Chinese ancient porcelain and porcelain technology in East Asia

China and the Japanese islands and the Korean Peninsula not only take water and look at each other across the sea, but also belong to the Confucian cultural circle in ancient times. The earliest appeared on the Japanese islands and the Korean Peninsula. They are the beginning of Chinese porcelain to the world and have a profound cultural impact worldwide.

Ceramic began to go abroad

At the end of the 4th century and early the 5th century, about the era of Japanese tombs, the pottery workers in the east of the Korean Peninsula brought gray hard pottery technology. This technology originated from the printed hard pottery in the south of China. Called "Sub -Hui".

After the 5th century, Chinese ceramics had been exported to Japan and the Korean Peninsula. As early as the Three Kingdoms era of the Korean Peninsula, Baiji had exchanged with the Han and Jin dynasties. The current archeological unearthed objects were the Tomb of the Jin Dynasty Celadon sheep in the Tomb of the No. 2 Tomb of the No. 2 Tomb of the Tomb of the No. 2 Tomb of the Rhawa Town County, South Korea. Southern Celadon Black Glaze Porcelain unearthed from the King of Jiwu Ning. There are more than 10 ceramics relics unearthed in this area. The earliest Chinese ceramics unearthed in Japan are the green glazed beaded bowls unearthed from the Northern Dynasties of Kyoto Nagasaki Prefecture, Kyushu Nagasaki Prefecture, and the green glazed beaded bowl unearthed from the Nara Shi Shri Shrine.

Tang Fengdong gradually blessed Huahui EMI

The 7-8th century was a period of comprehensively absorbing Tang culture in Japan. The Tang ambassadors came to China many times. All aspects of society were full of strong Tang style. There are many precious treasures that have continued to this day since the Tang Dynasty, which have been collected by the Tang Dynasty. Dozens of Chinese Tang Sancai and Gangbell Pottery were unearthed in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, as the political and cultural center, and Pingchengjing (now Nara) and Kyoto's many sites. The nature of the site is mostly the capital officials, temples and sacrifice sites, indicating that the use of utensils is high. The number of pottery pillows in utensils ranks first, with both plates, bowls, boxes, puppets, and helpers. In the 8th century, the best imitation of China for ceramics in China was Nara Sancai, which was born of Tang Sancai around Pingchengjing. Although Tang Sancai is different from the tire quality, glazed color and glazing technique, Nara Sancai also cherishes the local land in Japan as the original success of China. Because there are 57 Japanese domestic three -color glazed pottery in the main warehouse in the Toyo Temple in Nara Prefecture, Japan, Nara Sancai is also called "Masakura Temple".

In the Ping'an period of the Hongyu Pavilion in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, it was a monk and merchant from the Ancient Diplomacy Hotel to accept the ancient diplomatic welcome. Perhaps this nature has caused different varieties of ceramics from China and the Korean Peninsula. From the end of the 8th century to the middle of the 11th century (about the Chinese Tang, Five Dynasties, and Early Northern Song Dynasty), the four centuries of the Kyushu and Kinki (Ping Anjing) region, which has developed political, economic and cultural developments, China The white porcelain and the white glazed black porcelain in the Congzhou kiln, the blue and white porcelain of Jingdezhen, and the Tianmu tea bowl in Fujian. As a green glazed pottery produced in the 10th century, its shape and varieties produced by the Japanese green glaze porcelain production center were widely considered to be influenced by the Chinese Yueyao celadon. Whether it is glazed or glaze, many cans, bottles, bowls, bowls, etc. are consistent with the shape of the Yue kiln, and the dark flower patterns of the same elements of Yue kiln are carved. Especially the local pottery production technology imitates the bottom of the jade from Yue Kiln in China, which reflects the influence of Chinese porcelain in Japan.

At the same time, the Yue kiln -made porcelain technology was also introduced into the Korean Peninsula in the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Baozhen, then Ambassador of Qinghai Town, plundered the Yue kiln -made porcelain craftsman into the Korean Peninsula from Zhejiang, China. The thick Yue kiln celadon special point, the jade -bottom celadon bowl found on the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula, is very similar to the Yue Kiln -based celadon bowl on the shape of the Yue Kiln. It is difficult to identify the naked eye. Therefore, we can say that Gaoli celadon is the result of the production of Yue kiln porcelain, and it can also be included in the Yue kiln system. Perhaps because of the direct introduction of Yue kiln -made porcelain technology, the cubes produced by the Korean Peninsula are different from the indirect imitation of the appearance of the Japanese ape kiln. The kiln system celadon is closer. The academic community calls this kind of Korean celadon as a vegetarian celadon.

Since then, Korea's celadon technology has continued to improve. Based on Yue Kiln technology, it has begun to imitate the technology and utensil shape of Yaozhou Kiln and Ru kiln in the same period. "Emerald", Ru Kiln was a celadon furnace such as the lion -shaped cover with a lion -shaped celadon furnace. It was also uniquely influenced by the pearl ground flower technology, which created the unique features of Gaoli celadon. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Korean secret color" celadon was called the world's first.

