The idea of establishing foreign literature and literature

Among the second -level disciplines under the jurisdiction of Chinese language and literature, including Chinese classical literature. However, there is no second -level discipline of literature under the first -level discipline of foreign languages ​​and literature, let alone related undergraduate majors. What is the reason? Is there a direction of literature research in the field of foreign literature? the answer is negative. Both China and the West have a long tradition of literature. In recent decades, Chinese scholars have successfully extended Chinese literature from classical literature to the field of modern literature, while literature research in the field of foreign literature lacks people's inscriptions, with few results and urgently needed attention. Therefore, the author proposes the idea of ​​establishing "foreign literature and literature" to expand the field of research and promote discipline construction.

Directory and literature form

Foreign literature and literature are the same as Western literature and Chinese classical literature. Directory science is the basic path of academic studies, which can play the role of "discern academic and the source of the mirror" (Zhang Xue sincerity). In recent years, a large number of databases have appeared.数据库的文献编排、呈现方式与传统目录学著作不同，但其作用和功能与传统目录学著作有相似之处，而且具有明显优势，如容量大、范围广、收录全面、检索方便、持续更新、 Can provide full text, etc. Therefore, we can regard the database as the latest form of contemporary directory. As D. F. McKenzie said, in the digital age, directory science must keep pace with the times. For example, EEBO (Early English Books Online, Early English Book Online) The full -text database is a summary of all printing literatures in the early 1700 years ago. It is not only a catalog, but also the full text of the literature. Through the EEBO database, we can read the full text of more than 100,000 works including the 1623 edition of Shakespeare's works, including the 1623 edition of Shakespeare. The full -text database EEBO and its sequel ECCO (18th century works online) and NCCO (19th century works online) provide students and scholars in various fields with a large number of original literatures, which greatly reduces the gap between Chinese and foreign scholars in materials occupation. Make full use of the full -text databases such as EEBO, which will strengthen the foundation for foreign literary research, bring new opportunities, help produce new results, catch up with the advanced level of world academic advanced, and also help to correct the false and false style.

The booming Chinese and foreign databases, such as national newspapers and periodical indexes, have provided great convenience for foreign literature and literature research. As long as you retrieve it, you can obtain a large number of valuable historical materials from the full -text database. These already existing "new" materials have spawned new knowledge and deepen the study of the history of Chinese and foreign literary relations. For example, the author once believed that in 1837 "East and West Examinations Monthly" introduced to China and its "Lost Garden" to China, but after the database search and found that the English journal "China Congbao" in 1832 (in 1832 Chinese repository has already introduced Milton in Guangzhou, calling it "immortal poet". "The Biography of the East and West Exams Monthly" and "China Cong Bao" are sponsored by the origin of Chinese missionaries. The missionary is very interested in Milton and even exceeds that of Shakespeare. In China in the 19th century, the Chinese translation of Shakespeare's works only stayed in words. Shakespeare, as a representative of British literature, has not been effectively introduced to the Chinese world. However, Milton's 14 -line poem "On the blindness" was translated into an elegant four -character poem, published in "Circle Zhen Zhen" in 1854, and the fifth volume of the epic "Lost Paradise" was translated as Chu Ci style, published in 1855 "China -Western Tong Book". As a writer in Shakespeare in the history of British literature, Milton was translated to China before Shakespeare and became the first British poet to translate into Chinese. The database has pushed the study of the history of Chinese and foreign literary relations to a new height. Related research and practice has prompted us to reintegrate the definition of the directory and the relationship between the catalog and the literature to establish the 21st century foreign literature and literature.

The full -text database also has its limitations and does not replace the real objects of the collections. The latter can play a role in checking, verifying and supporting the former. The full -text database is not necessarily complete, and the information and pictures of their recordings are not necessarily accurate, and some research must be checked by the study of books such as publishing, printing, and binding. In actual use, we must combine databases and collections (libraries, archives, museums, etc.) to achieve the best results. For example, in the process of investigating the history of Milton, the author has identified historical materials such as education history, school history, archives, memoirs, chronology, diary, etc. In the digital age, it is necessary to remind students to make full use of various collections and literature to organically combine with the database to carry out effective academic research.

