"Xue Muqiao Chronicles": Left -wing economist group editor chronicles

Fan Shitao/Interviewed

Zhang Health/Visit & Wen

In 1933, the China Rural Economic Research Association (referred to as the "Agricultural Research Association"), which was established with a batch of Wuxi economists as the backbone, began in -depth observations for Chinese society. Although the Agricultural Research Association was officially dissolved in the spring of 1951, it only existed for about 17 years before and after, but its core members such as Chen Hansheng, Wu Juenong, Sun Xiaocun, Xue Muqiao, Wang Yinsheng, Feng Hefa, Xu Xuehan, Sun Yanfang, Zhang Xichang, Luo Geomo, Qianjiajiajiajiajiajiajia The lives of Kom, Luo Qiong, Qian Junrui, Malbin and others also came in the ins and out. Most of them have experienced the land revolution, the War of Resistance Against Japan, and the war of liberation, and played a role in the economic construction and reform and opening up of New China. In terms of economic theory and policy practice of the Communist Party of China, their thinking and actions have a wide range of far -reaching impacts.

In the narrative of Chinese modern and contemporary economic history, the activities of the Agricultural Research Association and core members are like a grass -snake gray line. In May 2022, Fan Shitao and Xue Xiaohe published the "Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1904-1952)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Chronicles"). Files, Central Archives, the File of the People's Bank of China and the local archives, and the description of the contemporary people, based on Xue Muqiao's activities as a clue, break through the mist of the grand historical narrative, and clear the activity systems of the Agricultural Research Association and important members. , Continuously presented.

Regarding the story behind the writing of "Chronicle", the important theoretical research and policy practice of Xue Muqiao and the Agricultural Research Association, Dr. Fan Shitao, one of the authors of the "Chronicle", accepted my exclusive interview.

one

Zhang Health: "Xue Muqiao Chronicles: 1904-1952" nearly 800 pages, the content is very rich. The "Post" behind the book mentioned that the origin of this book is to supplement "Xue Muqiao Memoirs". What do you think of memories of Xue Muqiao?

Fan Shitao: To say a long time, this can be traced back to meet the teacher Xue Xiaohe, and then a piece of "Xue Muqiao's Collection".

When I worked at the informatization work office of the State Council, I participated in the research and drafting of national information development strategic documents. For this reason, I wrote a background research report "Informatization, Structure Transformation and Development Policy", and published in the "Comparison" magazine edited by Teacher Wu Jinglian in 2005. Mr. Xue Xiaohe noticed this article from the "Comparison" magazine, asked Teacher Wu for my phone call, and asked me to make an exclusive interview. She hosted a famous column of Economic Daily at the time. I promised happily, but I didn't know that she was Xue Lao's daughter. Of course, one of my old leaders quickly told me who she was.

Shortly after the release of the Economic Daily, Xue Muqiao died. Teacher Xue Xiaohe began to collect commemorative articles and also made a draft to me. But I couldn't write it at that time, so I had to make a white volume in the end. After the commemorative collection was published, Mr. Xue began to compile "Xue Muqiao's Collection" again. I am more familiar with the old book market in Beijing, and she asked me to participate in the editing work of the collection and be responsible for the Republic of China. The compilation of Wenji lasted for 5 years, and of course, there were more exchanges with Mr. Xue. Volume 20 "Xue Muqiao Collection" was published by China Financial Publishing House in 2011. This set of books did not have the name of the editor. In fact, Xue Xiaohe is the main editor.

The compilation of the large -scale collection is very difficult and the duration is very long, so after the publishing of this set of essays, Mr. Xue "lay flat". She needs to adjust for a while. I was ordered by Teacher Wu Jinglian, and under his guidance, I began to compile "Wu Jinglian's Collection". This set of "The Collection of Wu Jinglian" was published by the Central Compilation Press in 2013. After opening a new book conference, I was free.

