yin and the south yang, which makes the north and south far away, and the yin and yang echo each other.

Figure 34 Northern De Shengmen Arrow Tower

There is also a saying that the virtual axis behind the bell tower not only means the continuation of space and time, but also the imagination of the "too false and illusion" to break through the restrictions of the North City Wall. Infinite expansion, along the direction of the North Dou seven stars point directly to the Arctic Star of the distant sky, which is connected with the Ziwei Palace of God, and then projected to the earth and named it "Zi Luo". This is the real name and history of the central axis today. The meridian is directly engraved on the actual use of the astrological compass to find a direction of the Guantian, which is dedicated to the architectural feng shui selection (Figure 35).

Figure 35 The central axis via Xiaotangshan to Yanshan

There is also a more amazing understanding that the direction of Beijing's central axis due to the selected angle of the magnetic bias is even leading to the Yuando Capital site in the northwest of the northwest of the Toronian County, Inner Mongolia, which is far away. In other words, the ancient city of Beijing and the ancient city of the Yuan Dynasty (formerly Kaipingfu), which are the capital of Yuanda, are connected on the meridian, which is connected with the heaven Arctic Star. inner relationship. Fig

There may be a certain reason. Because the planning and construction of the Yuan Dynasty and Beijing Yuan Dadu in Inner Mongolia are both Liu Bingzhong and Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Shizu Kubilie directly participated in the planning and responsibility. Nowadays, the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty are not only national cultural relics protection units, but also have been listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO on June 29, 2012. This magnificent world view planning and ancient urban planning phenomena are also unique in the history of world urban construction.

Of course, the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing has broke through the virtual axis concept after the modernization of the new Beijing, and has shown the image of the real axis. The Olympic Forest Park makes this central axis rejuvenate a more powerful function and vitality.

In the sixth question, can the central axis of Beijing be called Feng Shui axis? What does it have to do with traditional Feng Shui culture? What is the coordinated relationship between this north and south axis and East and West Chang'an Street?

So far, when it comes to the word "Feng Shui", it is more cautious or avoided, and it seems to have become synonymous with feudal superstition. It is true that there are indeed many feudal superstitions. This is inevitable for any classical historical and cultural, and contemporary people should not demand the ancients too much. We can only treat traditional culture with the attitude of scientific and objective dialectical analysis. The inheritance of Feng Shui culture is still an important part of the traditional Chinese culture. There are indeed many scientific and reasonable places. We should use the essence, abandon its dross, and seek truth from facts.

Feng Shui is a social phenomenon, which is known as Kansaba, divination, and phase art, so as to cause map houses, etc., involving many areas of knowledge, such as astrology, geography, geology, climate, biology, to cause landscape aesthetics , Social psychological behavior, etc., can be collectively referred to as Feng Shui culture, recognition as ancient science.

From the perspective of planning architectural disciplines, Feng Shui is actually a science of the ancients' construction site selection, that is, in the natural environment, the concept of "the unity of heaven and man" is used to choose the favorable architectural base that is most suitable for living and survival and development The environment, including settlements, residences, tombs, etc., in order to find Feng Shui treasures, drive good luck to avoid evil. In this way, the organic and unified coordination of the artificial environment and the natural environment can be called an ancient living environment or construction planning. Feng Shui science and construction science and garden science are the three pillars of ancient Chinese architectural theory. These three are not separated, mutually beneficial and complementary, and complement each other.

In the process of 5,000 years of civilization in China, Feng Shui culture has a long history, and even traceable earlier, and has developed in prehistoric civilization. In the archeological excavation, the "China First Dragon" tomb was discovered at least seven thousand years (Figure 37), and four stacked patterns were arranged on the meridian. The huge skeleton, its head facing south, and the pairs symbolize the double femoral bone that symbolizes Beidou. The image of the "Left Qinglong, Right White Tiger" shaped with mussel shells on both sides is the earliest dragon shape discovered so far. This at least indicates that the formation of such a mature Feng Shui may be traced back to 10,000 years ago. There is also the original tribe site of Xi'an Banpo Village six thousand years ago. The 5,000 -year -old history of Chinese civilization has been included in the World Heritage List Liangzhu Ancient City Site, which can clearly see the influence of Feng Shui culture. Therefore, Feng Shui is actually the accumulation and summary of the experience and wisdom of people's survival and construction skills on the land of China for thousands of years.

