Kaifeng in "Menghua Record", an inherently insufficient capital | Earth Intellectual Bureau

On the streets of pedestrians, the sound of selling through the day and night; on the Luohe River that passed by the city, there are endless streams of vessels; in the Fangshi City of Qianjiabaiye, merchants from all over the world continue to come. In this prosperous city, everything looks full of fireworks.

I believe that every audience who has watched the recent hit TV series "Menghua Record" will be impressed by the opening of the Northern Song Dynasty in the drama.

Although almost every Chinese people know more or less about the "Qingming River Map" in Zhang Xuanduan's writing, when the Kaifeng City Well in the painting is presented in the form of a TV series, we will still unconsciously light up in front of us. Essence

If Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire in the same era, is the "City of the World" in the West, then the Kaifeng of the Northern Song Dynasty must also be in many cities in the East.

But behind the prosperity of the opening surface, the deadly crisis is also hidden in it, and even becomes a footnote for the Destiny of the Northern Song Dynasty more than a hundred years ...

History burden, extremely heavy

To discuss why the Northern Song Dynasty is finalized in Kaifeng, it is necessary to find the cause in history.

In 755 AD, Anshi broke out. In this 8 -year rebellion, the production and living conditions of the entire Central Plains were greatly damaged. The phenomenon of northern people's southward movement was even more obvious. The economic center of gravity has become an irreversible trend.

The eight years of Anshi Rebellion caused great damage to the Central Plains region

After the Anshi Rebellion, the economic gap between the north and the south further widen ▼

In addition, in order to calm the rebellion and appease the surrender of the Anshi rebels, the Tang Dynasty had to "seal" out a lot of time to make a lot of time, and the central authority was strong and weak. The operation of the entire empire began to rely on the money and food transported by the south and obeyed the order of the court, and the status of transportation in the country's economy was unprecedentedly improved.

It is necessary to explain here, there are many types in the Tang Dynasty Fan Town

There are many times in North China, and most of them are in rebels. Among them, Lu Long, Chengde, and Wei Bo rebel are the most intense.

And Guanzhong's surrounding areas, canal along the canal, and Fan Town in Jiangnan area

The court's control is strong, and it is also the economic lifeline of the Tang Dynasty

(Bottom map: "Chinese History Atlas") ▼

In 907 AD, the Xuanwu Army made Zhu Wen abolished the Emperor of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty as the emperor. The next Thursday generation has set the capital to Kaifeng. Later, Zhou Xiong, Chai Rong, also specially issued a large number of people. On the basis of the previous generation, the Kaifeng City was greatly expanded and converted. The capital provides basic conditions.

Kaifeng is the turning point of the dynasty Dingdu

Prior to this, Guodu basically changed in the direction of the east and west

After that, Guodu basically changed in the north and south directions ▼

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin had been inspected in front of the Zhou Dynasty to master the military power on the grounds of "the Northern Han Dynasty United Liao Army, and was about to invade". In the incident, the throne was taken from the 7 -year -old emperor, established the Northern Song Dynasty, continued to identify Kaifeng as the capital, and then opened the golden years of the city.

From his beginning, this world is the world of the Zhao family ▼

From a certain perspective, Zhao Kuangyin's choice of Dingdu Kaifeng is largely helpless -as an emperor who depends on soldiers to capture the world, his foundation is not stable, so he must all accept the basic market of the post -week, and Most of the upper aristocrats and troops living in Kaifeng are the old and old of Chai Rong. They are already found here, and they are naturally unwilling to move it again.

In fact, compared with the capital of Han and Tang dynasties

The proportion of the "Miyagi" in Kaifeng (Kaifeng) in Tokyo has greatly reduced

After all, before the capital, Liang was mainly a commercial and transportation hub ▼

It can be said that in order to change his life after he took power, Zhao Kuangyin's choice of maintaining the status quo is actually wise. Take a step back, at that time, Changan and Luoyang were also damaged by major. They had not recovered their vitality. Choosing Kaifeng was a last resort.

