Why is "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" irreplaceable

Zhang Guogang's senior professor of liberal arts, professor of the Department of Humanities of Humanities. In 2004, he was selected into Tsinghua University's "985 Hundred Talents Program", and was selected as a special professor in the Yangtze River scholars in 2006. He is an outstanding teaching teacher in Beijing University. It mainly studies the history of ancient Chinese history and the history of Chinese and Western cultural relations. Former chairman of the Chinese Tang History Society and vice chairman of the History Society of China and Foreign Relations. Won the 30th anniversary of the "History Research" Excellent Paper Award (1984), and won the first prize, second prize, and popularization of reading of the University of Humanities and Social Sciences after entering Tsinghua University; the first prize of Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Excellent Works, First Prize, The second prize, as well as the "China Good Book" award, Wenjin Book Award, China Excellent Publication Award, etc. The "History of Chinese and Western Cultural Relations" opened in Tsinghua University is a boutique course of Tsinghua University, Beijing, and the Ministry of Education.

Why is "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" irreplaceable

Speaker: Leslie Cheung Speech Location: Tsinghua University Humanities Tsinghua Speech Time: June 2002

"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is my country's largest chronological history. It is edited by Sima Guang, a politician and scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded the history of 1362 before the establishment of the Warring States Period to the Northern Song Dynasty. There are many people who know "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", but there are few people who can read it carefully, because it has a large length, many clues, and complex words. However, from politicians to scholars, and even cultural celebrities, everyone believes that they need to read good books like "Zi Zhi Tong Jian".

A good historical work must not only have historical value, but also have historical value; not only provides historical records, but also inspires historical wisdom. Chen Yinque's first edition of "Draft of the Tang Dynasty Political History": "Most of the old history of husband and our country belongs to political history, and the book" Zi Zhi Tong Jian "is particularly unprecedented." Liang Qichao even said in "New History" even said in "New History" even said So far, there are no transcenders: "Sima Wengong's" Tong Jian ", also a large number of essays. The magnificent structure, the richness of the material, has made future generations want to have a history. There is no one who can heal. Wen Gong is also a great man! "

Why read such a big book? This is the origin of our lecture today.

The statue of Sima Guang in the Qing Dynasty "The Biography of the Evening Smile". Data picture

Sima Guang's handbook "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" for the State Classic Museum. Data picture

Why read history

First of all, we start with a paragraph of the textbooks in the middle school.

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan, who was 18 years old, was the most important problem he needed to deal with when he was in the throne. Among this team, his father Sun Jian, such as Chengpu; with his brother Sun Ce, such as Zhou Yu; of course, there are talents he needs to promote, such as Lu Meng and Lu Xun. Lu Meng wanted to fight with his brother -in -law when he was a child, what if there was a problem? His brother -in -law quickly told his mother -in -law. So Lu Meng was blamed by his mother, but he told his mother that life was too bitter, and wanted to fight for work, and in the future, he could win some future. After Sun Quan's throne, he looked at Lu Meng and promoted him to lead his soldiers. But can he really lead the soldiers since he was a child? Sun Quan told Lu Meng that he couldn't help killing the enemy, and he had to study. Lu Meng replied that he was very busy, how could he have time to study. Sun Quan said: Are you busy than me? Since I have been in charge of the Great Government, although I have been busy, I have always been studying. I feel very beneficial. I have not let you read the Dr. Five Classics. You know the past and history, it is very helpful. Later, Lu Meng did what Sun Quan said, and it really made progress. When Lu Su came to Jiujiang to see Lu Meng, he talked about something, and Lu Su said with emotion, "Qing's talent today is better than the past." What did they talk about at the time, which surprised Lu Su so? "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" was not recorded. I later investigated other historical materials. It turned out how they talked about how to deal with Guan Yu. Later, Lu Meng crossed the river in white, Lu Xun fought to cover, and he defeated Guan Yu. "Knowing the past, increasing talent" is what this story tells us.

Let's give another reading story of a famous person. When Tang Taizong was a prince, he made a suggestion for himself, and there were eighteen bachelor in the team. After he ascended the throne, he continued this tradition and specifically asked Wei Zheng to compile a book "Book of Books". This book is chaired by Wei Zheng and edited by a group of well -known scholars. The content is first, from "Zhou Yi"; then history, from "Historical Records"; then the sons. After reading the book, Tang Taizong wrote a letter to Wei Zheng, and said in the letter: I made a gun from a young age, I didn't read many books, and read the books you wrote it. During the state and handling the government, "Zhi Zhijun", and drawing on the success of the ancients.

