The lotus should not be mixed with the water lily

Text/Li Min

In recent years, in traditional scenic spots and classical gardens in Hangzhou West Lake, Suzhou gardens and other traditional landscapes, there are a lot of mixed water lilies and lotus flowers, and even in some gardens and landscapes with the theme of lotus, there are water lilies. This brings discord and destruction to the traditional Chinese aesthetics of the garden, misleading the tourists, and affecting the cultural characteristics of Chinese classical landscape gardens.

This article takes water lilies and lotus as an example to distinguish the origin, cultural image and confusion process of the two, and then explore the topic of the invasion of foreign plant varieties in landscape garden heritage. Aesthetic characteristics are maintained and sustainable.

"Lotus" since ancient times refers to the lotus

Latin (Latin name Nelumbo Nucifera, English name Lotus Flower) is a perennial root plant of Water Lotus Coriaon, which originated from temperate and subtropical, and has a long history of planting and art in China. Lotus is also known as "Lotus" in ancient China, and specifically refers to the flowers of "lotus". Therefore, lotus is also known as "lotus", "lotus", "藕 藕", "Furong", "Furong", "菡萏 "and so on.

Judging from historical images, ancient literature and unearthed cultural relics, the "lotus" mentioned in the literature specifically refers to lotus. "Lotus" In traditional Chinese society, it is both a garden ornamental plant and more importantly. Lotus root can be used as vegetables. Lotus is a fresh fruit in the season, and lotus seeds are economic crops. There are large -scale artificial cultivation and wild. In ancient times, whether it was Qu Yuan's pen, "making the lotus and the lotus, the hibiscus" ("Li Sao"), or the "Lotus Nantang Autumn, Lotus Outstanding Lotus" in the Southern Dynasties ("Xizhou Qu"), Or, or Li Qingzhao's "Entering the Deep of the Flowers" ("Ru Dream Ling · Chang Ji Xitang Sun and Twilight") is a wild natural, rural scenery beauty. Therefore, the introduction of the landscape garden is not only because of its beautiful and clean posture of "Zhongtong and the outside", but also implies the idyllic scenery of the hometown of Jiangnan fish and rice, the simulation of the idyllic scenery and the rich people's livelihood of the people's livelihood. And praise. The stance of its pavilion has become a unique aesthetic intent.

Taking the cultural landscape of Hangzhou West Lake, which is included in the World Heritage List, as an example, its core value element "Ten Lakes of the West Lake" is the "Qu Yuan Fenghe", which is the object of viewing. The so -called wind lotus, that is, the lotus flowers of the water, Cui Gai Gao Qing, a branch of the water, swaying with the wind, forming the image of "the early Yang Chuyang dry and rain, the water surface is clear, the wind is lift one by one" , Dream Entering Furongpu's Temporary Love (Song Zhou Bangyan "Su Masao"). The lotus leaves are refreshing, refreshing, and the hotter and fragrant incense, which is a full -scale enjoyment. Therefore, the lotus is also one of the sixth -seasons of the "characteristic plant" of the "characteristic plant" of Hangzhou West Lake cultural landscape, and has become one of the carrier of its world heritage that highlights the universal value. (Figure 1 ~ Figure 6)

Water lilies are imported products

Water Lily (Latin Name NymPhaea Tetragona, English name Water Lily) is a perennial grass root aquatic plant in the family of Water Lily, including blue, yellow, red, white and other colors. Water lilies originated from ancient Egypt, India, Bangladesh, Mexico and other places. From the cultural connotation, it is a classic aquatic plant in the Western context, especially the Nile River White Squate, which is native to North Africa. High cultural connotation. In terms of origin, water lilies are divided into tropical water lilies and temperate water lilies. Among them, tropical water lilies are huge, bright and diverse, and they are darlings cultivated by modern gardening, while temperate water lilies are small and light. Since the 19th century, the British garden artists have started to cultivate hybrid water lilies. In the 20th century, the United States has also become the center of water lilies cultivation, and cultivates a variety of cold -resistant varieties suitable for temperate cultivation. Most of the people see today are new varieties of hybrid cultivation, which are gorgeous and cold to resist with tropical water lilies.

Water lily was a typical symbol of Western culture and art in the long thousands of years before the 19th century. From the murals and stone carvings of ancient Egypt, to the modern Monet's Impressionist paintings, it reflects the highest position in Western culture in Western culture.