However, after the court basically stabilized, Zhao Kuangyin moved his mind again.

Try to move the capital and hit the wall directly

Although Zhao Kuangyin chose to settle here after winning his position, he was not satisfied with Kaifeng. He always wanted to move to Luoyang and use this as a springboard to eventually move to Changan.

On the one hand, many important dynasties are settled here, and the old system follows the old system to "show" its own orthodox status.

On the other hand, the ancient dynasty selected the capital, such as Chang'an, such as the ancient capital of Chang'an, was arched by the Guanzhong Sai Sai (Donghan Valley, Later Tongguan, Xida Sanguan, Nanwuguan, North Xiaoguan), and then There are Qinling and Laoshan rely on, and it is difficult to obtain. Luoyang returned to the north of the north, with Yi, Luo, 瀍, and Xunli. In the east, Li Shimin let Li Shimin capture the double king's Tiger prison.

Chang'an and Luoyang are actually located in the basin

Chang'an is the Guanzhong Basin, and Luoyang is the Yiluo Basin

Military security is more than

(Slip the picture below) ▼

In contrast, Kaifeng, where the hinterland of the Central Plains is located, is very flat. Only the Yellow River can play the role of the city of the city. It can be said that it is easy to attack and difficult to defend. , Northern Tianjin, central Hebei, and northern Shanxi), was "filial piety" by Shi Jingzheng, the founding emperor of the later Jin Dynasty.

Lost Youyun Sixteen State also made the rich North China Plain that had to be reduced to a quasi -war zone to prevent foreign invasion at any time. Once the war broke out, it had to act as a strategic buffer. This quasi -theater status has greatly damaged the ability to pay taxes to the court in North China. The sixteenth states of Youyun during the Five Dynasties went deep into North China (below)

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, he recovered several states in the south

However, the place where the northern insurance is still in the hands of the Liao State, the defense line is still incomplete ▼

In 976 AD, Zhao Kuangyin patrolled Luoyang in the west and moved his mind to move the capital. It was also died in the "Candle and Shadow Ax" on October 19 of the same year, and no one mentioned it again.

At that time, the Jin King and the later Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi opposed the relocation of the capital, because Kaifeng was the location of his interest group. If the capital was relocated, it would inevitably harm its interests. However, the conditions of Kaifeng at that time were not unparalleled than Luoyang. The biggest advantage was the economic level.

For the Northern Song regime

Connecting Guanzhong, Jiangnan, and North China, Jingjing is the best choice

But the biggest problem is that there is no Youyun Sixteen State

The entire North China portal is open, and there must be prepared to fight at any time ▼

After the Emperor Sui Yang's excavation of the Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal, the passage of the North -South transportation was opened, and Kaifeng was an important node on the North -South transportation channel. Materials that are transported in the wealthy area of ​​the south can be easily transported to Kaifeng.

Luoyang is more than 170 kilometers west of Kaifeng. The waterway needs to pass through the Yellow River. At this time, the condition of the Yellow River is not ideal. Therefore, it is not convenient to open the Jiangnan transportation. In addition, Luoyang has repeatedly experienced war damage, which is far as good as the prosperity and richness of the opening.

It's not too far from Kaifeng to Luoyang

But the status of Guanzhong and Shanxi has greatly reduced

The significance of Luoyang as a traditional Central Plains has greatly reduced ▼

The disadvantage of Kaifeng is a military level. Because it is almost no dangerous, it must be stationed in a large number of troops to ensure the safety of the Beijing Division.

In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, there were about 1.4 million troops. If compared with the Tang Dynasty, its territory was far greater than the Northern Song Dynasty, and the largest number of troops was about 600,000. The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty has no danger to keep, and it is also one of the reasons for the "redundant soldiers". Moreover, the army of the Northern Song Dynasty all recruited troops, which requires national finances to support them. Raising so many soldiers naturally increased the economic burden of the people.

