[Academic China • 2022] International Relations Special (August 31st Edition)

Editor's note: The accelerated evolution of the world's hundred -year -old changes involving multiple changes in multiple fields prompting people to face the opportunities and challenges brought about by this new reality from a new perspective and new concept. It can be seen that the world's hundred -year -old change in the world not only changed the power comparison of Western countries and non -Western countries, but also shaken the historical foundation that supports the world's dominance of the Western countries and reshape the global civilization system. This reshaping is based on the reality of the new world reality. It is no longer on the east and the west. Essence

Qin Yaqing: interaction and culprit -multi -civilization and human knowledge

Qin Yaqing Shandong University Lecturer professor, former dean of the School of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Academician of the Royal College of Belgium, former member of the United Nations Celebrity Group Research Team, 10+3 Thought Network China National Coordinator, Foreign Policy Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;

Research direction: international relations theory, global governance, etc.;

Representative works: "The Theory of World Politics", "Relations and Processes: Cultural Construction of China International Relations Theory", "Practice and Change: Research on the Process of International Systems in China".

In recent years, China's theory of international relations has entered the field of international relations in the world, which has had a positive impact and has also caused fierce debate. The "Chinese" problem has become the focus. In fact, the development of China's international relations theory is a process of knowledge, and knowledge interaction is an important path to the common knowledge of human beings.

The point of knowledge

The world is a world composed of a diversified community. It is a knowledge space for diversified knowledge and interaction. The communication between practical community can become an important way for knowledge generation and evolution. Culture is a common practical knowledge of a practical community. This practice knowledge is generated through introverted and extraordinary practice. Therefore, if the culture is defined as a common practice, the knowledge is generated and evolved through cultural inter -cultural nature.

Knowledge cherry refers to the process of social knowledge and reproduction caused by interaction between different cultures. Absorbing and entering foreign learning and not forgetting the original knowledge of the nation, and combining two seemingly different knowledge systems with different dialectical methods of the opposite. Through interaction, the two knowledge system interacts and integrates each other to generate new knowledge. After the emergence of new knowledge, it is also necessary to go through more deeper culverts. Throughout, mutual debate, reflection, and evolution, it is endless. In the end, it is part of the common knowledge of human beings in a diverse form. Knowledge culverts point to an important path of social knowledge in the world's context of multiculturalism.

Intellectualization stage and their characteristics

Knowledge cantalgia is a process, a process of knowledge exchange, confrontation, and blending of different cultural community. The premise of this process is the common and communication of multiple intellectual forms, which is characterized by open and inclusive. There are three stages of knowledge cherrying: one -way culverts, two -way culverts, and interactive culverts.

Unidirectional and knowledge learning. One -way culvert refers to the knowledge system of a cultural body and affects another cultural body. This is a one -way influence, which is characterized by knowledge learning. For example, Indian Buddhism enters China and has begun to affect the Chinese intellectual community and society. Chinese culture introduced to other ethnic groups in East Asia, or modern Western culture and knowledge entered East Asia. The expression of one -way and culverts is often "dissemination -acceptance". The early American international relations knowledge was basically learned from Europe. Before the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the behavior of the traditional European international relations.

Two -way calination and knowledge innovation. Two -way culvert refers to the one -way and culverts of knowledge began to have a reflection effect in the acceptance party. Knowledge recipients exert their own active role, and through reflection of reconstruction of knowledge reproduction, that is, the production of knowledge containing cultural elements and meaning, such as "Buddhism in China" has evolved into "Chinese Buddhism". Through the exchanges of culture and his culture, we have begun to seek a reproduction of knowledge, so it is possible to produce new, knowledgeable products that contain self -culture. Therefore, the characteristics of two -way culverts are theoretical innovation. If such social theories have original significance and are not suppressed by the power of knowledge, the two -way effect will begin to take effect. Two -way culverts dug out the knowledge elements of culture, and formed a reproduction of knowledge in the dialogue with his cultural knowledge, and guided the diversification of social theory.

Interactive culverts and knowledge. Interactive culverts refer to the cultural core of the culture and his culture from the culture and his culture, forming a mutual integration relationship. The knowledge of culture and his culture still has differences, but it is a complementarity difference. It is two sides of knowledge, which shows the opposite. The characteristics of interaction culverts are the integration of knowledge. In the ideal interaction mode, the diversity of knowledge promotes the prosperity of knowledge production, and the debate between knowledge and dialogue has contributed to the sublimation of knowledge. The ultimate purpose is to build a common knowledge of human beings. Human knowledge produced by interaction and culverts is based on the practical knowledge of multiple civilizations. Whatever the knowledge of any place has knowledge legitimacy, but there is no knowledge monopoly in any local knowledge.