It was at this time that Xue Xiaohe plans to reprint the Memoirs of Xue Muqiao. In the editorial collection, we found that some places were not accurate. Xue Lao himself also said that "although this book will have a certain reference value for my country's economic work, because my energy is limited, it is not written in comprehensive. We are all evaluated so deeply. "Therefore, Teacher Xue Xiaohe decided to replenish the order in the form of his feet. This matter was given to me. I took about half a year to form an editor's foot note of about 30,000 words. When writing a footnote, the scope of the literature was expanded than the editorial collection. As a result, the problem was increasing, and the memoirs were unavailable. At the beginning of 2014, we simply merged the work notes written by the editor's "Xue Muqiao" and the draft of the footprint to the annual spectrum, and soon formed a draft of about 80,000 words. This is the original draft of "Xue Muqiao Chronicles". Next is what to write down.

"Xue Muqiao Chronicles"

Fan Shitao Xue Xiaohe |

CITIC Publishing Group

May 2022

Zhang Health: Why don't you adopt a biography that is more likely to be accepted by ordinary readers, and adopts college -oriented chronology?

Fan Shitao: Because of ignorance. I knew that writing chronicles was so difficult, and I might have done nothing. When I understand the annual spectrum, I have invested too much time, so I had to dry my head.

Both Xue Xiaohe and I lack historical training, which greatly underestimated the difficulty of chronicle compilation. I think it's okay to copy and west. So the initial plan was completed in about half a year. Once the work is unfolding, of course, it will encounter various difficulties. This mainly comes from three aspects:

The first is the complexity of Xue Muqiao's own work and experience. Xue Muqiao wrote Hongfu throughout his life, but he did not necessarily publish in the name of "Xue Muqiao". Finding, identifying, and establishing Xue Muqiao's writing itself is a complicated and difficult work. For example, how do you know what file he has written? Or which document of the "CPC Shandong Branch" or "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is from Xue Muqiao? Not only is it difficult to find and identify, but the activities other than Xue Muqiao's writing are equally complicated. Before 1952, Xue Muqiao's more than thirty organizations with close work and relationships. To figure out the interpersonal relationships and power structures of these institutions, in order to determine the status and role of Xue Muqiao, and then briefly record it. The second is that the annual spectrum requirements are available. Economist biographies can write according to the materials that have been sorted. It is not easy to find or what we think is not important. But the annual spectrum is not allowed to deal with this. We need to restrict and reduce our subjective judgment, and mining and use all records and oral information directly related to Xue Muqiao.

Third, the annual spectrum requirements are required to use the day as the basic record unit. And more than 80 % of the research and memories of the literature cannot meet the requirements of time accuracy, the vagueness of time can be said to be everywhere. Even if the memories mentioned the specific date, most of them are not reliable, and more primitive authoritative literature is required. For example, Chen Hansheng's return to China many times was January 31, 1951. "Xue Muqiao Chronicles: 1904-1952" is also remembering. It wasn't until the book was published that we found that this time was wrong. For example, we will record the end of the China Rural Economic Research Association in February 1951 according to the memories. However, we recently found the Declaration of the China Rural Economic Research Association, only to know that the official end of the Agricultural Research Association ended at the end of August. You must know that we have dealt with the literature of the Agricultural Research Association for more than ten years, and such mistakes still occur. It can be seen how difficult it is to be accurate to the day and reliability.

As a result, we have changed from the romantic "lightning war" plan to the "long -lasting war" of realism. It is scheduled to work for half a year.

Of course, the writing of manuscripts at different stages is different. This is a "U" process: it is easy to start, the more difficult it is to write, and it is easy to get up in the later period. Because a lot of ready -made materials can be used at the beginning, there will be a lot of very difficult problems. Each problem requires the power of nine cows and two tigers to solve. When we work in the later period of work, we are quite familiar with literature, characters and institutions. Even new problems, because they have already dealt with experience, and the establishment of the establishment is relatively dense, at this time solving the problem is relatively fast. If you see a new record, even if you do n’t have time, you can roughly judge the time range. It is easier to establish an accurate time through complementary information, so the writing progress will be faster. Now the "Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1952-1976)" and "Xue Muqiao Chronicles (1977-2004)" have been completed, and it is expected that it will be finalized in one or two years.

two

Zhang Health: After reading the "Schrritable Chronicle: 1904-1952", I have a prominent impression: "Chronicle" is not only the chronicle of Xue Muqiao alone, but also the chronicle of a group of Chinese left-wing economists, but also a left-wing economy. The economic history of the academic perspective. I wonder if my understanding is right?

Fan Shitao: Thank you for reading this book and made such comments. "Qingdao Daily" published a book review with "one person's economic history". Your view is similar to this book.

