Han Jianye: Use a variety of methods to excavate the truth of the Five Emperor's era

Professor of the School of History of Renmin University of China. In 2005, he was selected as the Outstanding Talent Program for the Ministry of Education. In 2007, he won the Capital Labor Medal, and in 2010 he was awarded the title of Beijing Advanced Workers and Beijing -level teaching teachers. In 2020, he was a specially appointed professor of the Yangtze River scholar of the Ministry of Education and a member of the 8th Disciplinary Evaluation Team (archeological group) of the State Council's Degree Committee.

The main research areas are the archeology of Summer Shipper, Shang, Shang, Ancients, Environmental Archeology and Humanity, Chinese and Western cultural exchanges and civilization comparisons.

He presided over the completion of the "Early Chinese Cultural Circle of the Chinese Cultural Circle" of the National Social Science Fund project, and was presiding over the "Early Chinese Civilization Process Research on Eurasian Vision" of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the Early Chinese Civilization Process" and the special research special research project of philosophy and social sciences of the Ministry of Education. The project "Research on the Evidence of the Panel, Ethnic Spectrum and Cultural Spectrum" of the project of the project is the excavation of the Gansu Qingyang Nanzuo site. Published about 20 monographs such as "Early China -the formation and development of the Chinese cultural circle", published about 200 papers such as "Wangwan Three Cultural Research", and won the 4th Chinese University Humanities and Social Science Research Outstanding Achievement Award, Sixth Excellent Achievement Award (Humanities and Social Sciences) of the Eighth and Eighth and Eighth and Eighth and Eighth College, the Eighth and Fourteenth and Fourteenth Award of Philosophy and Social Sciences, the 5th Guo Moruo China History Award, the first research of the China Archaeological Conference Achievement Award (Golden Ding Award) and so on.

The "Five Emperor's Age" refers to the ancient history of the Xia Dynasty in the ancient history of the ancient history, and it belongs to the period of "the legendary era" or "original history". The ancient Chinese generally believed in the historical authenticity of the Five Emperors. However, since the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, in the context of the fierce collision of Chinese and Western culture, there was a huge suspicion of ancient movement, and the era of the Five Emperor was basically denied. Although with the discovery of the Shangdu Yinyi Yinxu and the early Shang Duyi Zhengzhou Mall since 1928, the extreme "theory of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty without history" announced bankruptcy, but the academic community was still full of doubts about the Xia Dynasty, especially the Five Emperor's era.

According to the literature records, the "three emperors and five emperors" are described as Western Zhou or Spring and Autumn. The specific list of the "Five Emperors" is different. The most important of the five emperors of the Huangdi, 颛顼, Emperor, Yao, and Shun said that it is likely that the spring and autumn periods have already existed. The discovery of Yinxu and the confirmation of the history of the late business shows that there is a great defect in the logic of the argumentation of "the theory of ancient history". Since the late business is a letter history, there should be a possibility of historical truth in the early section of business, Xia Dynasty, and even the five emperors. However, the current literature on the Five Emperor's era is after late businessmen. These later literature only provides the possibility of a real historical background in the Five Emperor's era. Only by closely combining the history of literature and archeology to find the appropriate research method can there be the truth of the five emperors.

Enhance the definition and effectiveness of ancient history on evidence

Archaeological exploration is possible to achieve ancient history to a certain extent. The archeological data is buried underground, and no one may have the possibility of changing and deletion. Its objective and authenticity is undoubted. It is the most reliable reference department of the legendary historical materials. After a century of archeological work, the internal logical order and main content of this reference department have gradually been cracked and read, and the prehistoric (formerly history) archeological cultural spectrum has been basically established. If there is really a five -emperor era, the relics of those groups should be basically discovered. Elected a effective way to achieve mutual evidence between the two. The archaeological exploration of the Xia Shang and the Five Emperor's era is mainly the idea of ​​"being known as unknown", and the corresponding relationship between archeological culture and ethnic groups and nations has a certain degree of correspondence. Because the records of specific ethnic groups in the legends of later literature are blurred or different, the scope of ethnic space is difficult to define exactly, and there is also different understanding of archeological culture itself. Therefore, there is uncertainty of archeological relics and ancient history.

There are two research methods that can enhance the certainty and effectiveness of ancient history. The first is the method of changing the law, to a certain extent of archeological changes to confirm the major war or migration events in literature legends. The huge changes in archeology are easier to observe and determine. The cause of huge changes is often due to large -scale wars and migrations. This should also be the most impressive and most easily recorded content inherited by the ancients. The key point determined by this method can be used as the base point for other related research. The second is the "spectrum method", which is a method that combines the cultural spectrum, genetic spectrum, and genealogy. Once the three spectrums (three sides, three networks) are basically consistent, a more certain inference will be formed.

The critical period of the early development of Chinese civilization

The most important war incident of the Five Emperor's Age in the literature legends was the "Battle of the Deer" between Xuanyuan Huangdi and Chi You at the beginning of the Five Emperor's era, and the "Yutai Sanmeng" at the end of the Five Emperor's era. The "Dan Zhu Dan Zhu" incident at the same time as "Yutai Sanmeng" may also be accompanied by military violence. These war incidents have a clear proof in archeology, thus establishing three relatively solid base points for archeological exploration of the Five Emperor's era, which can initially determine the basic space -time pattern of the Five Emperor: By about 4100 years, it lasted more than 600 years. It is roughly divided into three periods, including Xuanyuan Huangdi, Chi You and Emperor of Yan, and the last emperor. In the Five Emperor's era, it was neither the origin of Chinese civilization nor the period of formation, but a critical period for the early development of Chinese civilization. Through the merger and integration, the five emperors have established the prototype of a wide range of kingship countries. The scope of rule may be at least covered with most of the Yellow River Basin. After the late "Yuka Three Miao", the Yangtze River Basin has also been included in the national territory. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty laid the foundation. The Five Emperor's era was the first chapter in the history of the ancient Chinese in the minds of the Chinese people. The worship beliefs and imitations of the ancient ancestors represented by the Five Emperors were the cultural maintenance of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, and the pursuit of "unification" in politics and pursuing politically. One of the important reasons for the development of Chinese civilization. Although the emergence of archeology has made a new path for recovery or reconstruction of ancient Chinese ancient history, it is difficult for archeology to solve major issues such as the spiritual creation, institutional creation, ethnic identity, and historical memory of the ancient times. Of course, the archeological exploration of the ancient history of the Five Emperor is a very difficult thing. The premise is that researchers must be familiar with relevant literature legends and neolithic archeology. They must master rigorous and reliable research methods without blindly attached. The records of the later generations of the literature must be mixed with the authenticity of the Five Emperor's era, and they need to be carefully identified; the preliminary archeological cultural spectrum is still rough, and it needs to be continuously improved according to new discoveries; the construction of the gene spectrum has just begun and needs to be strengthened. The theoretical method of archeological testimony is urgent to refine innovation. Only in this way, the understanding of the Five Emperor's era may get closer and real.

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Han Jianye

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