Through these two stories, what I want to tell is how important reading is.

So what book should I read? Zeng Guofan said that "self -cultivation does not read the scriptures, and the economy is not the history of the economy." "Reading the Bible", the scripture is the reason, especially the Confucian classic reasoning. "The history of the economy is not the history of the economy", and the history of the state must be read, because the history book tells people to lose money and lose, providing experience and providing operational skills.

Why should I read "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"

So, what should history books read? Luo Zundian in the late Qing Dynasty wrote to Zeng Guofan and asked him what books should be read after going out in the future. Zeng Guofan's letter contains his reply to Luo Zundian. The letter said: "The book of stealing the Book of Scriptures is not good at Sima Wengong's" Zi Zhi Tong Jian "." Why is "Zizhi Tongjian" the best? Zeng Guofan's evaluation is "the principle of poor things and the power of sanctification." 1. What is "Shouzheng, the power of power changes"?

Hundreds of their sons in China have their own ideas and their own ideas, but they are "adepting to righteousness and change of power".

"Mencius" mentioned a few people. Some people are very selfish, such as Yang Zhu. Mozi is "the top of the world is profitable". He does not consider that he only considers others. And the person who considers others and considers himself. This is called "holding China". It is neither disadvantaged. However, "there is no right to hold in, and one is still one", if you can't change power, you can only be a dead dog. This is a core of Chinese ideology and spirit, which is "adepting positiveness and changes in power." This is also related to the characteristics of ancient Chinese history and culture. When the rules and order are difficult to establish firmly, it is particularly important to "change the right to power" to complete things as important as possible.

Mencius also said: "Men and women do not receive kiss, gifts; drowning, those who support them, power also." Mencius believes that men and women cannot handle each other. For example, the elder brother is an official outside. It is best not to let them meet. Then Mencius asked, what should the younger brother do if the sister -in -law drowned into the river one day? ——Hurry to find the elder brother? In the end, the elder brother may come, but the sister -in -law is gone. This is "there is no right to hold." Therefore, at this time, my brother should quickly jump to the river and rescue the sister -in -law. If you have to consider other, it is dogmatism, and dogmaticism is to kill people.

2. What is common sense and machine?

Therefore, on the issue of common sense and machine appropriateness, it is clear that Zeng Guofan talked about "the principle of poor things, and the power of sanctification." Common sense, and also tell people "machine Yi", that is, in a very important case, it is appropriate.

Take an example of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". At that time, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu struggled with Xiang Yu. Liu Bang couldn't beat Xiang Yu, but Liu Bang was very soft, and he was able to grasp the machine. Whether in the Hongmen banquet or employment, he was soft and low. For example, his general Han Xin hit the east to the east, "Mingxiu's plank, secretly Chencang", and then won the battle of Linjin and Jingyukou. Most of the sites from west to east of Liu Bang were played by Han Xin. During this period, Liu Bang just played against Xiang Yu in the front line of Guangwu Mountain and Puyang in the Central Plains, and was still in a disadvantage. However, when he heard the victory of Han Xin's festival, Liu Bang was half happy and half anxious. The happiness was that Han Xin made such a large site. The anxiety was that Han Xin was too powerful, and he was afraid that he couldn't control it. At this time, Han Xin sent a letter to him, saying that the place in Shandong needs people to manage it. There must be a king. Now that we have won here, please let me be Han Xinlai to be this "fake king". That is, the acting of Qi Qi. This requirement for Han Xin is exactly what Liu Bang is worried. If Han Xin became a force in Shandong, can Liu Bang still control the situation? Therefore, Liu Bang was a little angry after receiving the letter. He scolded the messenger sent by Han Xin, saying that I was against Xiang Yu here. Why did Han Xin think about it? Intersection At this time, Zhang Liang and Chen Ping hurriedly reminded Liu Bang to not be like this. After touching Liu Bang's body and stepping on his feet, Liu Bang immediately reacted and immediately made a very bold look and said, "Zhang Liang, appointed Han Xin as King Qi. "Liu Bang was afraid of Han Xin, but he quickly realized that the most suitable way in the current situation was to promise Han Xin. After the incident, Xiang Yu sent someone to fight against Han Xin. Han Xin replied: "The King of Han gave me the seal of the general, given me for tens of thousands of people, unarmed me, pushed me, and listened to it, so I had to do so." Han Xin followed Xiang Wang. The position is not the halberd, there is no future. Now Liu Bang asked Han Xin as King Qi, why did Han Xin betray him?

