Yao Haitao ︱ "Confucianism" Xunzi's "learning concept"

The "Learning Tun" written by the Qing Confucian Xiong Ci Li is trying to distinguish the chapter of the chapter and expose the heresy. And Xunzi ranked first in miscellaneous systems. Although the scholarships are Confucianism, Xiong's positioning of Xiong has further pushed the position of Xunzi along the direction of Song Ru, which is equivalent to the flow of miscellaneous family. The "learning" of learning can be divided into several levels. The first is to be classified as the basis for schools, which can be described. Of course, in the Taoism, Xunzi's meaning is quite huge. The first is to be based on learning, focusing on the significance of learning pursuit and teaching classics. Of course, you should not separate. In the sense of Taoism, Xunzi, because of the inertia of thought history, could not be based on the history of thought. The author did not intend to make an article on the case, but just wanted to show the meaning of "learning" in Xunzi.

Xunzi portrait

Pay attention to learning is the consistent claim of Confucianism. From the first part of the Analects of Confucius to the beginning of "Xunzi", "Persuasion", we can see that Confucianism's internal implied consistent learning, learning pulse, and learning. Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, who were regarded as the "three driving carriages" of the pre -Qin Confucianism, did not pay much attention to learning. They had experienced hard work in their early years. Whether there is a "three thousand disciples", the Confucius who cultivates the "four subjects and ten philosophy", or practiced Mencius, who has practiced the grand wish of "the world's talents and educated", or the Confucianism of the menstruation and the Confucianism of the Tao, cultivates the floating Qiu Bo, to cultivate the floating Qiu Bo, Xunzi of Han Fei, Li Si, Zhang Cang and others, in terms of reading thousands of books, traveling thousands of miles, and educating trees, there is no doubt that they have absolute right to speak.

In a word, if the Confucianism is discussed, Xunzi will not be allowed to become a school. Just as the Southern Dynasties Liang Liu Ye's "Wenxin Eagle Dragon · Talent" stated: "Learn the Sect, and the name of the elephant, the literary quality is the same, and the conficate of the giant."

Those who have explained the meaning of "learning" in a detailed manner are Xunzi. Xunzi's "learning" is the best with the "persuasion" chapter of the "persuasion". This article does not have the disadvantages of "the hard work of the mystery", and the "good words, the theory of good words, seeing the layers, such as the eloquence of too prison, the dazzling of the night", can be described as "the jade of the chapter, the golden subject of Bingwen". "Persuasion" is the first part of "Xunzi". Opening the door to see the important Confucianism of Confucianism such as learning how to learn, why learning, and how to learn.

The title of "Persuasion" has always been the same work. According to the author's vision, there were famous corpses during the Warring States Period, and authored "Persuasion". The father of Fuzawa Yoshiyoshi all has "Persuasion". The "Persuasion" in the long river of history is the best, "Xunzi · Persuasion" as the best. The content of its content, the popularity of the literary talent, influenced the wide range of people. Since then, such works have stepped up the dust and did not surpass. It can be seen that "Xunzi · Persuasion" is frosty and frosty.

Xunzi theory is mainly based on "Persuasion", and it also has chapters such as "Self -cultivation", "Confucian Effect", "Sexual Evil", "Uncontinent", and "Morning". It can be said that Xunzi science is everywhere in today's "Xunzi" everywhere. The fields of theory, such as learning subjects, learning methods, learning and thinking, teaching relationships, teaching relationships, etc., involving the understanding of learning, the path of learning, etc. are all in detail. If Xunzi's "learning" means of "learning", it will definitely provide today's people with a variety of treasures of learning wisdom.

Study of a strong country

Xunzi said: "The country will be happy, the noble teacher will focus on Fu, and the noble teacher will focus on the law. Bad. "The atmosphere of the formation of teachers and education is one of the signs of social civilization. When Confucius talked about the "gentleman's three fear", he talked about "the words of the saint". The saint is also a teacher, so it can be regarded as the expression of respecting the teacher. Learning is not a matter of one person or one, but is connected to the future of the nation and the country's destiny, and it is related to the joy of all people. The understanding of the religion of respecting teachers to the height of the rising and decline in the country reflects the vision and good intentions of Xunzi's vision.

Adult

Why do you think of human evil? From the perspective of Xunzi, the nature of human beings is good, good, evil, and ears, ears, and lust. If there is no way of teacher law and righteousness, social chaos and everyone suffer. Fortunately, "Everyone knows, the nature of man is; it can be known, and the principle of things." The human nature can be known, and people have the heart of false foreign objects. The people of Tu can be the harmonious world of Yu ".

The purpose of learning is "adult". Learning to adults is the Confucianism. Xunzi continued the teaching of Confucius's "women is a gentleman Confucianism, and the minority Confucianism."

The gentleman's learning is also in the ears, the heart is heart, and the four bodies, the shape of the movement; The learning of villains also enters the ears and is out of mouth. There are four inch ears between the mouth and ears, which is enough to be a seven -foot body? ("Xunzi · persuasion")

The gentleman's learning is the ears and the scholarship of the heart, from knowledge to behavior, from words to realize the use of all the use of learning, and truly realize the purpose of learning with adults. The learning of villains cannot achieve adult purposes, and can only become a former show off -man. Through the sharp contrast of the gentleman's learning with the villain's learning, Xunzi gave people a sense of pouring the top. The learning of today's people cannot become a mouth of mouth, and it becomes an unshakable empty learning. As Xunzi said, "studying so far." In order to adhere to the consistency of the academic and the same, the unified words and deeds, and the integration of knowledge and deeds, you can learn and use it. Long teaching

There must be scholars and teachers in learning. From the "攵 (攴)" of teaching and learning (同), the close correlation of the word is visible. In a sense, this has revealed the textbooks of long teaching. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the word "learning" was not included in the "Said Words", only the word "斆". "Well, consciousness also. From the teaching of 冂. 冂, Shang Meng also. Mobo. Learning, 篆 斆 斆 斆 斆 斆 斆 斆“ ““ ““ ““ 略 略 ““ ““ “略 略 omitting "Learning" for the traditional style of "learning". Since then, the word "learning" was started.

