How to correctly appreciate a general?

Author:Benevole Time:2022.09.09

Double tail crown, fish scales armor, color flower knot: How to correctly appreciate a general?

Original 2022-09-07 13: 19 · Jing Zhaofu

Text / Lu Li

The full text is about 5700 words, and it takes 10 minutes to read

Terracotta Warriors Horse No. 1 Pit Picture/Network

If you want to label the terracotta warriors, what are the labels?

The eighth miracle in the world? Qin Shihuang's ashes? Thousands of people? World Heritage? The mud man is full of pits? The resurrected Great Qin Legion?

The answer may be diverse. After all, everyone appreciates the angle differently. There may be a thousand Hamlet in the eyes of a thousand people, but there are nearly 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses.

However, there is a label without controversy, that is, the realistic details of each terracotta warriors and horses.

At that time, the craftsmen at the time of the Qin Jun's true appearance carefully sculpted each terracotta warriors and horses, and they had the ultimate pursuit of the details of the details: from the expression, face shape, beard, hairstyle, gesture, standing, body shape, to the show, to the boots, to the boots, Crown decorations, clothing, armor, and then painted paint, weapons used, engraved text, and so on.

Many visible details of the naked eye not only showed the artistic achievements of the artisan craftsmanship of the Qin Dynasty, but also showed the strict level system of society at that time.

Among the thousands of terracotta warriors unearthed, the one with the highest level, the most refined craftsmanship, the largest body, and the strongest gas field should be the generals.

General Warriors Figure/Network

How precious is the general?

What we usually call the "terracotta warriors" is actually the general term of the mercenary and Toma.

The pottery horses that are currently unearthed are divided into car and horse and saddle. From the perspective of identity, terracotta warriors are divided into two categories: soldiers and military officers. Soldiers include infantry, cavalry, and vehicle soldiers.

如果再细分的话，兵佣又可分为高级军吏俑、中级军吏俑、低级军吏俑、铠甲武士俑、战袍武士俑、骑兵俑、御手俑、跪坐俑、跪射俑、 Fitzen figurines, civilian official figurines, 100 drama figurines, car figurines, etc.

Green Noodle Kneel Shooting Figne Figure/Network

Sword Warriors Figure/Network

Cavalry Terracotta Figure/Network

Fitzen Figne Ficin/Network

Bubble Figne Figure/Network

Hundred Opera Figurine Picture/Network

Kneeling figurine map/network

Among these different types of terracotta warriors, generals are the most perfect categories.

Because the specific identity of such pottery figurines has not been finalized, archeologists temporarily call them "senior military art figurines", while the media and the public call them "generals".

The reason why the generals are precious is because of the small number of unearthed.

Among the more than 2,000 pottery figurines unearthed currently excavated, there are only 10 generals. In the two excavations of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit in 1974 and 1985, a total of eight generals were unearthed, 6 of which came from No. 1 pit and two from No. 2 pit.

In June 2009, the Terracotta Warriors No. 1 pit began to excavate for the third time. The ninth general warriors were discovered, and there were exquisite painted patterns on the edge of the armor on the body.

In January 2021, two overcaves of the Terracotta Warriors and Horse Warriors No. 1 pit were archeological excavations, and the 10th generals were unearthed.

The 10th General Warriors on the 10221 Live Picture/Network

Secondly, the sculpture of the generals of the generals is extremely exquisite, and it can be called the quality of the art history of the Qin Dynasty.

The 10 general warriors unearthed can be divided into two categories: the generals of the jersey and the armor of the armor.

The common features of these two generals are: wearing a double -tailed crown, the crown is tied to the mandibular, and the eight -character knot; wearing double long pants, wearing long trousers, the foot of the foot of the foot of the fifth head; Tall and burly, outstanding temperament, and general style.

The generals of the jersey not wearing armor, simple dress, wearing a double long long -lasting long -handed long -handed, drooping with both hands, stretching left hand, and half -fist in the right hand.

The armor of the armor is also wearing a layer of colorful fish scales on top of the jersey. It is decorated with seven or eight colored flowers on the front chest, back, and shoulders.

The generals of the jersey, 199cm tall, mighty face, tall and burly, thick lower limbs, and stabilizing sculpture center of gravity. Figure/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

The armor of the armor was unearthed in 1986. He is 195cm tall, his body is tall, his body is dignified, and his expression is calm. Figure/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

The beauty of the general warriors

Dual -tail crown

The crown of terracotta warriors mainly includes four categories: biàn, long crown, scarf (zé), and crown crown.