In the early 12th century, there were many trading ports in Kyushu, Japan. Dazai Prefecture, Ping Anjing and other places also unearthed in southern China white porcelain, Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain, Dingyao white porcelain, white glaze black porcelain, Yaozhou kiln (or Guangxi Xicun Kiln), Fujian) Black glazed cups and so on. From the middle of the 12th century to the 14th century, there were Longquan kiln and Tong'an Kiln system celadon and Fujian black glaze. The unearthed situation of Longquan Kiln at this time showed a large number of large and wide range, accounting for 50%of the total number of Chinese ceramics unearthed.

At the same time, the Japanese monks who have entered the Southern Song Dynasty to seek the Fa also learned the technology of Chinese tea, tea making, and tea feast etiquette in the Dharma. After returning home, they spread widely in Japan. As a result, Japan has large aspects such as tea sets and tea ceremony. Improve. A type of black glaze porcelain tea cup brought back by the temples brought back by Zhejiang Tianshan, Zhejiang, Zhejiang, China, played an important role in the tea culture of Japan. The first three and the best oil droplets in the Song Dynasty Jianzhan's famous products were hidden in Japan. There is no doubt that this is the result of Japan's study of the Song Dynasty tea ceremony. Affected by this, at the end of the 12th century, Seto Kiln in Japan inherited the gray glazed technology of Ape Investment Kiln. After the era of Kamakura, Muromachi, and Antu Toshiyama, it gradually became the origin of the best ceramics in Japan. , Fujian celadon, white porcelain and black glazed porcelain, products circulate throughout Japan. Known as the "Tao Zu" in Japan, Kato Shiro Zuojiezhengzheng, successfully burned the "Seto Tenmu" after the return of black glazed porcelain production technology in China, which imitates the Chinese Chayang Kiln in China, The shape of the kiln and the tire glaze pattern. Coincidentally, in the middle of the 12th century to the late 13th century (about the Southern Song Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty), it was also unearthed on the Korean Peninsula through the envoys, monks, and businessmen exchanged. The Korean Peninsula is different from Japan at this time. There are few celadon in Chinese ceramics unearthed. Perhaps the Korean Peninsula produced in the Korean Peninsula is in a full period of development, which is enough to meet domestic demand.

After the Korean Peninsula produced in the early days, Gaoli Celadon has developed the unique varieties of inlaid celadon, celadon copper painting, iron billina, and painting gold celadon after the North -South kiln mouth products of China. It is no more than the end of the 12th century to the first half of the 13th century.

On the other hand, Goryeo celadon has been found in the tombs, urban sites, shipwrecks, and cellars in China. The unearthed utensils have spanned from the early 12th and mid -term to the 15th century. Inlaid celadon then to the decline, the powder green sandware is available. The location of the unearthed all over the country, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places in the south, the site of the temple, the ruins of the museum, the sites in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Beijing, Shandong and other places in the north are The figure of the Korean porcelain, the use of the Goryeo porcelain who flows into China is the royal family, nobles and senior people.

Gaoli celadon is unearthed in the ruins of the former Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou, Zhejiang and the Gong Shengren Lie Queen's House site. It is engraved with the inscriptions such as "Concubine", and it has relevant literature records as a device for "Yanli Drink". Goryeo celadon has entered the use system of court porcelain in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Goryeo once presented gold porcelain, and Yuan Shizu ordered not to paint on porcelain on porcelain, but when Chengzong reigned in 1297, Goryeo still tribes the gold porcelain. It can be seen that it is well -favored.

Not only was Su Noodle Cemetery, which was fully praised in early literature, the Goryeo inlaid celadon in this period also occupied a place in the history of world ceramics, and the products were flowing to China and Japan. In 1975, the most advanced ocean -ocean ships in the Yuan Dynasty, which were about 1323 in Muipu Xinan, South Korea. It was the largest ancient shipwreck discovered in Asia at that time. The ship was launched by the Hongyuan (now Ningbo) Port in China to visit the Port of Port in Japan. When the Korean Peninsula passed, it sank in Xin'an waters in South Korea due to weather. The discovery caused a great sensation at the time. From 1976 to 1984, South Korea conducted 10 excavations on it, and the water outlets were fully revealed to us the types and scale of the Yuan Dynasty navigation trading routes and trade commodities. From the side, it also confirms the huge trade between these three regions and the close exchanges. The largest cargo on board is the Chinese Longquan kiln celadon, reaching tens of thousands of pieces. The type of porcelain that ships out of the ship fully verifies the era and use scenarios by comparing with the utensils in painting in the same period. The discovery of this ship revealed that the Japanese market has been selected well for Chinese ceramic products. It is worth noting that there are 7 Korean porcelain in the ship at the same time, which fully affirmed the status of Goryeo ceramic in the history of the world.

