Liu Zhao: The collation, publishing and application of ancient books unearthed in the new era

In April 2022, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Opinions on Promoting the Work of Ancient Books in the New Era". This is a programming and guiding document about the work of ancient books in the new era, which is worth studying and understanding carefully. The work of ancient books in the new era requires new understanding, new ideas and new methods. In order to cooperate with the study and understanding of the "Opinions on Promoting the Work of Ancient Books in the New Era", this article talks about some superficial views on the collation, publishing and application of ancient books.

Ancient books and unearthed ancient books

The so -called ancient books refer to the classics of the permits, commonly known as "ancient books". It has always been said that the ancient books are mainly divided into two categories: one is the ancient book of the world, and the other is unearthed ancient books. Some ancient books were unearthed, but due to the early unearthed and long periods of time, it can also be merged into the ancient books of the handed down, such as "Book of Bamboo Books". When it comes to "ancient books", many people's concepts have only ancient books, which is incomplete. Unexpectedly, an ancient book is an important part of ancient books. It is an earlier and more real ancient book, and must not be ignored.

Unexpectedly, ancient books can be divided into a broad sense of ancient books and narrow ancient books. Ancient books in the broad sense include all unearthed text records, and the narrow ancient books refer to the work of a certain number of words, ideological and intellectual works. The unearthed ancient books referred to this article are mainly unearthed ancient books, and also include unearthed ancient books.

Since the 1970s, the mountains and rivers have not loved treasures, and ancient books unearthed underground such as well -sprayed, especially the Warring States Chu Jian and Qin Hanjian, which have become more and more in recent years, have brought us. Many of the previous ancient books and earlier texts that have been handed down earlier. The unearthed ancient books provided us with a large number of fresh "historical materials" and "corpus", which subverted or corrected many of our traditional concepts and cognitions in the past, so that many disciplines had to change ourselves accordingly, and made amendments and rewriting many conclusions in the past. It is no exaggeration to say that in the study from the Shang Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, whether it is about history, language, or thought, and culture, unearthed ancient books have become basic information with ancient books handed down. It is more important than the ancient books. The ancient books and unearthed ancient books are like two rounds of car or two wings of the birds.

Compared with the ancient books on the world, the unearthed ancient books have the following advantages. First, the ancient natives of the world are like a sea of ​​smoke, but it is difficult to increase greatly, and there are still many unearthed ancient books buried underground. Second, the ancient books of the world have been selected by the past or experienced by the generations. They have lost a lot and accumulated a lot of mistakes. Many unearthed ancient books were recorded in the era of buried, or the passing time was short, so the preservation was high. Third, most of the early generations of ancient books recorded the deeds of the emperor's generals and the princes and nobles, reflecting that the content of the daily life of ordinary people was relatively small, and there were many "small traditions" in ancient books, which can make up for this shortcoming. Fourth, many of the ancient books of the world are memories and recovery of future generations, and there are "errors of retrospective". Many of the unearthed ancient books were recorded at the time, or the text circulation time was short. Thoughts. Fifth, the early handed down ancient books basically included comments from the Han and Tang people. Some words or sentences were translated into the language of the Han and Tang dynasties, but the Han and Tang dynasties also misunderstood the ancient books. Although the ancient books that have not been seen in ancient books have no ancient books in the Han and Tang dynasties, they can be rely on, but because of this, they can be misunderstood by the Han and Tang people misunderstood, so they can understand the understanding of the facts closer to the facts.