When we wrote the chronological spectrum, we did hope to take Xue Muqiao as a clue to bring a group of people to reflect the turbulent "China Long Century". This treatment is gradually clarified. To understand Xue Muqiao's thoughts and actions, you need to understand the groups and institutions he have, such as the China Rural Economic Research Association, or the New Fourth Army, or the Financial and Economic Committee of the Government Affairs Council. To understand the group and agency he belongs to, you also need to understand a greater background of the times. In this way, from Xue Muqiao's individual, transition to understanding modern China.

There are two teachers in Xue Muqiao: one is Zhang Qiuren, a martyr, and Zhang taught him when he was sleepy; the other was Chen Hansheng, Chen brought him into the field of economic research, and became the host of the daily work of the Chinese Rural Economic Research Association. And editor -in -chief of "Rural China". Such an experience and background make Xue Muqiao have established a wide and close connection with the revolutionaries and left -wing economists. The book reported this connection. This may be why you think this book is a chronological history of the left -wing economist.

Xue Muqiao had been studying China's real economic issues before 1943, and after 1943, he served as a leadership of financial work. So his work has rich experience in experience. This may be the reason why you think this book is also the perspective of left -wing economists.

Zhang Health: Can you talk about the research methods of Xue Muqiao and his colleagues?

Fan Shitao: Xue Muqiao and his colleagues are Marxist economists. Hungarian economist János Kornai pointed out that Marx is a social scientist who writes under the institutional paradigm. Xue Muqiao, this generation, cares about China's position in the world. Only the comprehensive social science framework can cope with this high degree of complexity. Therefore, in the chronological spectrum, a large number of works in Xue Muqiao are related to the international situation and war mobilization. This greatly exceeds the narrow economics segment, with social science characteristics. Of course, Xue Muqiao himself focused on China's economic issues for a long time, which was not so obvious. If you read Chen Hansheng's work, this is clear at a glance. Xue Muqiao began his economic research career in early 1932. He was introduced by his classmates Wang Yinsheng, Zhang Xichang, and Qian Junrui to work in the Sociology Group of the Institute of Social Sciences, the Institute of Social Sciences, which is led by Chen Hansheng. The research methods of members of the Sociology Group (including Xue Muqiao) are all affected by Chen Hansheng. Chen Hansheng studied in the history of Europe in the United States and Europe in his early years. After returning to China, he taught courses in the Department of History of Peking University and the history of European and American history. During this period, Li Dazhao introduced the Communist International underground work, and met with the Soviet economic historian Peter Gronevich who taught in Beijing, and studied the "Capital theory" in the Western version. 1927 [XB21CN1] After the failure of the Great Revolution, Chen Hansheng exiled in Moscow to meet Hungarian economist Maribial. He did not agree with Maribial's judgment on the nature of Chinese society, and believed that reality China is not a capitalist society described by Capital. Therefore, he wants to clarify the Chinese social structure through the research of Marxist theory and field investigation. This is the core issue of Chen Hansheng's rural economic research, and it is also the source of Xue Muqiao, Qian Junrui and others to carry out the nature of Chinese social social nature. Chen Hansheng introduced the concept of economic history when investigating the rural economy of China. Rongcang landlord. Chen Hansheng also defines Zhongnong in accordance with the necessary conditions of farmers, and is a rich farmer on the Chinese peasant standards. Under the standard, it is a poor farmer. In this way, the farmers' classification framework used by local Marxist economics is established. Xue Muqiao explicitly said that he was "affected by Chen Hansheng". Chen Hansheng guided him to embark on the road of economic research. The research methods, conceptual use and career were strongly affected by Chen Hansheng. In fact, not only Xue Muqiao, but also Wang Yinsheng, Zhang Xichang, Qian Junrui, Chen Hongjin, Feng Hefa and others were affected by Chen Hansheng. Therefore, their works interpret each other and complement each other, which broaden the literature source of "Xue Muqiao Chronicle".