There are many similar things in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian". "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is as stated by Zeng Guofan. From this, we can see that right and wrong can be seen, but we can also see common sense and machine appropriateness from the failure of success or failure.

3. What is "Violation"?

In the "Three Kingdoms" and "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", there are some similar expressions. Success. "Violations" but to "combine the road", this requires some skills.

In 189 AD, Emperor Ling Emperor died, and Emperor Shao succeeded. His mother, his mother, had a brother He Jin, that is, his uncle. He Jin must do his best after he served as the general, including both the authority of eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the factors that eunuchs wanted to harm He Jin. But the Empress Dowager did not agree. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucianism had dominated. Men and women could not be taught. The queen queen was only about 30 years old. She had to work hard to listen to politics. It was impossible to work with the scholars every day. Of course, there are other calculations in his heart, such as how to get rid of the eunuchs around her. After that, when He Jin was going to take over power, the queen mother had no intervention. When the Queen Mother disagrees, everyone must follow the purpose. This is the "scripture", which is the truth and principle. So Yuan Shao gave him an idea, and he recruited the soldiers Dong Zhuo to intimidate the queen queen. When the queen mother was afraid, she would agree to the officials. The idea of ​​Yuan Shao, on the surface, obeyed the rules. In fact, it is a deceitful technique, and this deceitful is some kind of risk. The staff member Chen Lin said, "Foreign soldiers enter Beijing, the strong is the male", Dong Zhuozhen enters Beijing into Beijing. The queen mother was scared, but can He Jin control Dong Zhuo? This trick is obedient, actually deception, and it also brings so many risks, so it is not suitable to do such a thing. Chen Lin's suggestion is that He Jin is now a general, and he is justified to control the government. He must catch a few eunuchs, just like "drum flood furnace, hair hair", easy to do, after taking the arrest, then explain to the queen mother why this measure is taken. Essence This is the "violation of the Tao", and these four words impressed me. However, Sima Guang did not dare to use these four words. He said in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" that "the right of rights and the people is smooth", and the "Three Kingdoms" said that "the three kingdoms" said, " "". Zhao Yan of the Tang Dynasty was a friend of Li Bai. He wrote a book called "Anti -Classic", also known as "Long and short Sutra". In order to demonstrate his "power change theory", a large number of past deeds of the Tang Dynasty, especially the Three Kingdoms, especially the Three Kingdoms, During the deeds, the book also used the "violation of the road". When I compared, I found that when Sima Guang wrote "Zi Zhi Tong Jian", I refer to Zhao Yan's "Long Scripture" in quite a few places. There are also some famous examples of "illegal channels". Wei Zheng, Wang Yan and others were the subordinates of opponents Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji when Tang Taizong Li Shimin competed for the throne, but Tang Taizong both surrendered and used as prime minister and leaning as a confidant. In this regard, Tang Taizong himself talked about a period of history, and this history is famous. This history mentioned in the last article of the Analects of Confucius: The student Zilu and Zigong asked Confucius, and the auxiliary of Qi Jiong Gong Guan Zhong was not a benevolent. Why did Qi Xiong still use him? At that time, Qi Gonggong and his elder son corrected the right to rectify the right. Guan Zhong stood on the side of the son -in -law. He intercepted Qi Jiong to enter Linzi in the middle of the way. Later, Qi Yonggong took the place and asked Lu Guo to execute the son who had escaped there, and then handed over Guan Zhong to report the revenge of one arrow that year. At this time, Bao Shuya, who was under the hand of Qi Gonggong, suggested that Guan Zhong was his master at that time, and torrent you Qi Jiong Gong as his duty for his son, but now he is a talent than me. Macro. The young Qi Yonggong adapted this suggestion, and later Guan Zhongran assisted Qi Xiong to achieve a hegemony. Zi Lu and Zigong felt that Guan Zhong was not a benevolent, because at that time, Guan Zhong's colleagues committed suicide and followed the son. Guan Zhong did not follow his death, but assisted his son to correct his opponent. However, Confucius replied that "like his benevolence, such as his benevolence", he believes that Guan Zhong is a benevolent, "micro -Guan Zhong, I was sent to the left", Guan Zhong assisted Qi Qi Gong Jiu Yong's princes, and the people praised him until now. Tang Taizong borrowed this story to explain why he used the talents of his former political opponent. This is the difference between Dazhong and Xiaozhong, Daren and Xiaoyi, and Xiaoyi in the cognition of the ancients. Talents like Guan Zhong and Wei Zheng should do things for the people, the country, and the nation. As long as the new protagonist can help the country, society, and people's livelihood, they should assist him. The "Dao" who violates the Tao is not a selfishness, but a higher state that transcends itself. This is the key.