In ancient Egyptian murals, the emergence of water lilies is second only to a characteristic plant that is second only to the grass. It is abound in various scenarios and generally appears in architecture and reliefs. This tradition is in line with European culture. In the 19th century of the vigorous development of the garden industry, water lilies have become one of the main aquatic flowers in European gardens and landscape construction. Reflected in art works, the most representative water lilies in Monet, and its bright and dreamy colors are an important image of modern European art. In front of Raphael, which is pursuing ancient Egypt, ancient Greek, and ancient Roman culture, the water lilies were accompanied by the beautiful naked naked naked, Egyptian princess's noble steps, and Shakespeare. As a result, the aquatic plants that are born with water on the water surface and small flowers are the same as Western classical romantic pulse and so far. (Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9)

Different lotus water lilies are different

From the perspective of landscape characteristics and aesthetics, the difference between lotus and water lilies is very obvious. It is not to say that the aesthetics of the two are high, but each has its own suitable landscape artistic conception. Once confusing, it is nondescript and misleading viewers.

Water lily does not exceed 20 cm, leaves are born, the flowers are small, and the water surface is very close to the water. The landscape created is enthusiastic, vigorous, and gorgeous, and you can think of the glorious golden powder of ancient Egypt and Babylon. The water of the lotus branches can be as high as 1 meter, swaying with the wind, the incense far, and the context of watching, and can think of the agricultural social tradition behind it, as well as long cultural metaphors. Lotus lotus leaves, and even lotus puffs, the landscape created is elegant, high, comfortable, and silent.

In the Buddhist context that originated in India, lotus is generally called "lotus", especially the lotus, which has nothing to do with "water lilies". In the origin of Brahmanism and Buddhism, the Indian River and Ganges Basin in northern India, the distribution of lotus flowers is more widely distributed, while water lilies are distributed in low latitudes. In the teachings of India Brahmanism, God is born from the lotus, and the lotus here refers to the lotus; in the Buddhist statues, the lotus leaf shape of the lotus leaf under the Buddha's feet instead of sleeping lily. Affected by the ideological culture, Buddhist art and landscape design concepts since the Tang and Song dynasties of China, in the landscape creation and artistic creation of Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries, lotus landscapes have also been introduced. The "lotus" is also a lotus, not a lily. In India and Thailand, the status of lotus is much higher than that of water lilies, and it is still the national flower of India. After the introduction of Buddhist statues into China, this is the same. The shape is more full and gorgeous, and it has even been separated from Buddhism and entered the traditional Chinese architectural style. (Figure 10 ~ Figure 13)

Figure 10: Swatta sitting statue, 7th century, Taipei Forbidden City

Figure 11: The Buddhist statue unearthed in Bighal Pradesh, India, 10th century, the Chicago Institute of Art in the United States

Figure 12: The lotus pictures of the Temple of Uji Sanwu Temple in Japan are from the official website of the scenic area

Figure 13: The Lotus String of the Forbidden City in Beijing

Water lotus lotus mixing should not be

China is not without native sleeping lilies, but there are very few varieties. The color is single, the flowers are small, and the flowers are distributed in ancient remote areas such as Xinjiang and Hunan. It has not entered the ranks of ornamental flowers and garden plants. Until the end of the 19th century, the landscape of garden landscapes on the southeast coast of China began to introduce water lilies. Since the 1950s, China has gradually started the independent cultivation of new water lotus varieties. In recent years, the protection of China's original wild water lilies varieties and the cultivation of new native water lilies.

Since modern times, with the west winds, in the southeast coasts such as Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Suzhou and Yangzhou houses, the first water lilies in Europe and the United States and Western gardening are introduced. Water lily quickly introduced in China's landscape garden design with its small flowers and leaves, small root systems, high reproductive rates, and easy potted plants. By the 1980s, under the influence of the tide of garden landscape repair and the dual factors of local breeding, water lilies were generally cultivated in various parks and classical gardens and landscapes. Some replace lotus, while others are used as aquatic landscape plants to configure with lotus at different levels.

As identified as the previous article, in Chinese classical context, "lotus" and "lotus" generally refer to lotus, not water lilies. But the ordinary brigade, some contemporary landscape designers, and even some cultural heritage protectors who have been used to water lilies have psychologically recognized the "new tradition" of this water lilies, that is, "lotus". When reflecting the garden and landscape artistic conception of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even the Tang and Song dynasties, he did not hesitate to use the water lilies as an alternative. The difference between the two has brought great changes to the artistic conception and spiritual core of the traditional landscape garden.

