The ancient Chinese people's understanding of the planet

Three | Five Stars

According to observations, the planets are moving in the sky, different from stars, so they compare the sun and the moon with the five major planets, called "seven".

The ancients mistakenly regarded the sun and the moon as the planet.

Judging from today's astronomical system;

The sun is the central star of the solar system;

The stars are revolving around it;

The moon is the satellite of the earth;

Same as the status of the satellite of other planets;

It can be said that the level of the sun is higher than the five -star five -star water, gold, fire, wood, and earth, while the moon is lower than these five planets.

In foreign countries, "Seven Hao" is also quite famous;

Just as we use the week now, it is seven days for one week with "Seven Hao".

The Sun God Supervisor Sunday, which is called "Sunny Day";

Moon God is in charge of Monday, so it is called "Yueyue Day" on Monday;

Director of Vulcan on Tuesday is called "Fire Day";

Water God Supervisor Wednesday, which is called "Water Spring Day";

Mu Shen is in charge of Thursday, which is called "wooden day";

The Golden God is in charge of Friday, which is called "Golden Ren";

The head of the earth god is called "Tuyao Day" on Saturday.

The "Seven Days" represents the first seven -day name of the Babylonian civilization that first appeared in the two river basins.

Around seven hundred BC, Babylon in Cuba appeared a seven -day system for a week, and it was four weeks into one month.

Everyone in modern times knows that the solar system is from the eight major planets;

It was said to be nine planets before. In August 2006, in the 5th resolution passed in the 26th International Astronomical Federation held in Prague, Pluto was classified as a dwarf planet and named it asteroid 134340. The planet is removed;

In other words, there are only 8 planets in the solar system, namely: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Heavenly Star and Neptune.

Because Tianwang Xing and Neptune only found in modern times, the ancients only knew five planets.

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The ancients' observation records of the planet roughly have the following six heavenly phenomena

: 1) The changes in the brightness, color, size, and shape of the planet itself;

2) The changes in the relative position of the planet and the 28th place;

3) Planet's own movement;

4) The relative position changes of the planet;

5) The changes in the relative position of the planet and the moon;

6) The status of meteors, comets and other criminal planets.

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Planet retrograde diagram

The planets on the earth and on earth showed the sun at the same time to show the earth and outbound planets at the same time around the sun at the same time

The various visual motion phenomena of the planet will appear repeatedly after a while.

The ancients have already noticed that this phenomenon is related to the relative position between planets and the sun;

Before the Tang Dynasty, the meeting cycle was defined as the time interval of seeing the next morning from the beginning of the morning, and the concept of seeing the beginning of the morning is not very accurate;

Starting from the Dasan calendar of the Tang Dynasty, it is defined as the beginning of the two consecutive planets and the sun, which is the same as the modern definition.

"Historical Records of Heaven" records: "There are five stars in the sky, and there are five elements in the earth." Therefore, the "five elements" match the five stars, that is, the names of water, gold, fire, wood, and soil are used to this day. Because these five major planets are scratched horizontally in the sky, similar to the latitude line, the ancient is called "five weft".

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people have made important progress on the observation and research of the five major planet movements, which are mainly manifested in the following two aspects:

The first is the measurement of the five -star sports cycle.

People have distinguished the star cycle of the planet (the time required for a week of the planet) and the meeting cycle (the time interval between the two mornings in the two mornings).

Both Shishen and Gande pointed out that Jupiter's star cycle is 12 years (should be 11.86 years). In fact, the generation of this understanding should be no late than the Spring and Autumn Period.

Shishen also pointed out that Mars's star cycle is 1.9 years (should be 1.88 years).

Gande also measured the meeting period of wood, gold, and water Samsung for 400 days (should be 398.9 days), 587.25 days (should be 583.9 days) and 136 (should be 115.9).

In the book "Five Stars" unearthed from Changsha Ma Wangdui, it also contains the meeting cycle of wood, earth, and golden Samsung, with 395.44 days, 377th (should be 378.1) and 584.8 days. As a result, the accuracy measured with Gande was short and long.

The second is the quantitative description of the five -star dynamics.

Planets are divided into planets and Mercury according to the planet relative to the earth, and out -of -planets are Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

The planet's movement is relatively complicated. In addition to changes in fast and slow, there are some irregular movements, sometimes hidden behind the sun;

Sometimes overlap in front of the sun, called the bottom;

Sometimes stop calling; sometimes even reverse exercise, calling retrograde.

Shishen and Gande have discovered the retrograde phenomenon of Mars and Venus, and they both vividly used the "巳" shape to describe the visual trajectory they were running.

In "Five Stars Occupation", the dynamic description of the dynamics of wood, soil, and Golden Samsung in a meeting cycle is more specifically described.

Morning out of the East -Shunxing — Fu — West — Shunxing — Fu -Fu -Morning Eastern Six Persons;

At each stage, the speed of the time and daily operation will be scheduled. Among them, two or three different rates are set to two or three.

This is the prototype of the planetary dynamic watch that has been further developed later.

The measurement of the twenty -eighth spacing, the emergence of "Shi Shi Jing", and the preparation of the initial planet dynamic attitude, etc., have proved that the emergence of corresponding measurement instruments during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. Some researchers call it "pre -Qin Hunye" Essence In 1974, the "Five Stars Occupy" unearthed in Changsha Ma Wangdui;

It is an ancient "astronomy monograph" and one of the earliest astronomical works in the world.

In the book, the Book of Venus's meeting cycle "Five outs, eight years old, and the morning and morning in the camps", that is, the five club cycles of Venus just equal to 8 years.

The Great Calendar of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the five -star meeting cycle error is less than 0.0022. It can be seen that the ancients were quite accurate for the five -star observation. In ancient China without astronomical telescope, its accuracy was surprising.

Table: Five -star and cycle table unit: Day

Chen Jiujin's "Ancient Chinese Astronomy and Calendar"

The ancients attached great importance to the aggregation cycle of the five -star.

"Hanshu Law Chronicle": "The sun and the moon are like a combination, five stars are like a bead,"

Taking this as an ideal, the five -star aggregation refers to the five -star gathered in a certain star. It is a rare natural phenomenon, and the political consequences are also very serious;

Xing Zhan believes that it is a symbol of changing dynasties.

History books record that five stars gathered in the room when Zhou destroyed business,

Qin Wuxing gathered in Dongjing.

Four -star aggregation, Samsung aggregation also has different degrees of changes, or half of the world, or military disaster, or renovation of the prince.

"Historical Records" records: "Five stars are divided into heaven, accumulated in the East, China Li;

This thing was mentioned in "Han Book":

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During the Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, veteran Zhao Chongguo was fully responsible for the military operations against Xiqiao.

Soon the Emperor Han Xuan sent a reinforcements and urged him to enter the war as soon as possible;

The reason is shown in the book: "Today, the five stars are out of the East, China is great, the barbaric defeats, too white is high, and the soldiers are deepened. Must, don't doubt. "

Foreign use of soldiers is one of the most important military affairs.

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From the perspective of people today, Emperor Han Xuan was on the grounds that "five stars out of the East" and "Taibai out of high";

Ordering the leader to drive straight, this is in the Xingzhan school "Taibai is high, uses soldiers to go deep into the good, and to the fierce, first win;

Taibai came out, shallow into the good, deep into the fierce, and then germinate. "

Star Zhan also judges good and bad according to the characteristics of the five stars and the starring stars;

For example, Mercury has the function of water, and Dongjing also has the function of water. If Mercury committed Dongjing to symbolizes the combination of two water, it indicates that there will be a flood in the world.

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