Here we summarize, what is "sutra" and what is "Tao"? The "Scriptures" are divided into three levels. The first level is conventional principles. Everyone knows the truth; the second level is general procedures; the third level is moral rationality, which is an ideal state. "Tao" is also divided into three levels. The first level is fundamental interests; the second level is the best result; the third level is practical rationality, which belongs to the category of reality. In our lives, we often encounter such things. For example, if a certain place is caught fire, the so -called "sutra" is a general program. At this time, the loss can no longer be saved. If you have to wait for higher -level approval to rescue the fire, this is pedantic. At this time, from the second level of "Dao", we must pursue the best results. The third level of the "Jing" is a moral reason and ideal. We cannot have no ideals. We want the society and governance. It is all beautiful ideals. But there is reality, this must be considered the third level of "Tao" to practice rationality. The so -called tolerance and integrity are actually reflected here. We still have to be down -to -earth. The problem of dealing with the problem "migrate with the times, changes should be changed, and it is not appropriate to do everything." In short, the relationship between the "Jing" and "Dao" is that when we deal with the problem, we must not only be influenced by the principle of right and wrong, but also more importantly, the merger and power changes when dealing with complex issues. If "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is just these contents, this book will not receive so many appreciation of the past. In fact, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" seems to be a large case library. The success or failure of rich people and things has given us a lot of inspiration.

The rise and fall of the dynasty recorded in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"

"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" covers the history of 1362, showing the rise and fall of 22 dynasties. So far, there is no historical book that can describe the historical narrative of 1362 before the establishment of the Warring States Period to the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the Warring States Period, hundreds of schools were contending, and countries changed the law. This is the axis era of Chinese culture. This axis era finally performed the unified country of Qin and Han Dada. Then in the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties, Buddhism entered China, and the Northern Wei regime established by the first Northern ethnic group. For hundreds of years, various complex changes have bred the Sui and Tang Empire and reached the peak of the feudal era of China. Then, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms once again brewed the national structure after the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The general trend of this period is different from the civilization of other axis eras.

From the Qin Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, it lasted 550 years, and then Han, which happened to be the Greek Roman era around the Mediterranean. In 753 BC, the city was built in Rome. It was in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and then to the Roman Empire, 27 BC, it was exactly the period when the Western Han Dynasty would enter the Eastern Han Dynasty. Then the "Wuhu chaos", the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties collapsed the barbaric invasion in the same period. The Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD. Later The dark era in the West is exactly the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties in China, and the trend is completely different.

1. Qin and Han dynasties laid the basic pattern of Chinese civilization

Let's see how this history is shown in the author of Sima Guang, the author of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian".

From the Qin Kingdom to the Qin Dynasty 550 years, Shang Yang's reform is a critical moment. After more than 100 years of Shang Yang's reform, Fenci was more than more than the world, and Zhengzheng unified the world. The Qin State, who lasted 550 years, died 15 years after the unification of Zhengzheng. Why? The Han Dynasty cared about it most. The "Crossing Qin Lun" of the beginning of the Han scholar Jia Yi said, "The righteousness does not exert, and the situation of offensive and defensive is also different." The so -called "benevolent" is actually the use of force means in the process of the unified world of the Qin Destroyed and Six Kingdoms, and the tough policy will inevitably cause social contradictions. After reunification, you need to use a way to relieve social contradictions and smooth the trauma of war, but Qin did not do it. In this regard, the emperor was responsible. He was busy governance. Within ten years after the unified country, he did not have been in Xianyang for a long time. Essence These specific work did well, but his system construction did not keep up. "The situation of offensive and defensive is also different." Attacking, fighting the world, defending, governing the world, a person who fights the world must become a governance of the world, and there must be policy changes to introduce some measures to settle war creative trauma, and he has not changed.