From the independent coquettishness to the complexity

After the celadon enters the Korean Peninsula and starts production, after the Chinese porcelain has moved to the world, it has passed more than 500 years. In the Ming Dynasty, Chinese blue and white porcelain and production technology also flowed into North Korea together. At this time, North Korea not only purchased the "back green" imported from Persia in China for the production of blue and white porcelain in China, but also imitated China's use of Turkic greens, and began to imitate Chinese blue and white porcelain. In the 16th century, the Japanese pottery -made potter Ito Fujia took the ambassador to the Chinese Jingdezhen to learn porcelain production technology. After returning to China, he opened a kiln in Japan and called the "Iville Kiln". In the early 17th century, the Korean ceramics Li Shenping found the most important raw material for firing porcelain in Quanshan, Japan -Tao Shi, which successfully imitated the blue and white porcelain of Jingdezhen in China, known as the earliest porcelain in Japan. The blue and white porcelain produced by Ivili early imitated the style of the Korean Li Chao blue and white porcelain style, and the pen was more extensive.

Blue and white porcelain -shaped and decorateds produced by Japan and the Korean Peninsula are affected by Chinese ceramics. Flowers, scholars, and Buddhist Taoism with natural decorations. Although the blue and white porcelain produced by it also uses Songzhu plums and tangled lotus patterns, the composition is slightly different from China. In terms of raw materials, Chinese blue and white porcelain is used to use porcelain stones. The most important thing is to add kaolin, and the varieties of blue and white glaze are more diverse. Therefore, the delicateness of the tire quality and the hair color presented by blue and white are also different. At the same time, the imitation of the Seto Kiln in Japan also reached its peak. In the middle and late period of the Edo period, a number of famous Kansai regions in Kyoto also appeared in the Kansai area, and porcelain -making techniques were promoted in all parts of Japan. The Guojima Fan Fan in Saga Prefecture, Japan also created the "Panjima Fan Kiln", known as the Guan Kiln in Japan. Later, it was also based on the colorful porcelain plates burned in Jingdezhen, Jingdezhen, China, and created a colorful porcelain plate for the wealth. The kiln yard. The produced porcelain tire quality is extremely fine, the decorative painters are regular, and the texture of the official kiln porcelain produced in Jingdezhen kiln in China is comparable. Its kiln is a dragon kiln. It is carried out in the mode of official burning. The kiln owner Jinwu claims to be from the Jiangnan region of China. He is born with his surname. Because of the excellent technology of firing porcelain, it is given a Japanese surname.

Dongdao Deyoumen, a ceramics in Iville Kiln in Japan, learned porcelain painting techniques from Quanzhou, Fujian, China. Japanese pottery artist Xisanyatan and his father tried to burn the first colorful porcelain in Japan. In 1644 (Ming Chongzhen Ten Seven years) won the name of "Persimmon Yougen" by the prince, and the "Persimmon Youwei Gate" has later become synonymous with Japanese Chibi Porcelain. At this time, the Japanese ceramic kiln mouth can also be blossomed everywhere. In the late 17th century, the Dutch East India Company introduced it to Europe and was widely welcomed by the market. Like Chinese porcelain, it was imitated by the German Macons Porcelain Factory and the Chelsea porcelain factory in the United Kingdom. Although the production of real porcelain in Japan started late, it absorbed many Chinese porcelain technology and developed rapidly. During the depression in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Japanese porcelain replaced Chinese porcelain and met the needs of Europe and other regions. Since then, Japanese exported porcelain has entered a glorious era, and has occupied a place in the world ceramic market, changing the situation of Chinese porcelain leading.

China and Japan and the Korean Peninsula have never stopped exchanges with ancient ceramic culture in more than a thousand years, and this exchange is strictly not one -way output of the latter by China. Communication is two -way.

The Forbidden City researcher Wang Guangyao proposed in the article "Some Knowledge of the Output of Porcelain in Ancient Chinese", and the exchanges of ancient Chinese and foreign ceramics technology exchanges were divided into three levels. The first level manifested as a simple output, that is, Chinese ceramics unearthed from Japan and the Korean Peninsula mentioned above or Goryeo celadon unearthed in China. Because of the technical exchanges at this level, the influence of the reversal of the input ground porcelain production technology is more limited. The second level of technology is technology. The imitation of the blue and white porcelain of Jingdezhen in Jingdezhen and the imitation of the Korean north -south kiln mouths on the Korean Peninsula's Korean Peninsula have reached technical communication and exchanges. Since it is imitation, it shows that its core of technology is still based on the local porcelain technology technology. The output -ground porcelain technology is relatively small. The third level is the technical output of people -oriented technical exchanges. If there is a direct participation of the purely familiar person in Zhejiang Yueyao technology in China, the production technology of Yue kiln celadon is introduced into Gaoli, which makes it more true than the same imitation of Yue Kiln celadon in Japan. near. Therefore, the essence of technical exchanges is the communication between many countries.

The technical exchange of ancient Chinese porcelain was based on the three levels of ceramics that made the place of technology receiving the place of technology received by the Japanese and Korean Peninsula, and even the product technology developed to the end to the event output. On the one hand, Chinese ceramics affects the generation and development of ceramic culture of Japan and the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, ancient material and cultural exchanges with ceramics as the medium are placed in the global perspective. Nourishing and common development has promoted the process of world ceramic cultural exchanges.

(Author: Liu Shanshan Unit: History of the Palace of the Palace Museum)