Changjiang Cultural Story | Yangtze River drifting to Nanjing Mingcheng Wall

Editor's note: The source of the Yangtze River Shipping has a long history. From the emergence of a canoe to the emergence of wooden sailing, to the rise of the ship industry, it has a history of about 7,000 years. In the middle and late 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang began to "build a wall" in Ying Tianfu (now Nanjing). He burned city bricks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and solicited wood from the southwest ... To some extent, Nanjing Mingcheng Wall drifted from the Yangtze River.

The Nanjing City Wall and the newly completed Nanjing City Wall Museum are reflected in ancient and modern. This world -class city -level heritage landscape that carries rich historical and culture, and it is also a cultural relics and cultural heritage that integrates the people's beautiful life.

Ancient Nanjing City Wall and Young Nanjing City Wall Museum

In the middle and late 14th century, Zhu Yuanzhang began to "build a wall" in Ying Tianfu, and it took 28 years to convene nearly one million craftsmen to build a "Gao Jianjia at home" urban defense facilities.

The building materials for the construction of Nanjing City Wall, especially the largest building materials, hundreds of millions of city bricks, how did they burn it? How did you transport it to Nanjing? What are the stories behind? The reporter interviewed Zhou Yuan, director of the basic research department of Nanjing City Wall Protection and Management Center and deputy research librarian.

The city wall of Zhonghua Gate is reflected in the glass curtain wall of the Nanjing City Wall Museum

Place of origin

Cover 5 provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River today

In the Nanjing City Wall Museum, a exhibition hall consisting of more than 700 city bricks shocked a great visual.

Nanjing city wall tiles burned by all parties

Almost every city brick has an inscription. At first, only the producing area was made, such as "Jianchang Mansion".

Model printing "Jianchang Mansion" city brick

Since then, the positions and names of staff at all levels have been added, and the nine -level responsibility system is finally formed, such as "Nangkang Prefecture's transfer of officials to judge Zhao Bin and Si Guan You Qing, Duchang County to adjust the officials of the official book, Fang Bingzheng, and Zhang Boxing, the general official, and the general official Zhang Boxing. Jia Zhoumin Shang, Shoujiaxiong Fu, Xiaolijia Tanjie, kilnmaker Huang Yong, brick -making husband Tan Jie ", officials at all levels, brick management personnel and burning craftsmen in the prefecture and counties.

Model printing the names of the staff at all level

Zhou Yuan explained that this is one of the ancient Chinese quality inspection systems- "Wuller's Workers" responsibility system, which originated from the Spring and Autumn Period, which means that the names of the casters are engraved with the name of the cast, which is convenient for accountability and ensuring quality. The continuous inscription on the city brick also shows that this system is gradually improved in the Ming Dynasty. "If officials are not strictly controlled by the quality of bricks, he will be held accountable and can even commit death."

In addition to witnessing the strict quality inspection system of city brick production, according to the origin of the origin and the information of the staff shown in the inscription, visit the place of place, retrieve the historical materials such as the history of the history, Fang Zhi, and family genealogy. Essence Relevant studies believe that at that time, the main part of the brick brick was the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, covering the five provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Hubei today. "Zhu Yuanzhang rose in the south and unified the country to the north. At that time, the most arduous tasks were handed over to these provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, allowing them to burn bricks and participate in major national projects." Zhou Yuan said.

transportation

Shun Changjiang and reach Nanjing

Brick kiln is built according to water, which is convenient for making bricks and transportation. The fired city bricks are transported to the Yangtze River through the water systems such as rivers and lakes from the river, lakes and other water.

Zhou Yuan said that in the process, Zhu Yuanzhang launched a "brick ticket" system. "The ships you come from the Yangtze River, as long as you pass through Nanjing, you must bring city bricks. ; If the boat is small, you will bring less, and then give you a certificate to prove that you are transporting bricks, and then you can go back with this proof. If the local government finds that you do not have brick tickets, you may have to give you you Crimes.