The three stages of knowledge culvert are related to each other. One -way, two -way, and interactive manifestation appears as a logical prerequisite, that is, one -way culvert is a prerequisite for bidirectionalization. Both directionalization is the prerequisite for interactive and culverts. Essence At present, the knowledge practice in the field of international relations is in the early days of two -way culverts. Western international relations theory still dominates. Non -Western international relations theory has initially sprouted. Whether the knowledge of knowledge can develop forward is a key issue is whether the theory of non -Western international relations is dead or prosperous. The development of China's international relations theory and the issue of "cultural nature"

The development of China's international relations theory is relatively successful in the non -Western world. It has surpassed the one -way cherishment and initially entered the stage of two -way citizens. The sign is the generation of China's international relations theory. The world system, moral realism, relationalism, symbiosis theory, etc., all show theoretical innovation, and also have an impact and debate in the world's international relations. Although the views and methods of these theories are very different, the common point is based on the excellent Chinese traditional culture as the basic intellectual resources. Therefore, "cultural nature" is specifically "Chinese", which has become the main criticism of the mainstream western scholars in the West. It believes that this shows cultural substantialism, will guide cultural centralism, and form a dual division of international relations.

At the stage of entering the two -way culverts, Chinese scholars choose Chinese traditional cultural ideas as the intellectual resources of theoretical construction, which laid the foundation for diversification and diversity. Although the same and different ideas in different cultures are found, it is found that differences are an important prerequisite for guiding innovation. Otherwise, the theory of international relations can only have one standard and one sound. Therefore, it is not only a mistake, but also a contribution that is not only a mistake, but also a contribution that is conducive to the ingredients that are conducive to the cultivation of knowledge and the common knowledge of human beings from cultural traditions. If only one culture can be used as a legitimate resource of knowledge, this culture will become a monopoly and terminator of knowledge through power operation. Making the marginalized and silent knowledge can be developed and growing, which is an important path of subverting cultural center theory and ultimately eliminating cultural substantism.

Furthermore, does the use of traditional cultural ideas as the construction of social theory must inevitably lead to cultural essence and cultural center theory? of course not. The use of traditional resources to guide at least three possible results: first, adhere to cultural substantiveism or move towards cultural centerism; the other is to be resolved by the assimilation of dominant knowledge; the third is to broaden human experience and practical knowledge, thereby enriching human expression knowledge system. Among them, the third result will better expand social theory to global categories, making it real human significance. When using traditional cultural ideas as the theoretical constructing intellectual resources, it is necessary to prevent academic nationalism, causing cultural essentialism and cultural centerism, but also to vigorously tap traditional culture, make creative transformation and innovative development, and become the common of human beings. Part of knowledge. Interactive and culverts, as a key practical activity of eliminating cultural centerism and maintaining original knowledge of cultural knowledge. Because of this, China's theory of international relations is particularly important for the real global international relations knowledge.

Tang Shiqi: The idea of ​​essentialism and the idea of ​​intangibleism

Tang Shiqi's Dean of the School of International Relations of Peking University, Director and Professor of Cultural Research Center, Eastern and Western Cultural Research Center;

Research direction: history of Western political thought, contemporary Western political philosophy, comparative political science;

Representative works: "The History of the Politics of the United States", "The History of Western Political Thought", "Relations between the State and Society: The theoretical and Practical Comparison of Socialist countries", "Globalization and Regional: A relationship between countries and society in the process of economic globalization".

The idea of ​​essentialism, that is, Western thought, is called essentialism because Western thought has taken the essence of things as its fundamental task from the beginning. This kind of regulations on the nature of ideology come from the pursuit of the definition of things at the beginning of Western thought traditions. The definition of objects must reveal its fundamental attributes, and the latter is regarded as the commonality of things, that is, universality and invariance. The universal and unchanged of things "what is" and the essence of things. In modern times, especially after Descartes, people are regarded as a reflection of the essence of things in addition to universal and unarmed.

Essentialism is the basic characteristic of Western thought

The essentialist determines the basic characteristics of Western knowledge. For example, Aristotle made the following provisions on scientific knowledge: its object is constant, its goal is to understand the nature of things, and its method is to think rationally (reflected as the use of logical rules). Can be taught with language and can be verified. Based on this, those knowledge that cannot be repeated, from experience, from experience and intuition, impossible, and unsuitable (in fact, this kind of knowledge is of course existed, and Aristotle also acknowledges this). The understanding of science, that is, the knowledge of science, has fundamentally limited the content of Western thoughts since ancient times, which has made it not only achieved fruitful results, but also contains huge defects.