Organization of ancient books

First of all, the current important task of unearthed ancient books should attract attention, that is, the establishment of various specifications and standards of ancient books to organize ancient books. Compared with the relatively simple collation and standards of ancient books, the standards and standards of unearthed ancient books are very complicated. The standards and standards of unearthed ancient books include photography, camera, extraction, packaging, transportation of ancient books in the ruins, indoor cleaning, rust removal, dirt, mildew, etc. As well as the extraction and writing of the glyph, the interpretation of text interpretation, the use of various symbols, and so on. This is a systematic engineering that connects with archeological excavations and is protected by cultural relics. Each job is essential. Due to the different material categories attached to the unearthed ancient books, there are mainly bone, copper, jade, stone, pottery, wood, and cricket. Each type of material needs to be used in different treatment methods, so the formulation of specifications and standards is even more even more. Breakthrough. Historically, due to the lack of organizational norms and standards for unearthed ancient books, it has been made from the extract of the unearthed ancient books and caused many regrets and losses from the extraction of ancient books. Therefore, under the support of new technologies, through the formulation and establishment of the organizational specifications and standards of unearthed ancient books, the organizational specifications can be dependent on, standards can be followed, thereby reducing such regrets and losses. The establishment of norms and standards of ancient books is closely related to the progress of science and technology. With the improvement of various technologies such as photography, photography, and cultural relics, this specification and standard should also become dynamic and standardized specifications and standards that can be updated in a timely manner. The "Ancient Chinese Characters and the Development Project of Chinese Civilization" launched in 2021 set up a research topic related to the establishment of specifications and standards of unearthed ancient books.

Secondly, in the past generations of ancient books, some of them have been passed down for a long time, which will cause many mistakes, misunderstandings, and misunderstandings, and need to be regulated and unified. "Royal Orbing" types of fixed books. Although these fixed books are not necessarily the best, some fixed books are also popular because they are designated, which appears to be settled, annihilated other versions, explanations, or even inferior coins to expel good coins. And the perspective of eliminating the perspective of the reader's confusion, it is still of its positive significance. The unearthed ancient books, just like the ancient books, also need to launch a regular book in time after a period of finishing research. These fixed conferences provide great convenience for editing, publishing, dissemination, and application of unearthed ancient books. Especially when the ancient books income from ancient books, the authority of its book should be guaranteed. Again, the digitalization and public welfare of ancient books are the future development direction and inevitable trend. We can only go smoothly and we cannot prevent it. There are three points of work in this area: First, under the current technical situation of big data and cloud platforms, try to avoid short -shattering database construction and duplicate digital projects for their own war. Due to the limitations of funds, large digital projects must have the continuous support of funds such as national and social welfare donations to ensure the initial scale, follow -up maintenance updates and free opening to the public; third, digitalization of ancient books needs to increase the scientific and technological content, and it can no longer stay at At the simple search level, further intelligence must be further intelligently. Taking the unearthed ancient books as an example, digitalization must not only have various core information and additional information on the substances attached to the text and text, but also the intelligent retrieval of all the results accumulated in the history of research. And the hidden information retrieval beyond explicit information on the basis of the self -learning of the machine.

Published by ancient books

The attention of the party and the government and the concerns of the society, coupled with the endless layers of ancient books unearthed underground, have ushered in the upsurge of the study of ancient books. With this boom, the publishing of ancient books in recent years has also ushered in the best development period. Some publishing houses on the topic and publications of unearthed ancient books have increased year by year. Some publishers have also set up related editors and introduced professional editors. However, from the general situation of the country, there are too few publishing houses that can be published at present, and editors familiar with related majors are seriously lacking. This has caused individual backlogs of topics related to publishing ancient books. The compilation and publishing cycle extension has greatly hindered the research and communication of unearthed ancient books, which has become an urgent problem. With the launch of the "ancient text and the development of the Chinese civilization inheritance" and the establishment of the "ancient text" strong classes of some colleges and universities, and the launch of "promoting the excellent Chinese traditional culture into textbooks, classrooms, and campus" For a period of time, a considerable publication funding and social needs will bring opportunities to the publishing of ancient books. It is recommended that the Publishing House with the ability must be deployed in advance, "pre -streaming" as soon as possible, and strive to take the lead in publishing the publishing of ancient books.

