Zhu Fenghan: Eurasian Grassland Channel in the early Chinese and Western civilizations

Professor Zhu Fenghan Peking University Chinese Ancient History Research Center, Professor of Boya Chair, Peking University. Former members of the State Council's Degree Committee's History Discipline Review Group, the curator of the Chinese Museum of History, Executive Deputy Director of the National Museum, and a member of the "Xia, Commercial and Zhou Dynasties Project" expert group. The main research areas are pre -Qin history, ancient words, bronze wares, unearthed documents, etc. The monograph "Research on the Family Family Family of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties" won the first prize of the National Outstanding Book Award of Ancient Books, and the "Chinese Bronze Insception" won the first prize of the National College Social Sciences Award.

Eurasian grasslands refer to the European grassland and Asian grasslands from the Black Sea coast to the east to the east of the Black Sea. Eurasian grasslands and today's northern China began to interact with ethnic groups and culture at the beginning of the two thousand years by the beginning, which has played a role in promoting the occurrence and development of early civilization in China. This article selects three important topics with sufficient information to discuss, that is, the emergence and development of early metallurgical technology in Northwest China, the two -wheeled spoke carriages discovered by Yinxu, and the upper culture of the Xiajia store in the Xiajia store in the Eurasian grassland. The carrier of the Central Plains Culture. Its region is from west to east, and its time is from 2,000 BC to the 8th century BC (in the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period).

From the beginning of the 2,000 -century BC to the middle of the 2,000 BC, the northwestern region of China had a large -scale copper smelting industry earlier compared to the Mainland. In recent years, a variety of relics unearthed from the Xichengyi site in Zhangye City, Gansu Province, which have been discovered in the Hexi Corridor in recent years, showed cultural connections with Central Asia and West Asia. More importantly, Xichengyi was an important smelting center at that time. The second phase of Xichengyi (about 2000 to 1700 before) has smeared red copper, but there are already Kun copper. The third phase (about 1700-1600 before 1600) and other four dam cultural sites in the same period have appeared in a large proportion of arsenic. Bronze, to Jiuquan dry bone cliffs, the four dam culture has increased significantly compared with the late tombs, and the proportion exceeds arsenic bronze. This situation clearly shows that the Hexi Corridor area has undergone a trend of transformation from red copper -arsenic bronze -tin bronze. Early the content of arsenic and bronze concentrated between 3.5%-5%, which conforms to the proportion of the best performance that makes arsenic bronze reaches the best performance. It can only be mastered for a long time. Therefore, although arsenic and bronze in the Hexi Corridor area is based on local, it is likely to use more mature arsenic bronze smelting technology in West Asia and Central Asia. The Siba Culture is mainly a little later to tin bronze. From the proportion of tin in the alloy (the bronze culture of Hami Tianshan North Road, Xinjiang is also similar in the proportion of tin bronze alloys), it may be distributed in Ou Asia The influence of the Siima -Turbinino phenomenon in the middle of the grassland. Research on the smelting technology developed under the influence of the Eurasian grassland culture in the Northwest region, the problems in the early copper smelting technology in the Central Plains region that have closer geographical and cultural contacts (such as the emergence of arsenic and bronze in the Central Plains region (such as the emergence of arsenic and bronze Wait), which is of great significance.

The excavation of the unearthed Che horse pit unearthed in Anyang has shown that since the early days of Yinxu culture, businessmen have already owns a mature two -wheeled spoke carriage and a variety of copper car horses. The driving of a carriage has an important impact on traffic and warfare, and is an important driving force for early civilization development. But in the preliminary relics of archeological discovery, no carriage appeared. The carriage suddenly appeared in the early early stages of the business and was very mature. The source of its source has been paying attention to Chinese and foreign scholars for many years. There is also a relationship between Yinxu and the carriage. There are martyrs who are buried in a funeral pit or a northern -style bronze short sword around the tomb of Shangwang. For the army composed of members of the northern ethnic group, there are a large number of northern -style weapons unearthed in Yinxu, which reflects the connection with the northern ethnic groups that are closely related to Eurasian grasslands through war and other methods. Essence In the 1970s, in the Cystashita Cemetery in the southeast of the Ural Mountains, a two -wheeled spoke carriage was unearthed in about 2000 BC. Especially in 1956, in the ancient tomb group in Armenia, the two -wheeled spoke carriage of about 1500 BC was unearthed, which was very similar to the Yinxu carriage, which provided important information for revealing the origin of Yinxu carriages. The biggest possibility is that the carriage is introduced into the Central Plains through the central and eastern Eurasian grasslands, and its medium should be the northern group that is widely connected with businessmen.

It is distributed in the Xiajiadian store in the northeast of the Limurlun River, the Laoha River, and the teaching of the River Basin. It enters the prosperity period equivalent to the early and mid -to -mid -spring and autumn period, which clearly reflects the characteristics of a variety of cultural interweaving. In addition to its regional cultural characteristics, weapons, tools, horses and other utensils and ornaments unearthed in some important tombs, are mostly similar to the stone -slab tombs distributed in the eastern part of Eurasia. The cultural factors represented by the Ali Ranzu (Tomb one) in the tile area. The Central Plains -style copper and imitation Zhongyuan pottery and bronze unearthed in some high -grade tombs also reflect the fact that they are associated with the Yan Kingdom and other Central Plains. The upper culture of Xiajiadian should be an important medium that is linked to the Central Plains culture during the Western Zhou Dynasty. In particular, the horsesworm accessories unearthed in the Shangli -level cultural tomb of Xiajiadian revealed that Eurasian grassland ride riding art was likely to be introduced into northern China through the upper cultural culture of Xiajiadian in the 8th century BC.

The example of the above three aspects shows that the development of civilization is inseparable from the interaction and interaction between different geographical areas and different ethnic groups.The collision and integration between many civilizations is an important and necessary condition for the development of human civilization.Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Zhu Fenghan

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