The more extreme example is that in the "Ai Lianchi" around the Ai Liantang of Jiujiang and Zhou Dunyi Memorial Hall in Jiangxi, it is also planted in water lilies. From Mr. Lixi, "The sludge is not dyed, the cleansing is clear but not a demon, the Zhongtong is straight, the vines are not branched, the fragrant is clear, and the pavilion is clear." Colorful Western Water Lily. In Beijing Daguan Garden, the lush water lily and Lin Daiyu's "Lotus" of Lenovo 4, which caused Lin Daiyu's "Listening to Rain", is different, which can be described as lost. In the core landscape area of ​​Hangzhou West Lake, in the "Santan Yin Moon", a large number of western -breed water lilies "Albert", "Galaxy", "Lubi", "Purple Radio", and even domineering African King Lotus It is not only unrelated to the tranquility and meditation of Santan Yingyue's "My Heart Seal", the traditional landscape and atmosphere full of Zen, but also the scenery. Among the cultural landscapes such as world cultural heritage such as Hangzhou West Lake, if there is no distinction between the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign, the mood and perception of the cultural landscape will be damaged in terms of the aquatic plant configuration. "The landscape is destroyed. (Figure 14, Figure 15)

Be wary of foreign landscape plant invasion

The increasing trend of the phenomenon of foreign landscape plant invasion should attract great attention. Other typical examples include the huge and gorgeous gorgeous waterfronts from Europe, the Dutch tulip, German iris, as well as the reappeared flowers and barramons introduced from the Americas in recent years. These exotic guests with extremely strong vitality quickly occupied my country's garden landscapes. Its very different appearance characteristics have brought changes or even damage to the traditional landscape garden artistic conception of our country.

Yang Narcissus is the golden narcissus of the British poet Wahos, the "Star Stars", which is full of vitality and joy. This is different from the Song Dynasty poet Li Qingzhao's "clearing, sorrow and sorrow", and the variety is far from the variety. The landscape effect and the cultural connotation given by it are far away. The native Iris in China and Japan was born in the forest. The flowers are small and light, similar to the quietness of orchids, which are also different from the huge and gorgeous flowers introduced in Europe today. (Figure 16, Figure 17, Figure 18) Different from these tall and lush, colorful, colorful native to tropical or European and American foreign landscape plants, mainly located in the subtropical and temperate regions in China. Landscape plants have been given elegant poetry for thousands of years. If you are configured and conservation, it is enough to create a characteristic plant landscape with the original ecology and the aesthetic taste of traditional Chinese landscape. Unfortunately, in more and more urban landscape water quality and water governance, it gradually disappears, and some even become rare and endangered plants.

In summary, the author does not oppose the use of beautiful ornamental plants and new varieties in modern parks, garden design and urban greening. However, in the landscapes and classical gardens that have been listed as the targets of cultural heritage protection at all levels in the traditional Chinese landscape garden, especially the maintenance and configuration design of plant landscapes, the choice and planting method of plant varieties must be cautious and sufficient Consider the basis of history. Only in this way can we protect and continue the cultural landscape characteristics of the oriental characteristics, continue its aesthetic characteristics and spiritual core, thereby realizing the protection and inheritance of traditional Chinese historical and cultural heritage, and the continuation of the aesthetics of Oriental traditional landscapes unique to East Asia. Essence

(Author is a senior engineer of the Institute of Architectural History of China Architectural Design and Research Institute. This article is funded by the "Pre -Research of Asian Cultural Heritage Protection" by the Chinese Architectural Design and Research Institute)

references:

1 Chen Tongbin. West Lake-Chinese landscape aesthetics model. World Heritage. 20111 (03): 24-29

2 Su Qun, wait. The current status and outlook for water lilies in our country. Jiangsu Agricultural Science. 2019, 47 (21): 79-83

3 Li Shujuan, wait. The research progress of Chinese water lilies is plant breeding. Journal of Plant Genetics Resources. 2019, 20 (4): 829-835

4 "A Dream of Red Mansions" in the 40th time Jia mother took a small boat to visit the autumn Grand View Garden. Lin Daiyu saw that the pond in the pond praised the artistic conception of "staying the lotus and listening to the rain". The famous sentence "Cui Yong Cui Yi" "Leave the sound of the lotus to listen to the rain."

"Green China" 2022.8B

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