Northwestern kiln cave building with cultural connotation and local atmosphere

National Architectural Culture Expo (16)

Northern residence • Wu

The composition and function of the kiln courtyard

We can see from the influence of natural conditions and the environment from the cultural connotation and construction of the cave building's architectural cultural connotation. It shows the combination of man and nature in the relationship between man and nature. To the spirit of survival wisdom and development innovation in the endless life of Chinese civilization.

▶ Classification and location of kiln caves

The Sanhe Kiln Yuan generally finds a cliff with a backwind to the sun, so that the main kiln faces south, east or southeast. The courtyard house, that is, the flooring courtyard, is not limited. Some because the hutong moves as east -west, the kiln courtyard on the north side is facing south, and the kiln courtyard on the south side is facing east. A four -in -kiln courtyard, three -hole main kiln on the front, a small number of five holes, maintaining strange numbers, three holes on the side can be opened or two -hole. The inverted kiln is generally corresponding to the front main kiln. Therefore, most of the courtyards of the courtyard are about 18 meters of recipes, which are very spacious. One hole in the middle of the main kiln is called the middle kiln. On the left and right sides, the left side is upper. It is called the upper kiln. Located on the right side, it is called a partial kiln or a western kiln. The side kiln on both sides of the courtyard is lower than the front main kiln. In contrast to the main kiln, the inverted kiln. One hole in the middle is often the entrance of the gate, that is, the "tube". The kiln courtyard that has been excavated for a long time is often not completed, and it is digging soil fertilizer while digging.

The main kiln is the highest medium -level kiln in the kiln. According to the feudal ethics, the middle kiln lives for the elders. Children live in the left and right kiln. Changwu Shilpu and the kiln courtyard of nearby villages have not been divided into the main and secondary kiln and other kiln in the construction, only the main and secondary and secondary use in use. This may be caused by the low level of cultural level. There are no caves used in the kiln of Changwu for rooms and halls. Usually an important guest in the home is sitting in the middle of the middle.

Regardless of the middle kiln, there is a fire to sleep, leaning under the window. The height is about 55 cm, about 240 cm long, and about 200 cm wide. You can sleep on four people and children. During the day, women's legs were used to make needle lines on the cymbal, and the guests came and sat on the hoe.

All the caves facade of the face

For the sake of beauty, the rear of the middle kiln often makes beautiful grids. Divided into four fans, separate the cave into two spaces before and after. There are windows in front of the grid fan, which is relatively open. Fire in the window, put simple furniture. A few people still have old furniture, mainly a three -lift cabinet with drawers, with simple and strong forms. The latter fan is very dark. It is a kiln, and it is a pyramid, and the grain is stored and miscellaneous. The small space is like a storage room. Usually the grid fan does not open in the middle, only open the door on both sides. If there is a talent at home, you can set up a case in front of the grid door and the Eight Immortals table, and set the "shadow" of the ancestor to worship the ancestors. There is a saying in the local area: "There are collars on the neck, there are tops on the hat." It means that there are collars in the clothes of Xiucai's clothes, and the hat has a top. This kind of family is qualified and obliged to worship the ancestors. There is no qualifications to worship the ancestors at all. Whenever the winter solstice, those people who are not qualified to pay their ancestors will go to the ancestors who have the ancestors to sacrifice their ancestors. So the villagers call this kiln. Every sacrifice in the incense hall, hanging "shadow" in front of the main kiln fan. "Shadow" should be a ancestral portrait, but in some places in the northwest, it is just a white cloth, a grid, a row of 100 grids, and the ancestor's name is filled in the grid, which replaces the god of the gods. Each year, a "Tongshen Lord" is held to fill in people who have passed away in recent years. There are no talents in some places, so there is no incense hall, and people do not worship their ancestors.

The facade of Tuskin

There are sometimes grid fans in the proper kiln. In addition to living kiln caves, for the needs of production and life, there are other caves and facilities in the kiln courtyard, such as kitchen kiln, well kiln, grain hoarding miscellaneous kiln, livestock rings, sanitary toilets and seepage wells.

