Why is Nanjing Mingcheng Wall "drifted" from the Yangtze River?

From the canoe to the wooden sailing, to the ship, the shipping source of the Yangtze River is long. In the early Ming Dynasty, Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang built the Ming City Wall, the city bricks fired in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the wood solicited from the southwest region were continuously transported to Nanjing, and the Yangtze River Channel played an extremely important role. As the deputy research librarian of the Nanjing City Wall Protection Management Center and Dr. Zhou Yuan, deputy secretary -general of the Nanjing City Wall Research Association, said, to some extent, Nanjing Mingcheng Wall really "drifted" from the Yangtze River.

More than 700 urban brick arrangements from the five provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Brick kiln is built according to the water, and the city brick produces covers 5 provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The cultural relics of the Nanjing City Wall Museum are closely related to the "city wall". In the city brick array hall, more than 700 pieces of city brick arrangement and combination from the five provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River brings great visual shock to the audience. , The grandness of the construction of the city.

Model printed "Jianchangfu" city brick Nanjing city wall chart

These city bricks have inscriptions almost every piece. At first, they were only printed and produced. Since then, they have increased the positions and names of staff at all levels, and eventually formed a nine -level responsibility system. According to the origin of the origin and the information of the staff at all levels, and through visiting the original place, the historical materials such as the history of the history, the Fang Zhi, and the genealogy, you can understand the past and present life of each city brick. Relevant studies believe that the number of tiles required by Nanjing Mingcheng Wall is huge. At that time, the main participation in brick bricks was the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, covering the five provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Hubei today.

Zhou Yuan is currently the director of the academic research department of the Nanjing Maritime Silk Road Heritage Research Center. He told reporters: "Zhu Yuanzhang rose in the south and unified the country to the north. Of course, he gave the most difficult tasks to the provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, let them burn bricks, and participate in major national projects." As of now, the Nanjing City Wall's root -seeking journey initiated by the Nanjing City Wall Protection Management Center has found 15 Ming Dynasty Nanjing City Wall brick official kiln sites in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, involving Jiangsu Nanjing Qixia, Anhui Wuhu Fanchang, Jiangxi, Lichuan, Hunan, Yueyang Junshan, Hunan, Hunan , Jiangxia and other places in Wuhan, Hubei.

Figures of Nanjing City Wall from "Bun Kiln" from Lichuan, Jiangxi

For example, a "steamed bun kiln" collected by the Wall Museum is relocated from Lichuan Yidi, Jiangxi. It attracts the attention of many audiences with a strong sense of authenticity and scene. The grand scene of the site. The brick kiln site of Qixia Kiln Village, Nanjing, Jiangsu, has a large volume and complicated structure. The inscription brick of six years. According to Zhou Yuan, some experts believe that it may be due to a demonstration effect near the capital; so many kiln artists also need training, and Zhu Yuanzhang will implement his unified standards to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Based on this, Zhou Yuan believes that Nanjing City Wall is a typical Yangtze River cultural relics and cultural heritage, and it is also the inheritance carrier and regional logo of the Yangtze River culture.

The fired city bricks will go down from the ship's transportation to the Nanjing Nanjing City Wall for pictures.

Create a "brick ticket" system, the "highway" of the Yangtze River extends to the southwest area

Brick kiln is generally built according to water. In this way, it is convenient for making bricks and transportation. The fired city bricks are tile kiln in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It continues to transport the Yangtze River to the Yangtze River through the Yangtze River systems such as rivers and lakes, and to Nanjing.

According to the "Daming Code" records: "In the Hongwu, the amount of passenger ships with the amount of officers along the river was handed over to the Ministry of Industry ... Hongzhi eight years of Huai Huai ... Sending the question. The return of the ship to find a brick ticket and the detention to ask. "Zhou Yuan believes that although the literature does not say clearly, the" brick ticket "system is likely to be created in the Zhu Yuanzhang era. "The ships from the Yangtze River must bring city bricks as long as they pass through Nanjing. The larger ship will bring a little more, and the smaller ship will bring a little less, and then the official will issue a certificate to prove that you are transporting bricks. With the relying on, you can come over. This proof can go back. If the local government finds that you do not have brick tickets, you may have to criminally treat the relevant personnel. "

Under the guarantee of multiple systems, a built -in city wall was built in the end of the world wall, and the Yangtze River Channel played an extremely important role in it. Zhou Yuan believes that the Yangtze River is like the "highway" that transports hundreds of millions of city bricks and other building materials on the Nanjing City Wall. "Nanjing City Wall is like a big tree. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Yangtze River, as the "highway" of transportation, once extended the transportation line to Sichuan, Guizhou and other places.

According to Wang Zhenzhong, a professor at the History and Geographic Research Center of Fudan University, the article "The Wood Trade of the Hui Merchants of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Wood in the Yangtze River Basin" introduced that due to the needs of construction, the two generations of Ming and Qing dynasties have a strong demand for Huangmu. The tall and straight nanmu and fir are mainly used for the key parts of the palace and garden buildings. In addition, the Jiangnan economy in the Ming and Qing dynasties is unprecedentedly prosperous, the number of towns has increased sharply. Building, and so on, these all have great demand for wood input. At that time, the native forests in the low mountain hills in the southeast had been destroyed. In this context, especially the old forests of the deep mountains in Sichuan and Guizhou, it has become a key area of ​​many wooden merchants. So it is more prosperous. At that time, the woods in Jiangxi were remitted from the Ganjiang River into the dry flow of the Yangtze River, and they went down to the south of the river. The woods in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, and Guizhou also continued to reach the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from west to east. Promote the economic connection between the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

In line with the changes in the river, the "beach" appears in the coast of the transportation center

As we all know, the water flows along the Yangtze River are different, and the river channels are different. The city bricks that build Mingcheng Wall can be transported to Nanjing through large or small vessels. So, how do these wood be transported?