Another influence on Xue Muqiao's emphasis on Xue Muqiao's emphasis on investigations and research. Chen Hansheng presided over the most important feature of the Sociology Group of the Institute of Social Sciences in the Institute of Social Sciences of the Central Academy is the combination of field surveys and case research. In his words, "while engaging in rural field investigations and reading Marxism -Leninist literature on the one hand." Chen Hansheng has conducted the famous Jiangsu Wuxi Rural Economic Survey, Hebei Baoding Rural Economic Survey, Northeast Refugee Exile Survey, Guangdong Rural Productivity and Production Relations Relations, North China Tobacco Planting Regional Industrial Capital and Chinese Farmers Survey, Xishuangbanna and Xikang Rural Economic Survey, India Agricultural area survey. His social history theory has a solid field experience survey. Xue Muqiao has participated in the collation of Wuxi, Hebei Baoding, and the Guangdong Rural Economic Survey of Jiangsu, and the Guangdong Rural Economic Survey. He also carried out or hosted in the rural economic survey of northern Jiangsu (1932), Guangxi Rural Economic Survey (1933-1934), and South Anhui Rural Economic Survey ( 1938-1940), the director of the Investigation and Research Committee of the Shandong Branch of the Communist Party of China in Shandong Base (1943-1945). In 1962, Chen Yun went to Qingpu County, Shanghai, Shanghai, and Xue Muqiao was the main drafting of the designer and report of the plan for the survey. In 1978, he led the Institute of Economic Research of the National Planning Commission, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Institute of Agricultural Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to conduct an investigation of Anhui and Jiangsu, and conducted a Shanghai economic system survey in the spring of 1980. Tracing back to the source, Xue Muqiao's effective use of investigation and research can be traced back to the experience of following Chen Hansheng to study China's rural economy.

Xue Muqiao also contributed to the China Rural Economic Research Association, which is chairman of Chen Hansheng as the chairman: he created a type of non -fiction writing for Chen Hansheng's research team. At the end of April 1932, Xue Muqiao was cut off as an out -of -the -ware editor -in -chief staff member of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Institute of Social Sciences. However, he did not leave the research institute, but went to his home to investigate under the guidance of Chen Hansheng to complete a report of Chen Hansheng's title "A Map of the Decline of the Rural Rural Rural". This report has established a non -fiction writing form called Xue Muqiao as "rural communication". This style of style is more vivid, and the survey methods are more flexible and simple. During the period when Chen Hongjin and Xue Muqiao presided over the China Rural Economic Research Association, they introduced "rural communications" into "Oriental Magazine", "New China", "Declaration" and "Yi Shi Pao", including In the mainstream newspapers, Xue Muqiao also worked hard and wrote many such works. For example, talking about the "self -combed girls" and "not settlement" of Guangdong and Guizhou, it is still very interesting now, it is a rare and vivid historical record.

Zhang Health: What are the main aspects of Xue Muqiao's economic ideas and policy practice before 1952? Fan Shitao: It is difficult to say a few words. Roughly speaking, you can list the following things:

The first is to participate in the nature of social nature in China and help the development of semi -feudal semi -colonial land theory to develop into a full -wing socio -economic theory. This theory attracted attention in Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United States, and it is still the theme often discussed by revolutionary history, party history, economic history, and history of social sciences. After the battle, the China Rural Economic Research Association should be selected and published a "Chinese Rural Social Nature Anthology" (1935) at the invitation of the Bookstore. Xue Muqiao is the actual editor of this book. Of course, studying this argument is not limited to this book, at least back to the debate between Chen Hansheng and Hungarian economist Lajos Madyar in Moscow in 1928. Sadly later than "The Rural Social Social Nature Combat", Xue Muqiao actually discussed and reviewed the issues in this theory many times.

The second is to host military and political training in the New Fourth Army, and write a book "Economics" (1939). This makes the research results of local Marxist political economy presented in an easy -going way, which is convenient for large -scale institutionalization. This book is actually the most widely used political economy textbooks in the Chinese translation of Soviet political economics textbooks. This book is outdated now, but because of its simplicity and extensive impact, it is still worthy of in -depth research.

