Find the history and shape of the two mountain gates of Huqiu

Original Author: Ju Kaiv

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Huqiu is located at about 3.5 kilometers north of the ancient city of Suzhou. It is connected to the ancient city via Shantang Street. The house building is the second mountain gate of Huqiu. It is generally believed that the Tigerqiu Ershan Gate was built in the fourth year of Yuan to Yuan (1338). As a tiger's tail, some people also attach their names for the name of Tiger Hill. In fact, the appearance of the name of Tiger Hill is far before the construction of Ernshanmen.

Figure 1. Tiger hills taken by Japanese scholars during the period of the Republic of China

Huqiu appeared in the literature records during the Han and Jin dynasties. "The Book of Books" was originally the tomb of Wu Wangzhang. In the form of the tomb of water around the grave, the form of Huqiu Ruanshan Creek can be traced back to this period today. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, celebrities Wang Yan and Wang Yan built villas under Huqiu Mountain. The back house was a temple, that is, the famous Tiger Hill Temple in history. Tiger Hill Mountain has religious attributes at this time. During the Tang Dynasty (847-860) Xuanzong rebuilt Huqiu Mountain Temple and moved the east-west temple to the mountain. It promotes each other and drives the development of the Shantang River. For example, when the famous poet Bai Juyi served as Suzhou, he contributed to the repair of the Yamitang embankment. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zen was prosperous. In the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Huqiu Temple was changed to Yunyan Zen Temple. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Huqiu Yunyan Zen Temple and Suzhou Wanshou Mountain Baoen Guangxiao Temple (now North Temple) were ranked among the "Five Mountains and Ten Masters". It can be seen that its scale and fame, Ershan Gate also emerged in the heyday of Zen.

The main gate of the Buddhist temple of the Tang Dynasty is mostly called "three gates". It should be corresponding to the three liberations (empty doors, no phases, and no doors) in the Buddhist teachings. There are only one door of the arranged. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the Zen temple was selected from the forest far away from the market, and most of them named the mountain name, so the title of "Shanmen" gradually replaced the "three gates". If there are three mountain gates of the temple, it is "Waishan Gate, Miden Gate and Masan Gate" in turn, or commonly known as "Tou Mountain Gate, Ershan Gate and Main Gate". (Ming) "Wu Duwen Crash Sequel" records the architecture of Huqiu Mountain Temple: "... Three doors ... are still old, ... the mountain is the heavy door before, then it will be rebuilt and one new ...", so it can be It is speculated that as of the late Yuan Dynasty, there were three columns of mountain gates, and the second mountain gate of Huqiu was the middle door.

According to the rules of Zen Galan, in the three mountain gates, the main entrance of the main body of the temple is the most majestic. It is characterized by the high cabinet high cabinet, the upper floor is placed in the Luohan group, the lower floor is placed in the diamond. The location of the Daxiong Bao Hall is no longer the old Song and Yuan Dynasties; the Tou Mountain Gate and the Ernshan Gate define the front -guide space of entering the temple. From the perspective of architecture, in order to create the artistic conception of the desire to suppress and the ancient temple, the former guide mountain gate is usually simpler to use relatively simple The shape, and then set up a long entry into the mountains to set off the gorgeousness of the front door. In this regard, we can understand the scale and basic characteristics of the second mountain gate of Huqiu.

Figure 2. "Create French" Temple Pavilion Scenic Slot Map -Different Heart Fighting Fundamental

The second mountain gate of Huqiu is a building for a single eaves of Xieshan Hall. The flat surface is about 13m wide, and the four rooms are about 7m. The style of the bottom groove containing the heart of the heart (Figure 2); the roof is in the form of Xieshan, consisting of one positive ridge, four vertical vertical ridges, and four corner ridges. Therefore, the building of this roof is also known as As the "Jiudi Hall", because the form of Xieshan has evolved from the eaves of the two mountains plus the eaves of the widow, it is called "two ends of the Xiamen". The levels of ancient buildings are usually reflected in the scale of the building (open, deep) and the roof shape. The Xieshan roof of Ershan Gate is inferior to the Temple of the Grade. It is in line with its characteristics of the former mountain gate, but this seemingly ordinary mountain gate has extraordinary value. First of all, most of the Song and Yuan buildings built at the same time as Ershan Gate are no longer existing. Only the iconic buildings of Ershanmen and Yunyan Temple have been survived to this day. Second, the architectural system of Ershan Gate has maintained the characteristics of the Song and Yuan dynasties. Meeting today can see the height of the construction technology and art at the time. Mr. Liu Dunzhen evaluated the second mountain gate of Huqiu in the "Ancient Method" in the "Suzhou Ancient Architecture Survey", and used the Buddha Guang Temple Hall and Dusle Temple Guanyin Pavilion. Waiting for Tang and Liaogumu to confirm the structure.