Figure 37 Henan Puyang Zhonghua No. 1 Dragon

Dr. Joseph, a well -known British scientist historian, has a high evaluation of Chinese Feng Shui. He said: "The theory of Feng Shui contains the ingenuity and profound philosophy. The traditional Chinese architecture and the natural environment are perfectly organized and organically combined and beautiful. That enthusiasm reflects their great ideas, 'people cannot leave the principle of nature', ... major buildings such as the palace, temples, and other buildings are naturally not words. The feeling of a "cosmic pattern", as well as symbolism as direction, festivals, wind direction and star stay. " This paragraph is defined as the "cosmic pattern" for the "Feng Shui Mode", and the "unity of heaven and man" is highly evaluated as "symbolism". It is indeed a deep understanding and essential disclosure of "Feng Shui". Now, from academically, we should inherit the spirit of traditional culture. We really need the original source of Feng Shui culture, and we must explore research in depth.

Then, in the planning and construction of the ancient capital of Beijing, the construction of the site and the construction of the ancient city, including the design of the palace, will definitely operate in accordance with the principle of feng shui surgery. The feng shui mode must be typical. The cultural connotation and meaning of feng shui culture.

There is no doubt about the geographical location of the entire capital of the Beijing Normal University, which is definitely the first Fengshui treasure in the world. In the ancient books of "Tianfu Guang Ji", there is a large feng shui between Heaven and Tiandi. The mountains are sent from the clouds, surrounded by the Yellow River, and the back is Yanshan. In the previous case, the mountains of Huainan were the second case, and Jiangnan Wuling was the third case. Very vividly described the ancient capital of Beijing as a sacred feng shui treasure, and has the only unique status. Figure 38 Feng Shui mode

To choose the principle specified in such Feng Shui Treasure, the "Five Tips" of the Geography of Geography, which is expressed in the "Feng Shui Mode" expressed in the "Longsha Point Water", that is, the "cosmic pattern", the "direction" is the direction of the Feng Shui axis leading leading It is very critical (Figure 38). According to this five constituents, "Dragons are true, sand show, acupoints, water must be hugged, and to the best." In this regard, in order to facilitate the actual application, the rights and the following summary can be called "Feng Shui Tips". This is:

There are photos in the front, and there are later,

Qinglong and white tiger layer by layer,

Gold water to surround,

The North Korean case is clever to Jing Sheng,

Mingtang Hongyong should be created,

The main axis of the north and the south,

Pointing Tianxin is in the ten roads,

Tibetan wind gathers good landforms.

According to this form, the main axis of the North and South refers to the Feng Shui axis. For the ancient capital of Beijing, the north -south spindle refers to this central axis, also called the north -south meridian Feng Shui axis.

Figure 39 Point of the Central Acupoint of the Forbidden City Taihe Hall throne

The planning and design of the Palace Palace of Palace on this Feng Shui shaft must show a typical Feng Shui mode example according to the above -mentioned tips. The scenery on the mid -axis dragon vein is the backing of the Forbidden City. Although it is an elegant and elegant mountains that are artificially piled on the plain, the shape scale is balanced and spectacular, and it has become the background of the Forbidden City. At the entrance of Tiananmen Gate and the Forbidden City Taihe Gate, each of the Jinshui River flowed from west to east to the east, and flowed out from the southeast. Indeed, it is in line with the artistic conception of water to "embrace love". The reason why it is named Jinshui is the concept of western gold in the philosophy of yin and yang in the philosophy of yin and yang. Even the large amount of water in Xiyuan in the Forbidden City and the moat and the moat are related to the source of the landscape from the west. The place where the palace is located is the best treasure of the "Mingtang" in the ancient city. The entire large pattern is located in the north of the north, with the shape of the mountains and water, and the momentum is magnificent (Figure 39, 40, 41).

Figure 40 Bird's view map

Figure 41 Bird's view map of Forbidden City

The feng shui layout in the Forbidden City is also the front yang, that is, "the front court", or "the inner court", so it is called "the court", that is, the former administrative duty district, and later the living area. Another example is the word "palace", that is, "harem front hall". It can be seen that many similar nouns in Chinese have a combination of yin and yang, especially many architectural vocabulary contain profound philosophy. The East symbolizes the vitality of Qinglong and lives for the princes, while the concubines live in the west symbolizing the white tiger autumn. The north symbolizes Xuanwu Turtle Shou, and there is a mountain mountain, which is also known as the Mountain of Wanliu Mountain. This is the height of the dragon vein on the central axis (Figure 42, 43). The south symbolizes Suzaku's flying dance. The gate of the Forbidden City Gate is shaped with the concave door of the Wufenglou, and the space is majestic. The "Four Zhengsi and Four Spirits" regulations of Feng Shui are represented by the spirituality of Qinglong, Suzaku, White Tiger, and Xuanwu. All of these are in accordance with the purpose of the Book of Changes, "Everything is negatively shade and hugs the yang, and is rushed to be righteous" to realize the "one yin and one yang."