The publishing of ancient books must follow one principle, that is, "keep all the information left by the ancients as possible." Some information may be useless at the current technical level, but it is likely to be used in handy after the technical level develops to a certain height. This requires that we must collect and retain information in accordance with high standards to make "early quantity". With the continuous improvement of photographic and printing technologies, the research of unearthed ancient books on materials has become more and more stringent, and higher requirements and expectations for the publishing of ancient books have also been published. For example, the latest nail bone recording books are required to be extended, copying, and color photos are required, and it is best to have "six -faced photo" or even "ten -faced photos"; bronze wares must not only have recorded information, it is best to have gold phase inspections, in the device, Residuals, bottom residues, ware wraps wrap the residue and other additional information, the inscription is best to have X -ray photos; bamboo and wood are brief that have back photos and infrared photos; seal seals must have mud and high -definition magnifying photos.

The publishing of ancient books is more troublesome than general publications, and the requirements for editing are higher. Sometimes due to the amount of cost and preserved information, the contradiction between accuracy, clearness and beauty is embarrassed. The former is presented in the form of color text, but the cost of full color printing is too high, and there are concerns about publishing society. , It looks not beautiful. From the perspective of researchers and users, of course, it is better to cost high costs, and you must choose full -color printing; even if you sacrifice beauty, you must ensure the accuracy and clear glyphs. There are two concepts of conflicts when the materials handling of ancient books published at the time of the publishing of ancient books, one is the idea of ​​"out of the old as the old", and the other is the principle of "everything is to facilitate research and use". In this regard, the author recognizes the last principle. For example, in order to open the book according to the simplified original size, the inconvenience caused by the use, or in order to retain the appearance of the original puppet, the publishing version of the book is dull and the text is unclear, etc., it is an example of inconvenience to study and use and change the practice.

The channels for obtaining information in today's society are becoming more and more diverse, and publishers cannot always stay on publishing paper books. They must also continue to explore new forms of publishing to meet the needs of readers and users in the new technology situation. The publishing of ancient books can also continue to use paper books and CD -ROM, paper book and electronics, etc., or publish high imitation physical books, such as oracle bones, bamboo and wood simplified 牍, etc. Timely introduce 3D scanning, 3D printing technology development online charging three -dimensional images and publishing 3D physical ancient books. Application of ancient books

It is necessary to further tap the historical experience, ideological significance and cultural value of the unearthed ancient books, take its essence, melt and refine it, and explain and explain the current situation, and provide specific examples of vivid cultural self -confidence and telling Chinese stories. There are many unearthed ancient books and rich connotations, and there are many discussions that can reflect the traditional accumulation and practical significance. Today is all enlightenment. Another example is that in the unearthed ancient books to protect the environment, anti -corruption, integrity, and governing the country, it is closely linked to the current situation and has important reference significance. It is also like a large number of medical books in ancient books, involving the medical theory and philosophy of the ancients, including a lot of prescriptions for treating diseases, and it has practical value. The in -depth discovery of historical experience, ideological significance and cultural value in ancient books is a topic of sustainable development, and it needs to be done on the same way.

Although the unearthed ancient books is important, the relevant disciplines caused by discipline barriers cannot properly use the results of unearthed ancient books. The public's understanding of unearthed ancient books is still very simple. Essence In the future, the collation and publishing of ancient books need to be emphasized: one is to related disciplines, the other is to the public, and the third is to the international. The so -called related discipline is to better use the unearthed ancient books to make articles in the relevant disciplines, and publish more simplified books, selected books, and white texts that have more ancient books; It is easy to make difficulties, and edit various primary textbooks or interesting books for students from primary and secondary schools and middle -cultural readers. Excellent traditional culture introduction spreads to the world.

Recorded the carrier of ancient books -ancient Chinese characters, the only graphic signal system in the world's self -source text, which is not only deeply meaningful, but also beautiful. We must deeply discover its artistic value, continuously refine its artistic elements, and use various planes and three -dimensional design to use various cultural and creative products to allow this traditional cultural crystal that best reflects the spirit of Chinese culture and art pursuits. Color.

(Professor of the Literature and Ancient Chinese Character Research Center of Fudan University, a member of the "Ancient Chinese Characters and the Development Project of Chinese Civilization inheritance")

Source: "China Social Sciences"

Cover picture source: CFP

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