Figure 3. The style of 图 图 图 (quoted from "Analysis of the Dynasties and Faculture of the Ershan Gate of Yunyan Temple in Huqiu")

In fact, the long years after the completion of Ershan Gate have experienced many repair in the long years. Each repair will reduce the "purity" of the building relative to the "purity" relative to the initial construction due to the replacement of the old components. In 2013, Southeast University's architectural studies were precisely measured and drawn on Eryshan Gate. Scholars Zhou Miao and Li Min based on the details of the component (such as the eyes of Douyu, the roll -up method, Liang Yan's rolling, oblique items, digging, and spelling materials. ) The characteristics of the times analyzed the purity of Ershan Gate (Figure 3), and found traces left by many predecessors. So, why can the Ershan Gate still maintain ancient shape characteristics while the purity is constantly decreasing? This is because the unique tenon -and -mortise structure of ancient Chinese architecture and the overall wooden framework structure, the repair of later generations -if it is not a huge project of the project or reconstruction -all need to echo the original tenon -and -mortise and frame structure. In other words, although the wooden formula that the later repairs of the later generations may reflect the nearby characteristics in detail, it is unlikely to have a great impact on the overall structure and image of the building. Reasons for ancient relics. Figure 4. Picking off and flat methods at the corner of the second mountain gate of Huqiu

So what are the ancient systems? For reference with the existing Yuan Dynasty architecture in Jiangnan, we can see that the combination of Ernshanmen Bujie Shop (that is, the practice of exposing the oblique component in the rear of the Building Panel to support the Pingxian) is a typical Yuan Dynasty Jiangnan Architectural characteristics -Chinese architecture with the slope roof as its main characteristics. Its early roof structure naturally has several oblique components, and the oblique components gradually evolved, which is eventually replaced by horizontal and vertical to the component. practice. The treatment of the corner part is more exquisite. The front and tails of the front and the hills on the front of the mountain are revealed, and the corner shop is supported by the corner shop. (Figure 4) If we assume that we are creating this group of buckets, we will realize that its production not only requires superb woodworking skills, but also to understand the minds and rich space imagination of mathematics.

Figure 5. The Mado Temple of Noda Bao Sheng Temple shot by the Japanese scholar Dasamura (quoted from the "Refuse Discussion on the Hall of the Shengbao Sheng Temple")

Figure 6. During the period of the Republic of China, there is no smooth string under the second mountain gate (quoted from the "Suzhou Ancient Architecture Survey")

In addition, some practices of Huqiu Er Mountain Gate also reflect the earlier characteristics of the times. The outer eaves of the Ershan Gate are the Moon Beam -shaped lipstick (Mr. Liu Dunzhen's "Suzhou Ancient Architecture Survey" version of the lap was made of moon beams, and was later changed to a straight beam -shaped in 1957). In the Typical style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Moon Liang Liang Lang (Six Years of the Northern Song Dynasty) was used in Ningbo's Baoguo Temple Temple Temple (Six Years of Northern Song Dynasty) and the Destroyed Temple Temple (Six Years of the Northern Song Dynasty). Figure 5), and after the Southern Song Dynasty, it has disappeared; the practice of Ershan Gate does not apply for Shunzhang (Figure 6, which is added in 1957) is also a common practice in the Northern Song Dynasty in the Jiangnan region. In order to strengthen the structure The overallness of the overallness of the pillar enhances the tension of the structure; Ernshan Gate arranged flat darkness (Figure 4 small wooden lattice smallpox) on the top of the second general, emphasizing the importance of the two door gods, The space for the entire mountain gate is more orderly. The early examples of flat and dark can be traced back to the famous Tangfo Guang Temple Hall (Figure 7). ; Beware of the built -in shop with only two is also an earlier building method. The structural effect of early fighting is significant. Therefore, the material is large, and the building can only be placed in a small amount of buckets. In the middle of the pavement, there are two bodies in Baoguo Temple and Baosheng Temple in the Jiangnan area. After that, the structure of the bucket is weakened and the materials are reduced. The quantity of the complement of the hearts of the heart has increased to three to four flowers (Figure 8). The practice of the two supplements between Ernshan Gate is a typical Song Dynasty characteristics. These features make us earlier the early thinking of the construction of Ershan Gate.

Figure 7. Fo Guang Temple Hall Ping Dark (Figure Source Network)

Figure 8. Jinhua Tianning Temple Hall Popular Paper Panel (Figure Source Network)

With the prosperity of Suzhou's economy and the changes in the current situation, the nature of the tiger hills has continued to change after the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The bustling Shantang Street introduced countless residents of Gusu City to Huqiu, and the ancient temple could not be hidden in the mountains. The Emperor Kanggan also built the tiger hill as the palace, and the famous "first victory in Wuzhong" showed that it was no longer a place to purify Zen. The buildings inside and outside Huqiu Mountain are also continuously built and destroyed, and Ernshanmen silently watching people and things in history spend a bit like a dream bubble.

references:

1. Specialty: Zhang Shiqing's "Zen Temple Building in Jiangnan, China"

2. Degree thesis: Wu Hongde's "Historical Image Study of Scenic Famous Land: Taking the Landscape of Tiger Hills in the 14th-18th century as an example"

Li Min's "Basic Research on the Ershan Gate of Tiger Hill in Suzhou -Ershan Gate History · Techniques · Craftsman Study"

3. Journal thesis: Zhou Miao's "Analysis of the Dynasties of the Ershan Gate of Yunyan Temple in Huqiuqiu"

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