The literature form of the digital age shows the tendency of multimedia. For example, text, images, animations, and voices can become literature. Painting, music, recording, movies, TV series, cartoons and other multimedia literature expand the scope of the literature. The emergence of e -books, super texts, and databases has changed the style of literature and people's reading methods. The deepening of the history of Chinese and foreign literary relations and the study of the history of Chinese and Western cultural exchanges requires a large number of historical materials provided by various literature, including a large number of historical materials provided by the full -text database of Chinese and foreign languages ​​as the basis. Therefore, the digital age provides good opportunities for the quiet rise of foreign literature and literature. Version and collation

The establishment of foreign literature and literature helps researchers to establish a version awareness and strengthen version research. For example, the version of Shakespeare's drama is very complicated, and even the new science of "New Bibliography" has even developed in the 20th century. Some famous Shakespeare drama academic editions, such as the ARDEN Shakespeare and Norton Shakespeare, provided different versions of the same play. For example, "Hamlet", the second series of the Aden version edited the "Two Fourth Book" (1604 or 1605), and the third series edited the "First Four" (1603) and "First pair of Book" (1623) (1623) Another example is "King Lear", the third edition of the Norton version (2016) is printed with three different versions: the "first four" (1608) and the "first pair of", and the combination of the two. Scholars need to explore the version of the writer's works, and readers and critics have to make a wise choice about what version of reading. Similarly, translators often need to choose the right background before carrying out translation. Therefore, the version is an inexplicable academic issue. To establish a foreign literary version, we must first end people's unconscious state of the version, and strengthen the version awareness in the process of studying, reading, criticism, and translation. The general version consciousness is the basis for building a foreign literature version.

Chen Zhenghong advocates the "East Asian Chinese Version" and advocates that the East Asian Chinese version is systematically studied in a "view of view", that is, the ancient Chinese character cultural circle (including China, North Korea, Vietnam, Ryukyu, Japan and other countries or regions) Writing and publishing books. This research method has obvious advantages. Due to the continuity and integration of European and American culture, the version of Western literary works can also be used to make overall research on the country and language limit, establish a "Western Literature Version", and compare it with the Chinese literature version. Form a comparative version of Chinese and Western literature.

There are collation with a version. The author's intention is an issue that cannot be avoided in classification. The "Library of American" series (1982) is committed to editing and included classic literary works in the United States for several centuries, and has published more than 300 volumes. One of his founders is the literary scientist G. Thomas Tanselle. He tries to restore the author's intention to be the goal of academic editors. The editor of the "American Library" follows the principle of restoring the author's intention as much as possible. He edited two volumes in the "Melville Collection" for "American Library", which is regarded as "authoritative text", where the novel "Typee" restores the revision of the in -this -thiss. Deletion allows readers to see the original appearance of Melville's works. The "Fox Works Collection" in the "American Library" directly compiled the manuscripts and typing drafts of the author, which showed the author's intention to the greatest extent.

In class survey research, there are many difficult problems to be resolved. For example, can we use the intention of restoration author to be the goal of foreign literature and science? If possible, which stage of the author's intention is subject to? Do you always be committed to restoring the authors' final intention? Taking Wahos as an example, in more than half a century of creative career, he has repeatedly revised his representative poem "Preface", but most readers do not recognize the late version of this poem. And some literary works, such as "Beiwufu", "Song of Heide", "Song of Roland", "Song of the Nibelong Gen", etc., the authors of European folk epic, the author anonymous. It can be seen that if the author's intention is to be used as the principles of collation, there are still many issues that need to be discussed further. The results of absorbing and discarding the study of western literature and science can help the construction of foreign literature science and literature with Chinese characteristics.

Manuscript research

Manuscript is an important part of the literature. Foreign literature and literature can not be separated from manuscript research. Writer's manuscripts and research research are conducive to exploring the creative process of writers, summarizing the rules of creative, and promoting literary and artistic construction. In 2019, the academic community discovered the "first pair" (now the first pair of books "(now the Freedom Library of Philadelphia, the United States), which was found and commemorative. This important discovery in the history of literature is of great significance for reading history, acceptance of history, literary history, writer's research, and influence of writers. Others, such as a large number of manuscripts of American female poet Dikinson, one of British writer Hardy's notes, "Poetry Material Notes", etc., opened the window to the soul of the writer, so that we can see the mystery of its creation.