Wearing the pimple is cavalry and terracotta, the long crown contains the long crown of the single board and the double -board long crown. Fire figurines. Ordinary soldiers are wearing scarf, which is a bit similar to the current melon skin hat.

Long crown map/network

Scarf Map/Network

Skin 弁弁/network

All the generals are wearing crown, which has also become the most important sign of judging generals of generals. In addition, the two royal figurines of the copper car are also wearing this crown on the head of the official figurines. It can be seen that the level of the two imperial figurines is not low.

/Crown schematic diagram/network

So why do the generals wear a crown?

说 (Hé) is recorded in "Said the Words": "鹖, Bird also, like a puppet, goes on the party", "Species and Words Note" records: , Naked, day and night ", and" yellow and black, courageous fighting, one death is stop ". It can be seen that the poultry is like a chicken but brave and good.

Therefore, as a symbol of tenacious and unyielding in ancient times, 古, it perfectly fits the professional characteristics of generals. During the Warring States Period, the reform of King Zhao Wuling's "Hu Wei Riding and Shooting" was the hat of the feathers on the tail of the tail.

"Hou Han Book · Public Servant" records: "The crown of the martial arts is the crown, the ring has no cricket, the Qing line is the 绲, and the two tails are erected. Stop.

The Qin Dynasty inherited the tradition of wearing a crown of generals, and the crown on the head of the general was the best proof.

The general in "Daqin Fu" Wang Yan is wearing the crown chart/network

The first half of the crown is similar to a square sector, pressed on the hair, fixed by the ribbon on it, and the circular rings are connected with the ribbon behind the head, and then tied to the cheeks under the cheeks.

The second half is like two sheep -like rolls, tilted upward. Most of the crowns are vermilion, some of them are red, and the crown bands are orange -red.

The crown chart/network on the head of the generals

Fish -scale armor

According to the form of terracotta warriors and horses, it can generally be divided into two types: armor and fish scales.

The armor refers to the square nails directly through the leather strips and ropes to wear each other.

For example, middle -level military officials, samurai, and cavalry tribes are wearing tajia:

Intermediate military officers wearing Zhajia Picture/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

The average samurai commission is wearing Zhajia Picture/Qin Shi Emperor Mausoleum Museum

Cavalry helpers are wearing Zhajia pictures/Qin Shi Emperor Mausoleum Museum

The stone armor map/network unearthed from the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum

In contrast, the level of fish scales is higher. As the best armor of the Qin Dynasty, only generals can be worn.

This kind of armor consists of dual -composed, the chest is a large -scale leather, the middle part and the back waist are small and thin nails, inlaid on the whole piece of leather below. And dense, just like fish scales, so it is called "fish scale armor".

It is speculated that this kind of fish -like small nails should be made of metal (high probability), and the rest are animal leather.

The reason for this is because the flexibility of fish scales is better. In addition, the protective performance is obviously better than the leather.

However, the metal armor is sometimes unavoidable to cut the skin. Therefore, the nails of the fish scale armor are only used in the abdomen and waist, and the rest still uses leather.

General's figurine wearing fish scales and articles/Emperor Qin Shi Emperor's Mausoleum Museum

There are also fish -scale armor map/network on the back of the generals

If this kind of fish scales are subdivided again, it can be divided into two shoulders with two types: putting on both shoulders and no shoulders.

Their basic shapes are generally the same: the predecessor is longer, can extend below the abdomen, and the lower part is a waist triangle; the back body is short, the bottom edge is straight, and can only reach the waist.

The difference is whether there are puts and backs. The armor is a armor that protects the shoulders, and the fish scale armor with the shoulder strap has a back.

There is no back piece with a shoulder without a covered with a putt, but the two shoulder straps are fixed with an X -shaped armor in the back.

Fish scale armor diagram/network

Colored flower knot

The front chest, back and shoulders of the armor of armor are also decorated with colorful flowers, some of which are 7, and some are 8.

It may belong to the military level logo, and the role is to set off the general's level, identity, and status in the army, similar to the current rank.

These colorful flowers are described as true, gorgeous, and elegant.

3 flowers on the front chest

There are 4 flower knots on the left shoulder back

The decoration and flower knot of the general figurine on the 9th of the 9th General Warriors/Wu Hongyan

Flowing details map/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

Double long -term

Terracotta warriors are divided into two categories: tops and lower clothes. The tops are long, short, folds, jackets, underwear, etc. There are pants, crickets, leg protection, etc.