Essentialism has led to two points to the world, including subjects and objects, essence and phenomena, rationality and desire, soul and body. These two points can be attributed to fundamental opposition, that is, the opposition between truth and fallacy. In the above -mentioned pairs, the previous category belongs to the advanced world, and the latter category belongs to the low -level world; the former is the goal pursued by people, and the latter is the object that people try to overcome. Under essentialism, the specificity, degeneration and possibilities of things are completely ignored. Intangentism is the basic characteristic of traditional Chinese thought

Unlike Western thoughts, intangibleism is precisely the basic characteristics of Chinese traditional thoughts. If essentialism comes from the pursuit of definition at the beginning of Western thought, then Chinese thought always consciously avoids definition of things. The summary of "Zhou Yi · Fairy" on "Yi" itself is: "Yi" is not far away, and the Tao is repeatedly moved. It is not necessary to be a classic, but only change. "Among them," only change "reflects the essence of Chinese thought, that is, strive to grasp things in changes. "Zhouyi" 64 hexagram, although each hexagram has a certain name, also has its own meaning, such as Qian and Kun represent Yang and Yin, but every 爻 in the hexagram reflects different situations, and at the same time, it reflects the reflection of it. This specific situation or nature changes over time, and eventually moves to the process of "peeling and recurrence" that is on the opposite side. Therefore, Chinese thought emphasizes that people must grasp the timing, trial time, and be careful in the changes of things.

In this intangible ideological tradition, in a strict sense, people rarely ask "what" Socrates. For those who ask for benevolence, Confucius may give different suggestions based on the shortcomings of everyone to overcome, or directly say that "the benevolent is not known." Therefore, the Analects of Confucius mentioned: "Zihan Yanli, fate and benevolence." Of course, this avoidance of definition is not the personal tendency of Confucius, but the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese thought. Therefore, Chinese thought has attached great importance to and emphasized the specificity, variability and possibilities of things. People are pursuing exactly the individual, variable and possible knowledge, and even as a knowledge outside of words. What people pay attention to is how someone is under the specific environment and conditions, not their abstract attributes. In the world of intrinsicism, people emphasize that the "immersion" of the world's "immersion" of the world, not objective observation, is a grasp of the sever and timing, as well as the opposition and unity of things.

The space of expanding thoughts

In comparison, essentialism emphasizes universality, invariance and certainty. Therefore, the knowledge under the influence of essentialism itself is also common and determined. This kind of knowledge is easy to spread, accumulate, and re -create on this basis. The knowledge of intangibleism is full of specificity and variability. People not only emphasize the specificity and variability of the subject itself, but also emphasize the specificity, variability and possibilities of the understanders themselves. Benevolence, the wise man is the wisdom of the wise. " Obviously, the former can bring the popularity of knowledge and the breakthrough of science and technology. The latter is "high and widow", and it is difficult to find. In a sense, it even shows the unpredictable characteristics of scientific development, but it may be more more than the development of science, but it may be more even more Suitable for the grasp of "will become other things" as the saying about people.

In addition, from the understanding of things, because essentialism focuses on the universality, invariance, and certainty of things, so it is also the homogeneity and continuity of the material, and the heterogeneity and discreteness of the material are subject to Ignore. However, as Heidegger said, to grasp the people and things in the change, what is important is to incorporate the heterogeneity of things into the field of vision. In this regard, the ideas of intangibleism that are similar to "Zhou Yi" have more room for expansion.

Liu Debin: Beyond the East and the West -Centennial Change Bureau and Civilization Reshape

Director of Liu Debin Jilin University Institute of International Relations, Founding Dean of the School of Public Diplomacy, Professor of History and International Relations;

Research direction: the theory of international relations and international relations, contemporary international political transformation, soft power and public diplomacy;

Representative works: "Historical Path of International Relations", "History of International Relations" (editor -in -chief), "Biography of Mrs. Sachel" and "American World Strategy".

At present, the world's unprecedented changes that are undergoing the world not only changed the power comparison of the Western and non -Western countries, but also shaken the historical foundation that supports the world's dominance of the Western countries, that is, the world characterized by "center -peripherals". system. However, the rise of non -Western countries will not repeat the old path of the world of western countries. Instead, it is necessary to surpass the historical boundaries of the East and West, reconstruct the human civilization system, and promote human society to the community of destiny.