The third is to use the principles of good coins to expel bad currency to carry out enemy currency wars, create Shandong currency miracles (1943-1946), and effectively suppress the inflation rate of liberated areas during the liberation war, and play an important role in winning the support of the people across the country. He also helped this local characteristic monetism to become a strong policy tradition of New China. In his later years of memoirs, Xue Muqiao explicitly wrote, "I think the policy of US currencyist economist Friedman said that the policy of" holding currency and liberalizing price 'is reasonable. This is not only suitable for the capitalist commodity economy, but And it is also suitable for the socialist commodity economy. In fact, in the 1940s, we have put into practice and achieved great results. "

The fourth is to design the strategic principles and advance steps of designing unified currencies. Under the direct leadership of Zhou Enlai and Dong Biwu, Xue Muqiao coordinated the fiscal policies of different liberated areas, and achieved unified RMB issuance on this basis. This process is similar to the birth of the euro. "Xue Muqiao Chronicles: 1904-1952" In January 1948, it excavated and quoted the two manuscripts of Xue Muqiao. These two manuscripts existing the former Memorial Hall of the People's Bank of China. There is no signature manuscript, but the handwriting of Xue Muqiao is actually the basic document of the unified currency.

Fifth, the main documents to establish a unified financial strategy and participate in the implementation of the policy throughout the process. The CPC Central Committee's unified financial work has begun since 1947. Xue Muqiao led the East China delegation to attend the North China Finance Conference and drafted the "North China Finance and Economic Conference Resolution". This resolution was issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. It was the first central document to establish a unified financial strategy. Another document is a summary report of the North China Financial Trade Conference. This report is also written by Xue Muqiao and sent by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Under the conditions of war, unified financial work advanced, and it was finally completed in the spring of 1950. Xue Muqiao participated from 1947 to 1950. This role has even continued to the period of reform and opening up. The State Council Economic Research Center he founded was still a subordinate agency of the Central Finance and Economics Leading Group. Xue Muqiao often participated in the Central Finance Leading Group Meeting.

Sixth, the drafting of the "Interim Regulations on Private Enterprises" and "Organization of the Federation of Industry and Commerce". The Interim Regulations on Private Enterprises played the role of the company law in 1951. "Organization of the Federation of Industry and Commerce" is the main historical document established by the National Federation of Industry and Commerce in 1952. This is also an integral part of the Communist Party of China.

Economic Observer: In addition to the consideration of pure academic considerations when writing "Xue Muqiao Chronicles", is there any other, more realistic and targeted considerations?

Fan Shitao: Of course, we hope that someone, especially a generation born in the new century, cares and explores the ins and outs of our life and society. Xue Muqiao's participation in China has not been completed, and this career needs to continue.

For economics colleagues, Xue Muqiao has a lot of inheritance quality:

The first is to serve the society with knowledge. College training is generally necessary for in -depth understanding of reality economy. However, the aspirations of domestic economists have obviously regressed. They are accustomed to the heroes and workers to discuss heroes. In order to publish or even throw out various unfavorable economic improvements. This deviates from the spirit of economics. Treating economics and economics seriously needs to learn from his predecessors.

The second is the open mind. Xue Muqiao is a participant and executor for the establishment of a planned economy system in New China. However, after 1978, it became a strong promoter of the reform of the market economy system. It not only explored the way China established a market economy, but also directly participated in policy formulation and implementation. He has always worked under the framework of Marxist concept, but he can work closely with non -Marxist economists in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The openness of this way of crossing the national borders and the theoretical paradigm still needs to be inherited and developed.

The third is to pay attention to the combination of theory and field investigation. The field survey is the basic method for Xue Muqiao to start economics. Economics training is usually started with model training and causal relationship recognition. Even economists who write good thesis often lack realistic economic common sense. In this case, walking more and doing more investigations may help make up for the lack of abstract model training. Of course, we also hope that this book can provide rich clues and sources of literature for the new generation of economic ideological history and economic history researchers. This can shorten the research time of graduation thesis or scientific research projects.

Zhang Health: Finally, please make a brief summary of the characteristics of this book.

Fan Shitao: "Xue Muqiao Chronicles: 1904-1952" is the first part of Xue Muqiao's Chronicles. This book takes Japan as the basic unit, which records the group activities of the China Rural Economic Research Society represented by Xue Muqiao, and also records the process from the financial and economic of the Anti -Japanese Base to the New China Finance. It is hoped that this book will be helpful for the study of ideological history, revolutionary history and economic history, and also hopes to help the more magnificent Chinese economic transformation research.

(Fan Shitao is an associate professor at the Institute of Economics and Resources Management of Beijing Normal University, Zhang Jiankang is a senior media person and a doctor of economics)

- END -