The "tram problem" has caused a moral problem. Which one is more important for justice and good?

Many people should have heard of the famous tram problem. Probably, when a flying tram is about to hit five people on the railroad rail, the situation is very urgent, and you can just push an innocent innocent walk on the overpass. People, to stop the tram and sacrifice a person's life to save the lives of five people. Is this just right? This is a problem of moral ethics philosophy. Its difficulty is that this ideological experiment touched an eternal moral problem: "justice and good", which one is more important?

The philosopher Royz said in the theory of justice: Justice is the primary value of the social system, just like truth is the primary value of the ideological system. Rores is a famous philosopher in the 20th century. Many people may have heard the "ignorance" he proposed. Former US President Clinton once said: "Rolls almost resurrected the political and moral philosophy of politics and morality." Essence In the "Western Modern Thought" column of Teacher Liu Qing before, I also introduced Roses' thoughts in detail. I have also made a video recommendation before.

Rores believes that justice is the highest virtue of social virtues. Is the primary and legitimacy of justice? The philosopher Sander asked and refuted, how did Sander refute Rores's "justice theory". What ethical and moral proposition did he put forward? This is the collision of the two mainstream moral philosophy of contemporary contemporary. Next, I will use a series of videos to introduce the philosophical thoughts of the famous contemporary philosopher, Michael Sander. Before the thoughts of Sanders, let's briefly introduce Sander's life and talk about the history of "justice".

Michael Sander was a well -known contemporary philosopher. He was born in Minnesota, USA in 1953. He graduated from the University of Brandis in 1975. He first professional was political economics. He later turned to political philosophy. Later, he was hired by Harvard University in the United States and taught political philosophy. He was an academician of the School of Humanities and Arts and Sciences of the American Humanities and Arts. Since 1980, Sander has taught the "justice" class at Harvard University and has become the most popular course of Harvard. As of 2013, more than 14,000 students took his course and innovated Harvard's historical records of the University of Harvard University. Essence

In 1982, Sander published his masterpiece "Limitation of Liberalism and Justice", challenging Rols' "justice theory" thought, and became famous. Later How to do it? "" Opposite perfection ", as well as" Elite's Pride "and so on. Sander has also visited China many times. Among them, in 2012, he gave a speech at Xiamen University and Peking University, which were warmly welcomed. It is said that lectures at Xiamen University can accommodate nearly a thousand people's lecture halls. There are no seats. The mainstream media commented: "Generally, only Hollywood stars and NBA players can enjoy such popularity." It can be seen that Sander's popularity is high.

The philosophical theme of Sander's research is "justice". What is justice? Of course, "justice" is first of all a noble moral quality, which refers to a fair and rational thought, perspective, behavior, and system. This concept spans two areas: ethical and moral philosophy and political philosophy. Justice is a very ancient concept. It originally came from people's pursuit of "equality", but with the development of the process of human civilization, the connotation of justice has changed greatly. In general, justice can be as "fair, equal, and fair , "Just" and other words.

In ancient Chinese thoughts, the "concept of justice" of Confucianism and the "justice" of Mo Jia's thoughts attaches great importance to "righteousness". One thing is legitimate, moral, and justice. If you do it, Sun Yi is out of this way. "Mencius said:" Benevolence, the peace of the man; the righteousness, the righteousness of the man ", Mozi said: Justice is even more valuable. Compared with Confucianism, the Mo Jia's thoughts value "righteousness" more.

"Ren" is a kind of internal good, and "righteousness" is a legitimacy of external behavior. They are all very important virtues of a person and a very important part of our culture. There are a lot of idioms in Chinese. Allusions, such as: giving birth to righteousness, seeing righteousness, righteousness, righteous division, etc., we evaluate a person's "unrequited and unreasonable", which is a great denial of a person's moral quality.

Let's look at Western philosophy. In ancient Greek philosophy, "justice" is also a noble moral quality. In Plato's "ideas", "good" is the highest idea, and "justice" is also a good concept. Therefore, in Plato's thoughts, good talents are the highest value pursuit. Plato believes that the essence of justice is a harmony, which is more reflected in the governance of the city -state. In "Ideal Country", Plato divides justice into national justice and personal justice. Personal justice means the responsibility of rationality, passion and desire. For the city -state Each duty. Simply put, Plato believes that people do what they should do according to their own level characters is justice.

Compared to Plato regards justice as a good idea, his student Aristotle pays more attention to the practical significance of "justice".In Aristotle, justice is mainly reflected in human behavior, just to give a person to a person.But in order to determine who to win, we still need to decide which virtue is worthy of respect and reward.If we don't first reflect on which one people want the most desired way of life, we can't understand what a fair or legitimate behavior is.Therefore, from the perspective of Aristotle, the fairness is based on some purpose and motivation. To evaluate whether a behavior is in line with justice, to examine the motivation and intention behind this behavior, and see if it meets it in line with this behavior.Morality.Well, today we briefly introduced Sander's life and the different understanding of "justice" in ancient and East -West thinkers. In the next issue, let's take a look at: What is the difference between justice and good?Let's talk about the next article.

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