Some tile caves

▶ Kitchen kiln

The folk compliance Taoist claims are called the stove king's life, so the kitchen is mostly in the Dongxiang Kiln. When the family has a small population, there are few caves for living. In order to shorten the daily operation distance, the kitchen is arranged in the left kiln of the main kiln. The son separated the household and lived in a kiln yard. He also divided the stove to eat. The arrangement of the kitchen was greater, which was convenient.

The kitchen caves are very simple, slightly lighter than the normal living kiln cave, usually not more than 5 meters deep. The stove is built under the window, about 60 cm high, about 150 cm in length, and about 70 cm wide. Two large iron pots are placed in parallel. There are airboxes, the pots here are particularly deep, can be boiled and stir -fry, and can be placed at most three or four layers of cage drawers when steaming. Due to the limited firewood, each steaming ravioli must be steamed enough to eat a few days, cooling, store in the tank, and take it out with food. When steaming, put a layer of grass under the pot lid. It was made into a braid with wheat straw first, and it was made of a circle, which was very beautiful. Every time you steam the ravioli, hang the lid one by one on the kiln face to dry. There are often many red peppers on the face of the kiln, and a series of rural atmosphere is connected to the golden cover of the wall with the golden cover on the wall.

The kitchen kiln is a large chopping board with a two -meter -long, more than one meter wide, and a large rolling pin of about 1.7 or eight long on the wall. The people here like to eat pasta. Steamed the steamed pork with five or six pounds of flour at a time. They also like to roll noodles. Only the big case board is easy to operate.

On the other side of the kitchen, there is a sloppy jar, crocks and tanks of different sizes. I used to find her mother -in -law's house, and the maid family went to the man to "see the house". The first one is to look at the male's kitchen, see the pickles of the pickles, and see if there are not many grain tanks. Is there no dust on the jar of the jar? The food of the vegetables shows that the family is better and has savings. The cleaning of the kitchen shows that the family is hardworking and capable. These jar jars and tanks are relatively long, from earth kiln, with double ear cans, three -ear tanks, etc., simple and quaint, full of body shape. The glaze is thick and strong, with black and black, and there are Venus kiln, which is very beautiful. Most of the dishes are blue and white porcelain. Hand -painted flower decorations, lines are like clouds, flowing flowing, shades of deep color, thick and thick strokes, showing the joy of the severe illness and labor when the craftsman draws. Some poor families also have no kitchen in separate kitchens. They are placed in pot stoves in the fire. In winter, use the remaining heat of the rice to warm, which is very economical. However, the air in the kiln is dirty and the sanitary conditions are poor. Summer is set up in the yard to cook.

▶ Water well and exudate

In the kiln, the position of the well is mostly in a small kiln in the East Chamber, or in a shallow of the kiln leg, near the kitchen. The well kiln is small and shallow, usually 3 meters wide, about 2.5 meters deep. Changwu is dry, the water level is low, and the well should be dug for about 25 meters, which is about 1 meter in diameter. Line well in the well. In order to prevent children from falling into the well, use the bluestone slab as a manhole cover, and a round mouth that can only put in one bucket in the middle of the slate. The bricks in the upper part of the well tube are stacked layer by layer, narrowing the diameter, and supporting the slate of the well. The bottom of the well is covered with large stones, and a layer of fine pebbles are spread on it to avoid stirring sediment when watering. The well mouth is generally slightly higher than the ground, preventing rainwater and floating soil. Put a wooden rack on the well mouth. In order to facilitate the water in the evening, many people took out a small nib on the Well Kiln Wall to prepare for the lighting.

Because the northwest is located in the roller, there are some well -drying wells in winter to spring, and sometimes dry water reaches a month, which brings great difficulties to people's production and life. Special worship. During the Spring Festival every year, after the ancestors are sacrificed, they must go to the well to worship. "Wait. Some have a red couplet in Jingyao "Li Renquan's self -beauty; Diwangshui long flow" to wishes. In the 1970s and 1980s, because the people's commune attempted to change the drought ground into the water, many deep -water machine wells poured land, which caused the groundwater level to decline. The custom of worship is enough to show the position of well in people's hearts.