Most of the terracotta warriors and horses that have been unearthed are wearing long -lasting. Long 襦, also known as robe or brown coat, is wide in both plackets, which can almost wrap the body for two weeks, and the length can be below the knee or below the knee.

The vast majority of terracotta warriors and horses are wearing long -lasting rows, which reflects the most obvious ones in the first few rows of jersey warriors. Picture/network

In addition, Changya also has a very important feature, which is "intersection right".

The intersection refers to the overlapping pressure of the clothes. Alas, it's a placket. The right side refers to the placket on the left with the placket on the right, and the closing of the placket is located on the right side of the human body.

The clothes of all terracotta warriors are "intertwined right", that is, the left placket on the left is pressed against the placket on the right, such as this civilian figurine like Chen Daoming. Picture/network

The generals wore a double long long -lasting, that is, the two layers of long -layer inner and outer. Some scholars' research should be "middle clothes", that is, clothes between underwear and outer long -layer long lame.

This layer is 4 to 5 cm long than the outside, and more than 10 centimeters long. The hem of the middle clothes is generally under the knee, but there is still a distance from the feet. The color of the clothes is mostly red, but there are also green or pink purple.

The double long map/network of the generals

In the TV series "Daqin Fu", the costumes of the generals have almost perfect recovery. These generals are wearing double long long -lasting, the upper layer is black, and the lower layer is red:

"Daqin Fu" stills picture/network

Other samurai figurines wearing only a single -layer long salamander, such as this intermediate military officials:

Map/network wearing a single -layer long -level military officials

For another example

The underwear worn by the terracotta warriors, also known as small clothes and sweaty clothes. Underwear is covered by coats, and the specific length and style are unclear.

It can only be speculated from the shape of the neckline of the underwear on the neck of the terracotta warriors. The underwear is a small round neck, and the neck is tightly bundled. "Interpretation" records that you only need to "use six feet" for underwear, and the size can only cover the back of the chest, which means that the length of the underwear can only reach the waist.

This lap on the neck of the general is the collar of the underwear, not the bib:

Pants and Fangkou's heads and tips

The pants worn by terracotta warriors can be divided into two types: shorts and trousers. They are all crotch pants. Because the waist waist is covered with coats, the specific shape is unclear.

The generals and middle -level military officials were wearing trousers. The trousers of trousers can reach the ankle, and the pants toes are tightly tightened with a strap.

A small part of the terracotta warriors wear boots, most of them wear.

On the left is the one, the right is the boots. Figure/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

Cavalry and terracotta generals are generally wearing boots and forms of rubber shoes. They only have more shoelaces. It belongs to the dress of Zhao Wuling's "Hu clothing riding and shooting" to the grassland nomadic ethnic group.

The raised line on the boots was originally where the leather was seamless. The Qin people simply added a colorful polyester belt as decoration.

The cavalry figurines of the horses are worn on the feet. Picture/network

The phase of the terracotta warriors and horses is basically the same, all of which are thin bottoms, shallow gangs, rear heights and low fronts. The difference is that the front end of the performance has changed slightly, which can be divided into three types.

One is the square mouth of the square, the front end of the performance is flat.

The other is the round head of the square mouth.

There is also a square with a tip of the Fangkou, the front end of the head is flat.

The instructions of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses

Most of the samurai figurines and middlemen's officers are mostly the square mouths and square mouths, as well as the slightly tilted phase of the performers. All the generals were wearing all the square mouths.

The trousers of the general's figurine and the square mouth

This kind of square mouth is tipped with a tip, and the performance of the gang and the performance is very shallow. It can only hold part of the toes and feet, and the feet are all exposed.

In order to prevent slipping from the feet, there is a new puppet on each side of the left and right sides and the back. After using a shoelaces to pass through these three Newborn around the ankle, knots on the feet to ensure that the performance can be capable Fixed with your feet.

This appearance can be found from the kneeling figurine.

The soles of the kneeling figurine/network

The sole is arranged with a neat nail -shaped circle pattern. This pattern simulates the soles of the soles made of wire rope. This sole is exactly the same as the thousand -layer sole of the handmade natives we can still see today.

Based on the friction of the sole, the craftsmen portray the needle feet in the middle of the sole in the middle of the sole is relatively sparse, while the pins of the front palm and the rear heel are dense. Durable.