In addition to the writer's manuscripts and notes, we also need to strengthen translation manuscript research, not only study the manuscripts of the Hohx British translation of "Dream of Red Mansions", but also to study the manuscripts of Zhu Shenghao's translation of Shakespeare drama. Since the National Library Publishing House published the "Jiaxing Library Collection Zhu Shenghao Translation Shakespeare Draft Manuscript" (10 volumes) in 2012, there are only a few papers discussed the manuscripts of Zhu Transiication. This is not enough. The comprehensive and systematic research on Zhu Yi Sha's drama manuscripts still needs to be carried out. The research of translation manuscripts is conducive to exploring the process of translation, summarizing the laws of translation, and promoting cultural exchanges. The interpretation of the opponent's manuscript is inseparable from the literacy of language and literature and the training of ancient literature. Solid Chinese literacy is the basis of interpretation of manuscripts. Qian Yanshu left a considerable number of foreign notes, many of which are about foreign literature. These notes use English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek. The interpretation of Qian Yanshu's foreign language not needs superb literary literacy. As far as ancient books are concerned, the Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "the study of ancient writing and inscriptions; interpretation of ancient writing or writing systems and determining the science or art of its date." Ancient documents are actually a learning of literacy. For various reasons, Western countries have different books in history. For example, in the British during the Renaissance, two types of books are mainly used in daily affairs: Secretary and Italic. In addition to a few exceptions, men generally use documents, and women usually learn Italian body. Italy is easy to identify, and the scripture body must be specially trained to be released smoothly. (See Hao Tianhu's "Research British and American Literature Manuscripts indispensable") This shows that the academic science of foreign literature and literature has a strong professionalism and a high threshold for research.

Relationship with adjacent disciplines

Establishing foreign literature and literature is a systematic project that needs to open courses, write textbooks, carry out research, and train graduate students. In terms of discipline systems, it is divided into two parts: Oriental Literature and Literature and Western Literature. As a new discipline, foreign literature and literature can not be rely on. Clarifying its relationship with adjacent disciplines can provide reference and reference for the construction of new disciplines.

First, the relationship with history and book history. In ancient East Asia, there were long traditions of literary history, such as the first history of Chinese discipline, "Historical Records" and the earliest history of Japanese Books, which have been circulating in Japan to this day, are both literary books, and Du Fu's poems are regarded as "History of Poetry". Foreign literature and literature are a historical degree. For the retrieval, collection, identification, sorting, application of historical materials, etc., it has the particularity of foreign literary disciplines, but also follows the general methods of historiography. The version of the version, the study of manuscript, etc., has strong scientific characteristics. Its research programs and research results are objective, foreseeable and repeated. Chinese scholars study foreign literature, often difficult to get the recognition of the international academic community, but in the field of relatively objective foreign literature and literature, no matter who the author is, the international academic community has to recognize excellent research results. In this regard, we are very disappointed. The history of Western books has been in the ascendant, and it has been introduced to the country in recent years. The study of foreign literature and literature is both different from Western book history and connections, which can highlight Chinese characteristics and Chinese style.

Secondly, the relationship with Chinese classical literature. As a mature discipline, Chinese classical literature, in many aspects of discipline systems, discipline methods, discipline purpose and other aspects, provides us with resources and experience for foreign literature and literature. For example, the "Chinese Classical Literature Historical Materials" (2008), edited by Xu Youfu, compiled, compiled, compiled, and searched, and summarized the laws and methods of collecting, identifying, organizing, and using Chinese classical literary historical materials. And supplemented with a large number of examples. This type of work provides us with useful references for our construction of foreign literature and literature. In addition, the research methods of Qianjia Pu Xue are also worthy of attention and reference.

Finally, the relationship with Chinese modern literature and literature (historical materials). In the process of thinking about foreign literature and literature, the biggest inspiration comes from the emerging Chinese modern literature or historical materials (sometimes known as new literature and historical materials). my country ’s foreign literature research has begun to contact with Chinese and foreign literature since modern times. Therefore, Chinese and foreign literary relations have been an important part of foreign literary research. The occurrence and development of modern literature in China is conducted in the context of Chinese and foreign literature and cultural exchanges. Therefore, foreign literature and literature are inseparable from Chinese modern literature literature, and sometimes even one. This is the distinctive feature of foreign literature and literature.

The foreign literature and literature advocated in this article are not only part of foreign literature, but also have significant Chinese characteristics. In terms of discipline systems, foreign literature and literature theory should become a second -level discipline below the first -level discipline of foreign language and literature, echoing each other with Chinese literature and literature, and eventually forming "Chinese and foreign comparative literature" to make cultural exchanges and civilized mutual learning. Some contributions.

(Author unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​from Zhejiang University)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Hao Tianhu

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