In order to solve the drainage problem in the kiln courtyard, especially the pit courtyard, there are seepage or seepage ponds in the kiln yard. Local rainwater is small, and the vertical joints of the loess layer are also conducive to water seepage. There will be no large amount of rainwater in the courtyard, and a shallow seepage pond is sufficient. However, the penetration pond was unhygienic and unexpected in the hospital in the hospital, so more people would rather dig a well. The seepage well is very similar to a well. It is low in the pits, about 1 meter in diameter, about three or four meters deep. It is built with bricks and bricks around. The small mouth, then cover a large slate on it, and the round holes of about 10 cm diameter were cut in the middle. Each year, the slate should be opened and dredged to make the well -seepage forever.

Drainage

The kind of entrance is on the noodles, and through a hole in and out of the cave in the cave as a tunnel, or take a hut to block the rain on the entrance, or dig the rainwater ditch on the side of the ramp. There is a horizontal ditch cut the rainwater, and then the water is diversion into the groove. Then, a small 龛 有 is dug on one side of the tunnel, and the small seepage well is dug in the nib. These rainwater will not flow into the pits.

The kinds of pits and tribes that enter and exit through the horizontal cave in the alley, and there are also no seepage wells, and the rainwater in the courtyard flows out of the huton with a small ditch.

▶ Miscellaneous kiln

The hatchback is often used to put debris or make granaries. When the population is small, a mixed kiln is mixed with the miscellaneous granaries, with a large population and a long time. For a long time, the granary occupies a kiln alone. In order to prevent mice, all grains are put in food hoarding. The food holes are mainly square and round, and a few are rectangular or flat, and they are made of wicker and wooden crickets. First use a wicker to prepare the hoarded shell, then use a wooden cricket to make a rack, and fix the wicker tightly on the frame. Usually, the wooden legs are overhead to prevent the food and moisture. Do a funnel of an activity on the side of the bottom, and you can take food at any time. Then apply a layer of mud on the inside and bottom of the wicker, and then lined with a layer of bamboo or reed, you can install a valley or corn. The food is installed, the seat is covered, and a layer of wooden lid is added. Some people are also capped with mud for long -term storage.

The large animals raised, such as cattle and sheep rings in the pouring kiln, wooden grids are set on the kiln mouth. Some people move the livestock to the kiln to dig a small kiln in order to avoid the smell of livestock. Those poultry, such as chickens, rabbits, etc., to take a few small caves on the cliffs of the kiln legs in the courtyard, it has become a habitat. Local sayings spread: "Chicken and rabbits live in the kiln nest, and there are many dense eggs of longevity." Kiln caves are very favorable. They spread clean loess in the kiln. Essence In this way, the circle was cooked, the fat was accumulated, and the cave was dug.

▶ Gate Building

In recent years, most of the three -in -type kiln courtyard has built gate buildings. It is both the facade of the cave people and an important safety facility. The gate tower was generally emerged in the 1990s, and most of them used to dig a hole in the rammed earth wall. In many places in the northwest, the gate of the ordinary kiln courtyard can be roughly divided into three categories: ① The single -slope top door building made of adobe. The construction time of this type of gatehouse was slightly a few years earlier, and the wall stack was built with bad soil. One room, about 3.5 meters high, about 1.4 meters deep, single slope top. Outside high and low. The door hole is 1.4 ~ 1.6 meters wide, about 2.7 meters high, double door door, the door fan is 1.85 meters high, and there is a bucket to reach the upper limit of the door hole on the middle threshold. Douge is divided into a few pieces, which wrote a family trainer and wishes. There are stone grooves on the door pillow stone, embedded the threshold, and the threshold is removed during the day. The door fan is on the door pillow stone and linked. The door fan is neat and smooth, with an iron door ring with horizontal bands on the inside and door bolt in the middle. The entire door lacquer is black. The lines of the door frame and the edge of the bucket board are painted red. Dou Ge board white foundation, which says "auspicious Ruyi" and "Full Food". "He is expensive" and "modest benefits", such as "diligence and frugality" and "morality as the neighbors" lessons.

② The gate of the brick and adobe. In terms of practice, the mixed brick -and -so -mixed gate tower is roughly the same as the pure adobe door. In order to be strong, a packet -in -law method is used during masonry. That is, the wall stack is built with bricks and corners, and the soil is bad. This kind of gate tower is used to make two slopes. Brick -building can be stacked, and the back eaves and rear eaves in the door are entered into about 1.5 meters. Because it is a two -slope covered with tiles, with a positive ridge and detailed decoration. The whole spine is built with bricks with bricks, raised on both ends, or brick pots and beasts with bricks.