Gesture and weapon

The terracotta warriors are equipped with actual combat bronze weapons. Because of the task it is different from the atmosphere of the military array, the weapons and gestures held are also different. The gestures of the generals are about the following two:

One is that both hands are overlapped in front of the abdomen, which is the action of the sword. One is the drooping right arm, the left arm is flexed forward, and the hand holds is held.

Qin Jian's general body length is generally between 81 and 96 cm, of which the sword body is 64 to 73 cm in length, the widest is 3.4 cm, and the waist is about 2 cm wide. Compared with other bronze swords during the Warring States Period,

Qin Jian has three characteristics: one is the length of the sword, the other is the narrow sword, and the third is the thin sword body.

These Qin Jian's grinding pattern is delicate, bright and smooth, densely structured, and exquisite in craftsmanship. Although it is buried in the ground for more than 2,000 years, it is still cold and shiny when unearthed.

Qin Sword Maps unearthed from Qin Figns/Emperor Qin Shi Emperor's Mausoleum

Qin Jian Tu/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

In addition to the above details, the face shape, expression, beard, hairstyle, and body shape of the generals of the generals are also very interesting.

For example, the general warriors below, there are four deep wrinkles on the forehead, which proves that the general is too old and is likely to pass the battlefield for a long time and has great experience in combat.

Because according to the laws and regulations of the Qin Dynasty, ordinary soldiers can gradually be promoted through the killing of enemy talents until they become generals. This is also the embodiment of the concept of Qin people.

In addition, this generals are single eyelids, and the corners of the eyes are raised, similar to Danfeng's eyes. His upper lip has two drooping eight characters, a little beard of the lower lip, the cheeks have a beard and the chin is notna, it looks mature, stable, calm and confident.

Footwood with wrinkles on the forehead

The unearthed general figurines also have painted patterns. For example, the belt of this generals is painted with exquisite patterns:

Figure/Emperor Qin Shi Mausoleum Museum

Regardless of the level of terracotta warriors, the belly rises slightly, and is nicknamed "general's belly."

The abdomen may reflect the dietary habits of the Qin people, because Qin Jun has to drink a lot of corn wine before and after the war. Long -term drinking is directly related to the general's belly.

Of course, the abdomen is not a big belly, and it does not affect the combat effectiveness. The "general's belly" on the generals of the generals is also obvious:

General's General Figure/Emperor Qin Shi Emperor's Mausoleum Museum

Finally, you can look at the restoration of this most famous armor generals: 3

Is the generals really a general?

In fact, there are currently many controversy about the specific identity of senior military officials and the specific identity of the army figurines.

Some scholars have verified that Qin State did not take the "general" as a permanent official position, but was generally temporarily appointed "General" before the war, and was removed after the war.

It is also believed that the Qin army's military exemption only appointed a general and a general in principle. Under the general and the generals, there was no official position with the name "general" or "general" name in the army.

Among the senior military officials unearthed, there were 7 commanders located on the infantry surround, and the other two were also located in the corresponding arms queue. Their quantity and position in the military array are not comparable to the "general" of the Qin army. Therefore, some scholars believe that they should be "Du Captain", "County Captain" or "Sima", which is one level lower than the general.

Anyway, the level of these senior military figurines is much higher than that of ordinary terracotta warriors, which is certain. As for the specific military -level and official positions, it needs to be further archeological excavation and in -depth research.

World Cultural Heritage identification map/network

In 1987, the tomb of Qin Shihuang and Terracotta Warriors pits, as the first project in China to be included in the world cultural heritage, became a precious wealth for all mankind. The World Heritage Committee at the time was evaluated like this:

There is no doubt that if it was not discovered in 1974, thousands of pottery figurines in this archeological site will still be asleep underground. The first emperor Qin Shihuang, the first emperor, was buried in the center of the mausoleum in the center of the mausoleum in 210 BC, surrounded by those famous pottery figurines. The complicated structure of Qin Shihuang was designed and built by the city of Xianyang, the city of Xianyang. The small pottery has different forms. Together with their horses, chariots, and weapons, it has become the perfect masterpiece of realism, and also has high historical value.

When the thousands of terracotta warriors represented by the generals of the generals have passed through for more than 2,000 years, when they stand in front of us, a small detail everywhere, a piece of military, politics, politics, politics, politics, politics, The comprehensive and magnificent scrolls such as economy and culture have expanded slowly in front of us. We are not appreciating history, and we are in history.

Terracotta Warriors Picture/Network

——End —————

Author: Lu Li