Centennial change bureau disintegrated the material foundation of civilization division

Regarding the great changes in the world for a century, Western scholars have many judgments. Among them, the most representative is "the rise of other people", that is, the history of world history is entering the new stage of "the rise of the other" after the "rise of the West" and the "rise of the United States". The concept of "others" clearly expresses the mentality of Western countries as the "master" as the world. This mentality was formed in the 17th to 19th centuries. It is believed that Western countries are the "me" of this world. Non -Western countries and regions are different from the "me" and are regulated by the "ours". At the end of the 19th century, Western countries established a dominant position in the African world. Despite the continuous impact of the First and Second World War, the Cold War, and the "Third World Revolution", the world system with Western countries as "central" and non -Western countries as "peripherals" did not disintegrate. Until the 30 years after the end of the Cold War, a group of non -Western powers rose one after another. More emerging market countries incorporated into the world system and changed the power ratio and dependence model of the "center" and the entire system. Encountered challenges and crisis. In fact, "Western" and "East" in history are unsuccessful. If we trace the roots, many of the factors we call "Western civilization" actually originate from North Africa and the Middle East, which "Eastern", and most of the ancient civilizations in human history originated from the geographical oriental world. Before the rise of the West and the dominant force of the world, the world was a "oriental" world. As an academic concept, "The Orient" is the "others" that Westerners imagine and construct for their own needs, and their involved scope has gradually extended from the East Mediterranean to India and East Asia. The initial and most long -lasting core part of "West" was the current Western European country. It only began to decline as the importance of the east and western internal and western in the world as European countries began to colonize, and "Europe" gradually became synonymous with the West. After the Second World War, the United States, which has been avoiding in European disputes, became the leader of the West, forming a modern "West". After the World War II, the Cold War shaped a battle of "The East-West", which was marked by the competition of two social systems. The original Eastern countries constituted an important part of the "Third World". The end of the Cold War, the world seems to have returned to the original appearance of the "The West and the REST", but the historic changes of the world system structure have changed the material foundation of the West and non -Western civilizations in the original sense. Non -Western civilization has created a new favorable timing between non -Western civilization to create a new favorable timing. In fact, many Western scholars have pointed out that with the spread of the "secrets" of the success of the modernization of Western countries, the relaxation of European and American relations, and the rise of non -Western countries, the West has "ended".

The possibility of reconstructing a civilized system

First of all, the world is experiencing the worst international turbulence period after the Cold War, and the "conflict of civilization" seems to have intensified. The conflict between the great powers is resurrected. Almost all countries are encountered the impact of the deterioration of the "sudden" international economy, political and security situation. No one can make a clear judgment on the ending of this "turbulent", but the "expansion of the world system center countries "Members" and the formation of interdependence between the center and the peripheral countries have laid a new foundation for the establishment of a more equal and mutually beneficial relationship. The United States is an important source of "big turbulence" this time. At the same time, it wants to redeem the Western camp with this "big turmoil" to reconstruct the dominant position of the United States in the world, which is destined to be unable to do it.

Secondly, the in -depth development of economic globalization after the Cold War not only promoted the arrival of the world's unreasonable changes, but also to a large extent change. New and higher requirements. In Western countries, especially in the United States, the gap between the rich and the poor has expanded, the middle class shrinks, the political polarization and fragmentation have become a "new normal". Near "failure". Whether it is the "American model" with an efficiency priority or the "Rhein model" that pursues social justice. In the non -Western world, whether in recent years, the emerging "developed" country that has successfully achieved a modernization of modernization, or the "development" country that is still climbing on the road of modernization, has faced historic challenges to improve the national governance model under the new situation. This It laid a new foundation for the expansion of the consensus space of the West and Non -Western countries.

Finally, global issues such as environmental, climate, energy, food, population, and new crown pneumonia are prominent, and the fate of human society is more closely linked. Essence The development of global issues and the global changes are connected, driving human society to surpass the boundaries between "centers" and "peripherals", and build a civilized system based on the common destiny of human society.

Efforts to build a community of human destiny

However, at present, it is difficult for the leaders of Western countries to get rid of the "my" mentality of the Western -dominated world. They still regard non -Western countries as "other people" who need to be educated. They still try to follow the Western "civilized standards" or or "New Civilization Standards" to "regulate" this changing world has separated the world that has been "combined". This kind of reason that ignores reality not only helps Western countries that have exacerbated the division of the rich and the poor, the atrophy of the middle class, and the polarization of social contradictions, but also make the emerging market countries that are growing up and the vulnerable countries that are still hovering in the predicament. It is a situation of difficulty in difficulties, and it also makes the snow worsening ecological imbalance, climate warming, population structure distortion, and global problems such as globalization of epidemic diseases. The world's centuries -old changes are not only reshaping the power of the West and Non -Western countries, but also reshape the global civilization system. This kind of civilized system is based on the reality of the new world. It no longer has the function of "center" education, no longer refuses the successful experience of not Western countries. On the premise of shaping the values ​​that the people of all countries around the world, surpass the east and western boundaries, and strive to build a community of human destiny.

Source: "China Social Sciences"

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