Decoration upstairs upstairs

③ Full brick door building. This gates have only emerged since the 1980s. The method is roughly the same as the mixing of the brick soil, but it is more fine, gorgeous, and punching. It turns out that the rude door pillow stone is now equipped with carved stone lions. A small brick is built with bricks on the head. The lion, pigeons, flowers, etc. made of cement pre -made on the ridge. The door was wrapped in iron skin, and the black paint was changed, and the official red lacquer and gold nails were paved. Douge was canceled, and the entire door looked tall, gorgeous, and was very angry. There are various components of door -to -door buildings in a special market.

Facial facade, sectional map

④ The pit -type kiln courtyard, due to the difference in elevation from outside the courtyard to the courtyard, the practice of the gate building is also different from ordinary kiln courtyards.

The opening of the pit courtyard is generally used in an open slope, that is, a sloping groove is a ruler -shaped or down to the pits. The width of the ditch is generally about 1.5 meters, and the middle is step. Half of the steps for people to walk, the other half is a slope for donkeys or single -wheels, and shallow grooves along the trench wall for water collection. The gate tower is generally at the entrance of the pits of the slope, and the other is built on the upper mouth of the slope. The gate tower can use a single slope item, which is high and low inner and low, and its specifications are the same as the general kiln courtyard gate.

Kiln Courtyard

The tunnel -shaped slope gate can be built at the entrance of the ramp, entered the slope after entering the door, and then entered the tunnel (tube). The gate tower can also be built at the entrance of the tunnel. The next section of the ramp is first, then entered the gate, and then enter the tunnel.

▶

In the cave, fire is the most important part. Local folk songs often sang: "The expensive guests come in my house, and laugh at the cold of the earth kiln; although it is not a fairy cave, the winter is warm in summer and the coolness." Sample caves cannot be kept warm in the cold in winter.

Jianhuo is called "Pan Cun", which is a technical work. The area of ​​the puppet is about 2.4 meters long and 1.7 meters wide. Before the measuring ground, the three leather bricks were spread on the measured ground to make the base of the fire. Then two packet pier pier on the base, the location is divided into six pieces of the same six pieces. The cross -section of the pier is a square with a 24 cm X24 cm, with a pier height of about 50 cm. After the pier pier is built, the cocards are built along the outside of the base to form a wall of the same height as the pier. On the one side of the kiln soil and the wall of the kiln, there are two layers of buckets, which are 15 cm thick. The outside of the outside is the inner mounds and the outer bricks are built. Outside tiles. The first is to protect the internal adobe. In the middle of the long side of the wall, a cave with a width of 36.5 cm and a height of 26 cm is left as the fire of the burnt. In order to be safe, the bright fire does not fall outside the cave, and use a wooden board to make a active baffle with a wooden board, and then fill in the 6 cm thick ash on the base, and the bottom is flat with the lower edge of the hole. Then, the brick pier and the wall of the brick pier and the wall are tied for about 85 cm and 6 cm thick, 6 cm thick. Finally, a cigarette meat about 2.2 meters high was built with adobe at the corner of the kiln leg and the kiln legs outside the kiln leg and the kiln soil. You can use the matte mat in the puppet, and you can use it. This kind of plate is called "supporting good 炕".

Disk

Another way of puppet method is called "mud".When the brick pier and the wall of the fire are built, fill it in the loess and consolidate it. After filling, use the loess with mixed with altosacopia and sliding straw to fill the noodles, about 8 cm thick.Roll the mud noodles once to make it smooth and flat.Until the noodles are dry, then pull out the dry soil little by little from the entrance of the cave.This noodles replaced large adobe.I heard that this kind of tunnel is really durable, but few people are currently adopted.The northwestern cave dwellings have unique shapes, ancient and mature skills, mature, and comply with the traditional ethical culture of China, and the profound cultural heritage fits nature.As long as we combine modern science and technology to promote excellent cultural traditions, in the great opportunities of rural revitalization, it will make reasonable transformation and development of it, and the dwellings of the cave cave will rejuvenate and become a beautiful scenery in the revitalization of the countryside.

(The Information Propaganda Department of the China National Architecture Research Association is compiled and edited, so please look forward to the next issue)

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