In the "Notes of the Yangtze River Ranking of the Mu Shang Yushang in the Qing Dynasty", the Yangtze River Shipping also introduces the Yangtze River Shipping. In addition to describing the taxes of the level along the way, it mainly reflects the experience of Mu Shang's drain along the water road, especially the description of the dangerous beach along the watercourse of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River , Quite detailed. The name of the place involved was from the area of ​​Jiangxi Hukou, and finally Nanjing, Jiangsu.

According to Wang Zhenzhong, at that time, there were places for parking wooden rows at the nodes of some rivers. When they encountered the water flow, the water flow was different or the width of the river was different, the wooden volume was about to stop on the beach. For example, from the small discharge of the Qingshui River to the Qijiang River, since the entrance of Qianyang County, western Hunan, as the riverbed has become wider and wider, the wooden row transported by Qingshui River is re -edited into a wider wooden row. Under the source; the wooden row is remitted into the Yangtze River through Hunan to Dongting Lake, and then integrated into a large row to resist the torrential river flow. In Sichuan, the wood -rated wood from the Jinsha River on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River passed through Chongqing. Because of the whereabouts of the Yuguan, the area of ​​the north mouth outside the city became the center of the wood transfers. After Hankou, Jiangxi Jiujiang and other important discussions; and to the downstream, there are Wuhu in Anhui, Longjiang Pass in Jiangsu, Yangzhou Pass, and Fairy Temple.

The coast of the rivers that stops and stacked with wooden row is called "beach", also known as wooden beach. Some of the beaches have also been formed. The government set up a discussion here, while the wood merchants are built here. The "Huitan" of Nanjing Shanghe is one of the representatives.

"Shangxin River Bamboo Branches" once chanted: "There are beaches outside the family, and they are all officials around ten miles. , The author Wang Youliang is a descendant of Huizhou Mu Shang, and is very familiar with the local customs in Shangxinhe. "In the Qing Dynasty, the luxurious life of Muchang, a new Hezhou in the new Hezhou, could even be a shoulder with Yangzhou salt merchants in some aspects."

Shangxinhekou Qing Wu Youru "Dian Shizhai Pictorial"

The prosperity of the "dock culture" has spawned the "Huitan" in Shangxinhe, Nanjing

Many people in Nanjing know the new river, but where is its river and what kind of story?

According to relevant cultural and historical experts, Shangxin River began in the early Ming Dynasty. At that time, in order to transfer a large amount of building materials into the city, a river was rejected to the city in the area near the Jiajiang River near Jiang Xinzhou. The river, the first new river was called "Shangxin River".

There are bridges with rivers, and there are many bridges on the new river. Among them, the pontoon bridge is the most important, because it is the tax clearance. All vessels sail here and are blocked by the bridge. They must pay taxes according to the chapter, and then the tax officer drag the bridge board and let it go, so it is also called Dragon Bridge.

Shangxin River was the main waterway transported from Shangjiang to Nanjing during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Until the Qing Dynasty, it was the main water channel of transportation bamboo, wood, oil, and hemp. The Shangxin River entering the river is to rush to the water and land entering and leaving the Yangtze River. The Ministry of Households of the Ming Dynasty set up banknians here. Because it was in the upper reaches of Nanjing, it was slowly called Shangguan.

As an important water and land terminal, Shangxin River was quite lively and prosperous at the time. His "dock culture" was also written by the Ming Dynasty novelist Feng Menglong into one of the "Three Words". At that time, wood merchants from all over the place because of the wood business built the club here. Through activities such as "worshiping the gods, Hele, Romance, and Convention", businessmen living in Nanjing condensed into business gangs for the development of the group. While pursuing wealth, they also adhering to the tradition of "in the Shang to the Confucianism", rich, well -known, happy, and actively participated in local social affairs.

The largest Hui businessman of the wood business makes the "Huizhou Lantern" a local scene.Ganxi in the Qing Dynasty recorded the scene of the Lantern Festival in the Xinhe area in the "Bai Xiayan": "Huizhou lantern, all of the new river Muke did., Banner Umbrella cover, the genus of the figures of the characters, cutting the lights, the five colors and ten lights, and the preparation of it.Bridge. "Anhui businessman brought the customs related to the original place to Nanjing. The wonderful and exciting and lively of the Du Tianhui Lantern Festival in the Xinhe River can be comparable to the most prosperous Qinhuai Lantern Lantern Festival.So far there are old buildings such as the "Jianghan Guild Hall" of Hunan and Hubei Wood Merchants in Hunan and Hubei, and the old buildings such as the sacrifice of the "Sun Hall".Among them, the Jianghan Association is located on the campus of Xinhe Junior High School in Zhonghua Middle School. The building is now listed as a cultural relics protection unit in Nanjing, silently telling a glorious history.

Source: Yangtze Evening News Zi Niu News Micro Historical Records

Edit: Qin Xiaoyi

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