After the acceptance standards of "sounding sound and non -perforated", a four -fits city wall (including Gongcheng, Imperial City, Jingcheng, and Guo) and the Yangtze River are built.

How big was the size of the city wall at that time? In the 16th century, the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci said in "Matteo Ricci": The two people walked around the city with their backs and horses, and it took a whole day to meet. To this day, although the Nanjing city walls with the four -fold city wall are full of vicissitudes, it is still the largest, authentic and complete metropolitan wall in the world today.

Root system

Found 15 sites of Nanjing City Wall Brick Guan Kiln Site

The Nanjing City Wall's root -seeking journey initiated by the Nanjing City Wall Protection Management Center has found 15 Ming Dynasty Nanjing City Wall brick official kiln sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. , Jiangxia and other places in Wuhan, Hubei.

From the Ming Dynasty three flue steamed bun kiln in Lichuan, Jiangxi

In the Nanjing City Wall Museum, the largest cultural relics in the head are a three -flocked steamed pyrine. This was "moved" from Lichuan, Jiangxi, Jiangxi in 2017. In addition, Hongwitongbao, city bricks, bricks, iron forks and other cultural relics were found.

"Hongwu Tongbao" in the Ming Dynasty

Speaking of the discovery process at the time, Zhou Yuan's memory was still fresh: "We found a copper coin on the side of the kiln. When we read the moment of" Hongwu Tongbao ", I felt that I was very excited and happy because I was for this. The kiln found a very powerful evidence; when it was cleaned up to the bottom of the brick kiln, we found the city brick. When the "Jianchang Mansion" was released, it was even more excited. s position."

However, the inscriptions found in the Lichuan kiln site are only produced and did not enter the stage of the ninth level responsibility system. Zhou Yuan believes that it should be the earliest batch of Nanjing city bricks. Essence

Jiangsu Nanjing Qixia Guanyao Village, Ming Dynasty Nanjing City Wall Brick Guan Kiln

The brick kiln site of Qixia Kiln Village, Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu is a representative of the mature period. Its brick kiln has a large volume and complicated structure. The "Hongwu Six Years" inscription bricks were also found on the kiln door.

One of the kiln gates found the inscription brick of "Hongwu Six Years"

Zhou Yuan said: "Some experts think it may be because it has a demonstration effect near the capital; in addition, so many kiln artists also need training. Zhu Yuanzhang must implement his unified standards to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River."

story

Humanistic temperature behind perception

During the root -seeking journey, the retrieval of the local and genealogy of the local area also enriched the story behind.

In order to prevent officials from using their own family relationships, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the personnel policy of "the South of the South, the Northern official south". Liu Ye, the main book of Wanping County (now Beijing), was transferred to Fanchang County (now Anhui) around 1372 to serve as the main book and presided over the firing city brick. At that time, the graveyard and Liangtian of the local people were specially avoided. After Liu Ye's death, his son Liu Quan inherited his will.

The city's brick pads with "Fanchang County Make a Master Book of Liu Quan"

In Yueyang, Hunan, Shi Jixian, who was formerly the head of the armor, was very famous in the local area. "After the end of the Nanjing City Wall project, he left the brick brick technology in the local area, and the people were very grateful to him." Zhou Yuan said.

"Junshan District, Yueyang City", the total life deeds of the general Jia Shi

The Yangtze River is a "highway" for transportation of several hundreds of millions of city bricks and other building materials in Nanjing City Wall. Nanjing City Wall is a rich cultural relics and cultural heritage along the Yangtze River. Jiangcheng integrates the humanistic scrolls of ancient and modern times. "Nanjing City Wall is like a big tree. Its root system is in 5 provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the future, we also hope to promote the great protection of the brick kiln ruins in 5 provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. "Zhou Yuan said.

My Sutu Draft Reporter/Gao Huijing Camera/Editor of Xie Ziqiang Feng Qikun/Song Mengzhen Dubbing/Zhang Yunhe

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