Figure 42 Jingshan Wanchun Pavilion

Figure 43 Look at the Forbidden City from Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan

This kind of architectural aesthetic symbolism, feng shui intention to build a practice, and scholars in the Forbidden City mostly have the discussion of Feng Shui in the Forbidden City. These have fully proved the huge role and influence of Feng Shui culture as an ancient construction of planning guidance. Therefore, from this perspective, the Beijing Shidan Forbidden City is the first feng shui in the world. The essence of the cultural essence of the Beijing central axis is a model of the world's first feng shui axis.

Figure 44 Chang'an Street East Single Tower

Figure 45 Chang'an Street West Single Tower

In addition to the above, our understanding of the Beijing central axis should also be recognized from the overall situation of the ancient city, that is, macro -thinking. It is by no means a lonely longitudinal axis that exists, but the cross -line intersection of the horizontal axis in the direction of the east to west, which combines the echo to constitute the general plane pattern of the "Heart Ten" of the Beijing Normal University. In addition to the aforementioned virtual axis of Feng Shui, Feng Shui, Feng Shui, Feng Shui, there is also a real axis, which is the east -west horizontal axis of the east -west single -brand building (Figure 44, 45). In the future, this street has played a greater role in the expansion of Beijing cities in the development of the new Beijing, and it has even become the longest and wider city main street known as "Shili Long Street". In this way, the center of the north -south and the east -west horizontal axis centered on the Tiananmen Gate became a truly new and more magnificent "Tianxin Ten" (Figures 46, 47, 48, 49, 50).

Figure 46 Wufeng Building at the gate of the Forbidden City

Figure 47 Forbidden City Taihe Hall

This planning pattern model has a huge impact from Beijing to states and counties. Many ancient cities have the style of cross streets, and many important buildings such as the Commerce Department are built here, and the city center is formed. Its style has even become urban landmark characteristics. Although the longitudinal north -south axis is the leading backbone of the city, it is still indispensable for the settlement, arch, and background of the horizontal east -west axis to jointly show the full -scale pattern of urban planning. This is what we should pay attention to exploration in the understanding of the connotation of Beijing's central axis culture in connotation.

Figure 48 Taihe Temple Fall Sequence

Figure 49 The Forbidden City Hougong Wumen Jingshan

Of course, as an ancient Beijing Division, the ancient city of Beijing, the valuable cultural wealth left to future generations in the planning and construction of the city, how to better protect the inheritance, promotion and innovation development, there are still many aspects that need to explore the place where you know you know. There are still many aspects. Essence The further deepening of the central axis in Beijing is only one of the components. In particular, this mid -axis application is a rare opportunity, and it is necessary to continuously strengthen deepening popularization. In other words, we must pay attention to the value of cultural heritage, especially the cultural spiritual connotation and philosophy of the philosophy, and pay close attention to the essence of the cultural nature through cultural appearances. Only in this way can more people know and better protect.

Figure 50 days in the world's first Feng Shui purple banned city magnificent momentum

In a word, to really understand the central axis of Beijing. As the saying goes, "Wisdom's Eye Consciousness" must use this magnificent and magnificent Beijing central axis to see accurately, clearly, understand, take a serious understanding, understand the essence, and master the essence. Essence At the same time, it is possible to do the work and protection inheritance.

In summary, the above six issues, that is,

(1) The length of the central axis is fifteen miles of "number of heaven" and the philosophy of I Ching;

(2) Parabal magnetic partial corner meridian pole and "filial piety culture";

(3) The Bell and Drum Tower is set up "Heaven and Man", "Time and Space One" cosmic view;

(4) The central axis always ended with the "south culture" meaning;

(5) The concept of yin and yang space of the virtual axis behind the bell tower and the concept of "too false fantasy";

(6) Feng Shui axis Feng Shui mode and vertical and horizontal axis intersect the overall view of the overall situation.

Although the relevant content of these issues has been discussed, it must continue to strengthen the exploration. In addition, there may be more aspects and existing problems that have not yet realized that it is yet to be actively developed. All these people who are worthy of knowledge, communicate, discuss and discuss, work together, promote the success of the legacy, and look forward to the fruitful results. (Full text)

Li Xianyi, Director of the Expert Committee of the Chinese National Architecture Research Association. Former deputy director of the Department of Architecture of Chongqing University, Director of the Graduate Department of the School, Director of Library, Vice President and Professor of Architecture and Doctoral Students; Deputy Director of the Department of Personnel Education and Labor Department of the Ministry of Construction ; Deputy Director of the National Registered Architect Management Committee of the Ministry of Construction.

(The Information Propaganda Department of the China National Architecture Research Association is organized and edited, so please look forward to the next issue)

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