There is no talent in the world, and the material is intelligent. The reason why it is "born and long and refreshed." For the teacher, the external education is into the inner true consciousness and awareness. This is the teaching process. For students, this is the learning process from the ignorance to the enlightenment. Learning is inseparable from teaching. As stated in the Book of Rites · Xue Ji "," It is because of the reason, then knowing that the lack of insufficient, and the insight after teaching. If you do n’t know enough, you can be opposed to yourself, you can also strengthen yourself. Through teaching interactive activities, students have achieved self -knowledge and awareness, and then entered the room, which is said to "learn home".

Learn from them

The best way to learn is "good people" and "near them". The "person" here refers to the teacher of "non -me" and the friend of "being me". Scholars must have a teacher to question and answer, and friends are discussed, and teachers and friends are "big treasures of people". The importance is self -evident. Xunzi made a detailed explanation of why the teacher was made in detail, and the specific requirements of the teacher's table were extremely clear.

There are four divisions, and the fraternity is not good. Dignity and fear can be for teachers; you can believe in Ai Ai, you can be a teacher; recite without the mausoleum, you can be a teacher; ("Xunzi · Zhishi")

As a teacher, it is not enough to have a wide range of knowledge. It is necessary to establish the dignity of the teacher, we must have rich teaching experience, to have a solid teacher's ethics, and a rigorous and scientific academic in order to be a qualified teacher. In short, as Zhengyi, the first style, the heart of benevolence, and solid knowledge, these character constitute an ideal teacher model. Because the purpose of teaching is to stand up, learning is a comprehensive process of adults, including knowledge receiving, moral alcoholization and will (knowledge, love, intention) system.

Learn from

Mencius emphasized the heart and sincerity and sincerity, and Xunzi also attaches great importance to the self -insight after he is looking for himself. The person in the story of "Mencius" "Yi Qiuyi Yi", who focuses on the ambition and "only Yi Qiu Zhi is listening", finally learned, and "I think that there is a Hongye is about to come, and she can help the bow and shoot." The other person is "Fu Ruo Zhi". A large number of concepts such as self -survival, self -introspection, self -reliance, self -evil, and self -knowledge reflect that Xunzi did not neglect the self -efforts of the subject because of the attention of external etiquette. Talent cannot be forced, and hard work the day after tomorrow is the most important.

All achievements are struggling, and they need to be practiced by the subject. This is the meaning of "walking endlessly, thousands of miles; tired of the soil, Qiu Shan Chongcheng", this is the true meaning of "the husband is thousands of miles a day, and the horses are ten driving." Although it is not good; although things are small, it is not possible ". True good scholars will "do their best" and "investigate their difficulties", master the laws of learning, and realize their own transformation and rebirth. Xunzi said: "The gentleman's learning is like a molten, and it suddenly moves."

Three realms

If the theory of Confucius "knowing", "good", and "music" is regarded as the different advances of learning, Xunzi "smells", "knows" and "walks", "recite the number of", "think about the passage" The way of "the person who is located", and the "scholars", "gentleman", and "sage", can be regarded as the three realms of learning. These three realms involve rich content such as learning stage, promotion path, and personality development.

Life-long learning

Learning is the fate of life that cannot be stopped. Confucius is a educator who is not tireless and tireless. "Confucius Family Language · Zhi Si" records that Confucius once said to his son Kong Li that what can make people feel tired all day, I am afraid that only learning? Rongti, courage, ancestors, and clan surnames are not enough. Because it is external, not what it can determine. Only learning can be dominated by themselves, showing the Quartet, and the descendants of flowing. According to the record of "Xunzi · Da", Confucius also quoted "Poetry" when he answered the student's "tired learning" when he was "tired and learned". The purpose.

The word "learning is endless" should be from "Xuezi · Persuasion" in "Xunzi · Persuasion". Fang Dongshu's "Zhao Mei Zhan Yan · Tong Zhi Wu An" cloud "has endless learning, there is no end of the Tao." In the article "Ask Speaking", the contemporary generation also said, "There is no specialty, but the learning is endless, but the question is not Shaoye?" Life-long learning". This is just the progress of the words, and in the ideological root, it still comes from the pre -Qin Confucianism, mainly from Xunzi. The so -called live, learning old, and the so -called lifelong learning are all that. Xunzi's "learning" was scattered like a pearl in the corner of the book "Xunzi", and his words were endless. The people and their books have far -reaching influence on future generations. More than two thousand years later, Yu Jiao, the last words such as Xunzi Xuezhi, relatives and friends of Longshi, and chemical moving quality. No wonder Dong Zhongshu wants to "write the beauty of Sun Qing". Image!

About the Author:

Yao Haitao, an associate professor of Qingdao Urban College, is mainly engaged in the study of the philosophy and Xunzi philosophy of the pre -Qin Dynasty. He presided over and participated in more than 10 research research, published more than 40 articles in "Zhouyi Research", "Jianghan Academic" and "Guangming Daily".

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