Later Liu Bang did it. When Liu Bang hit the world, he was 48 years old. He was the Song of the Song Dynasty, and the Song State went to Chu. He became a Chu country. The Chu State died. He became the Qin people. Qin died. Many victory and loss. Liu Bang inherited the Qin system but did not use Qin Zheng. On the contrary, Xiang Yu abolished the Qin system to engage in division, trying to change Qin Zheng, and also talked about benevolence, but Han Xin said that Xiang Yu's benevolence was "the benevolent of the woman". In the end, Liu Bang succeeded. He used the Qin system without Qin Zheng. Liu Bang mainly used the county and county system, and also retained some sealing. Emperor Hanjing broke out of the seven kingdoms. After the Emperor Jing calmed down, Emperor Hanwu realized the county and counties at home. This process lasted for six or seventy years.

From now on, Qinhuang Hanwu lays the basic foundation of Chinese civilization and ancient Chinese national structure, but the path is different. Qin Emperor is the world, and Emperor Hanwu is theoretically successful, but he reforms the previous problems. The reform of Emperor Hanwu was first set up internal and external. The inner dynasty established the decision -making of Zhongshang Book Management. The prime minister was implemented. Qin Shihuang handled about 48 kilograms every day, about 30,000 words. He handled the official document on the road and took a car, and also encountered a assassin like Zhang Liang. So Qin Shihuang lived hard and died at the age of 50. Emperor Hanwu lived to the age of 70. In the emperor of the ancient unified country in ancient times, he was considered a long -lived, and he had a long rule and reigned for 54 years. Emperor Hanwu had a governance system. He came to manage important things. Generally, Zhongshangshu was handled and handed over to the outside. There are 13 assassination history on the local area to inspect everywhere. In the future, these places will become Taoism and provinces. Our institutions above the county are laid. In terms of economy, because the war between the Han Dynasty and the Huns and the Zhangye of the Western Regions needed money, Emperor Hanwu changed the past economic policies and collected major resources to state -owned, salt and iron officials, and temporarily solved the state's fiscal problems. In terms of ideology, he stopped a hundred schools and respected Confucianism alone. Jia Yi talked about two major issues in "Public Security Strategy". One was the issue of local princes. This Emperor Wen and Jingdi had solved some, and Emperor Hanwu took over and further resolved. Another is the issue of rituals. Of course, the criminal law is important. The problem of the awarding and punishment is punished. But if everyone complies with rituals and righteousness, isn't it better if there is no problem? Jia Yi discussed this issue in detail. In the period of Emperor Hanwu, he respected Confucianism and used Confucianism to make the people comply with the rules and changed the situation of Qin Zheng that year. Of course, the Confucianism also includes the concept of unification. However, although Emperor Hanwu respected Confucianism, it was actually not exactly Confucianist in national governance. Emperor Hanwu's great -grandson Xuan Emperor asked his son and the future Emperor Han Yuan: How can you use Confucian students purely? He also told his son that "the Han family has its own system, and the overlord is mixed." Domineering is the Frenchman, the king is Confucian, and the two are mixed. The Word of Overlord is actually the Baijia of the Son of the Confucianism, the Confucianism, the Dharma, the Dharma and the Dharma, and the ritual and the law. What is prominent here is to be randomly responding, we must not be disabled, we can't engage in dogmaticism, it is about to keep it. However, Emperor Yuan didn't understand that Emperor Han Xuan emotted "I will be the prince in the world". Sure enough, after the death of Emperor Yuan, there was a problem with the Western Han Dynasty.

2. The historical driving force from Qin and Han to Sui and Tang dynasties

From the unique Confucianism of Emperor Hanwu to the unification of the Sui Dynasty for six or seven hundred years. During this period, the "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" showed vividly, describing the three major thrusts turned the Qin and Han dynasties into the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The largest thrust is the operation method of the Overlord Miscellaneous Miscellaneous and the Confucianism. The ideological structure of ancient Confucianism has tension. The feudal dynasty ruling group knows that it is necessary to use the "Overlord's Miscellaneous" to govern the country, but what can tell the people is to respect Confucianism alone and talk about righteousness and wisdom. The pedantic people and the people who talk about soldiers on paper do not know that "overlords are miscellaneous", so there will be problems. what is the problem? It was the prevalence of the Western Han Dynasty Wang Mang to the pseudo -Confucian Confucianism and rotten Confucianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which led to the prevalence of Wei Jinqing.