In addition, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin strictly guarded the local general leaders and adopted the military strategy of "strong dry branches, internal and external systems". The combat effectiveness of the army is even worse than the Forbidden Army. The consequence of this is that the northern Song Dynasty's local power was empty, which caused it to be at a disadvantage in the war with the surrounding ethnic power.

Because there is no terrain obstacle to the North China Plain

No matter how many infantry stacked on the local area, it is difficult to block the cavalry to move south

That is to say, once the war starts, Jingjing is ready to go straight in front of the line ▼

On the other hand, as half of the army in the Northern Song Dynasty was stationed near the capital, how to solve the huge life consumption of the army and their families became a big problem for the rulers. Fortunately, the development of Kaifeng's transportation can solve this problem through South Grain and North Transport.

Therefore, when Zhao Kuangyin intends to move the capital, "I will move to the west, without him, want to live in the mountains and rivers, and go to the story of the soldiers, follow the story of Zhou Han, and set up the world." It can reduce many military expenses. Unfortunately, the economic status of Guanzhong was not as good as before, and it was also unbearable to support Changan Luoyang.

Virtue is not allocated, eventually brewing human disasters

If in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the rulers could regain Youyun Sixteen State in one fell swoop, and the Central Plains land had a geographical barrier, and the safety of the Beijing Division would have the most basic guarantee. Unfortunately, this wish disappeared with Song Taizong's defeat.

And because the Song Dynasty has always adhered to the military strategy of "strong dry branches, internal and external systems" mentioned earlier, this state of weakness in the face of ethnic minority regimes has not even continued to the Southern Song Dynasty, and it has not been completely reversed.

To make matters worse, as a rare dynasty in the feudal dynasties of the Chinese dynasties, the dynasties of the merger of land mergers, the class contradictions of the two Song dynasties were extremely sharp, not only to make the landlord class grow bigger to "the rich in the field, the poor, the poor, the poor The extent of the place of Wuzhuo Tong also formulated a large number of harsh donations, which greatly squeezed the living space of farmers.

Throughout the 167th year of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Devil of the country, there were more than two hundred farmers uprising in the history books that were named and recorded in history books, but even so, it had no effect on the foundation of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The reason is that except for those who choose to choose to uprising because they can't survive, a large number of farmers choose to leave their hometowns to go to big cities and seek a way to live in the form of exiles. "After the policy of policies, many exiles chose to do some small businesses after seeing the prosperity of business to support their families. (In addition, there is a recruitment in the disaster year, which solves the problem of the victims, but increased the reduction of the soldiers)

In this way, the Northern Song Dynasty officials can not only extract commercial taxes to fill the national treasury, but also relies on business digestion of idle labor, and naturally enjoy it, and then further relax the business restrictions of business. , Night Note Policy, the prosperity of Kaifeng in history, has a lot to do with it. According to the background settings revealed in the TV series "Menghua Record", the background of the time at that time should be the later period of Song Zhenzong's rule. It has been a peaceful period for more than 100 years.

Meng Yuan, who lives in the intersection of the Song Dynasty, has written "the white old old and not knowing the Ge Ge" in his backbone "Tokyo Menghua Record". Obviously, in the long -term peace and stability, how prosperous Kaifeng prosperity is until the change of Jingkang.

It is quite ironic that although the characteristics of Kaifeng's unsuitable and adopted characteristics are reflected in the process of being southward in the south of the Jinbing, the real reason for the fall of the capital and the death of the country is still the series of Hui Qin's two emperors. Operation -Instead of the change of the hidden dangers buried in the Northern Song Dynasty, the change of the Jingkang is better to admit that this is a complete human disaster.

In the past nine hundred years later, Kaifeng City in the Song Dynasty had sank under the loess. The prosperity in history has been like a cloud of smoke, and it is difficult to look forward to it.

references:

1. (Yuan) "Song History"

2. 中国 《2 2 "Chinese History Outline"

3. Cheng Minsheng's "Number of Army in the Song Dynasty"

*The content of this article is provided for the author, which does not represent the position of the Earth Investment Bureau

Cover: shutterstock

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