The second largest thrust is the prosperity of Buddhism into China and Wei and Jin, and provided ideological resources for the transformation of Confucianism. Wei and Jin Xuanxue "non -Tangwu and thin Zhou Kong, abandon famous religion and let it be natural", criticized Confucianism but did not eliminate Confucianism. At this time, the Western Christianity and Jewish religions were passed on to the Roman Empire. They grew up in the Roman Empire and became the state religion in the early fourth century AD. The Buddhism in history has taken another way to China, through Dao'an, Huiyuan to Hui Neng, etc., taking the road of Sinicization. Buddhism benefits the "Wang Hua" and provides help for the birth of Song and Ming Confucianism.

The third largest thrust is Hu Han fusion. During the north -south confrontation, the Northern and South Wei Founded, the Chinese civilization moved to the south of the river, and the Eastern Jin and South Dynasties appeared. However, the main body of the north is still the Chinese, so the final result is the fusion of Wuhu and ushered in the Sui and Tang dynasties. The royal family of the Sui and Tang dynasties, including the royal family of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, actually started from six towns. But this process is different from the romance at the time. After the barbarians invaded, the Romans and Roman culture were gone. Roman civilization was later rebuilt through the Renaissance. China is not the same. The Southern and Southern Dynasties were after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Other ethnic groups entering the Central Plains have been integrated into the Chinese nation, and the Chinese civilization continued.

The academic and qualifiedness of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"

As a politician, scholar, and historian, Sima Guang originally wanted to write a informative history and had academicity. The editing of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" was supported by the Northern Song Dynasty, and Song Yingzong and Song Shenzong all allocated funds. Song Shenzong also made a preface: "Broken it to righteousness, to be governed, and the deeper body of the resignation, the deepening of the meaning, the good is to prepare. , List among the households and do everything in ancient and modern, and they are important, and they are simplified. The preface is encouraged to add, and it clarifies the meaning of reading and editing. Get the support of the two emperors, and the editor -in -chief Sima Guang's highly autonomous personal will, and the spirit of the team's cooperation, which takes 19 years before and after, so the book's high level and high quality can be guaranteed.

"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is immersed in the author's experience and experience. The editor -in -chief has the ability to learn and independence, and compiles the professional and efficient team. The two aspects are combined. Such historical works are unmatched by general official amendments to the historical system, and it is also unable to complete the personal power of later generations. At the same time, Sima Guang hoped that this book would be qualified, so that future generations were not only a fantastic love, but also some reference. As the famous scholar of the Song and Yuan dynasties, Hu San province said that he had a self -cultivation, governing the country, an official, and a life. There are wisdom, ethics, power, and ideals. Even though the compilation is not limited, the alcohol provided by the book has been professional and approved by professional examinations, and strives to achieve accuracy and reliability, so as to achieve the historical talent (narrative talent), history (Bo Cai Zhongshu), history, and history The realm of consciousness (extraordinary insights) and Shide (Taoist unity); the realm of unity of history and wisdom is also the realm of combination with history. Hu San province commented on the relationship between "Scriptures" and "History" in "Zi Zhi Tong Jian": "The theory of the world said: 'Scriptures are carried out, history is memorized, and history and scriptures cannot be the same. Nothing, scattered between things, failure and failure due to the gains and failures, you can know the disadvantages of the death of all times, Shi Ke is less! ... It is like a military division, creating the law and establishing the law, but the reason why the ancients did not know. The reason why the ancients lost was to win and defeated, and Tuli was harmed. This is also the inevitable. "This paragraph in Hu San province is not only a confession of the severity of the history, but also clarifying the" Tao "(reason, principles) and and and. The relationship between "surgery" (operating skills). Zeng Guofan said that "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" can not only "the principle of poor things," but also "the power of sanctification." At the same time as Shi Yi traded, there is no shortage of rights and strategies, and it is also the reason why "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is worthy of detail.

In short, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is a classic, which contains the rich governance of the country and the experience of social life.

At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, Wang Fuzhi said at the end of "Reading the Tong Jian", saying that the book "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" viewed the prosperity of the past, and he knew the personnel. Improve yourself (Zishu) and share with others (blending people). Because of talking with sages and dialogues with classics, I am very happy to realize the wisdom and thoughts (know and enjoy). These triple realms can become our reading "" The purpose of Zizhi Tongjian.

"Guangming Daily" (10th edition of September 17, 2022)

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