[Memory] Looking at the Inner River Economic Development in the 1950s from the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway

Open from Chengdu -Chongqing Railway

See the economic development of Neijiang in the 1950s

Liu Deyuan

Summary: In the 1950s, the Neijiang area was a well -known agricultural area in the province. The main economic pillar was the sucrose industry. After the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was opened to traffic in 1952, Neijiang ushered in the third peak period of sugar development. From 1952 to 1958, the rise and fall of Neijiang's economy basically tied to the rise and fall of the sucrose industry. It can be seen that the sucrose industry has a huge influence on the Inner River economy. This article has comprehensively explained the relationship between Chengdu -Chongqing Railway and Neijiang economy from the Estate Sugar Industry, the construction of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, the sugar industry economy in the 1950s, and the connection between railway transportation and economic construction.

Keywords: Neijiang Sugar Industry Chengdu -Chongqing Railway Economic Construction

Neijiang sucrose industry has a long history. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Zizhou (including Neijiang) had a historical record of sugar cane planting. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, the sugar cane was scattered in Neijiang sugar cane, and the production of sucrose is only a small number of hand workshops. Especially on the Ming and Qing Ding's hometown, Sichuan's war was frequent, and the ten rooms were empty, and the planting of sugar cane almost disappeared. History was running into the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty, and "Huguang Immigration" Zeng Dayi introduced the plant in the inner river of Changting County, Fujian, and then introduced sugar -making tools and technical workers. Industry ushered in glory. Looking back, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty to the New China, the Neijiang Sugar Industry experienced three peaks before and after: one was the middle and late period of the Qing Dynasty, the other was the Anti -Japanese War, and the third was the 1950s and 1960s after the founding of New China. The topic of this article discusses the completion and traffic of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway after the founding of the People's Republic of China and the development of Neijiang's economic development in the 1950s.

In the 1930s, Neijiang Shui Wharf (Picture Source: Neijiang First City website)

1. The Neijiang sucrose industry before the construction of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway

The Neijiang is located in the middle reaches of the Minjiang River. As early as the 1930s, the Chengdu -Chongqing Highway passed through the situation. However, due to the scarcity of transportation during this period, the Chengdu -Chongqing Highway had little impact on the economy of Neijiang. Farming technology and low productivity.

According to the traditional sucrose industry, data show that in the early years of the Republic of China, the planting area and output of sugar cane in Neijiang County ranked first in nearly 50 cane counties in the province, forming a large -scale sugarcane economic zone. Later, due to the formation of the warlord defense zone system, various tax donations caused a considerable impact on sugarcane planting. In addition, the increase in the planting area of ​​sugarcane in inner rivers in 1920 decreased sharply.

In order to promote the development of the sugar industry, the Neijiang Sugarcane Experimental Field was established in 1936. By the period of the comprehensive anti -Japanese war in 1937, the coastal sugar -producing provinces fell, and the National Government moved to Chongqing, and Sichuan became the big rear of the country's anti -Japanese war. During this period, Neijiang Sugar Industry became the focus of investment in the national government and coastal capitalists. The area of ​​sugarcane planting has gradually recovered, so Neijiang has become a national sugar centers. This also ushered in the second round of glory of Neijiang sugar industry.

Neijiang Sugar Factory in the 1950s

However, after the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the National Government pre -pre -donated the Chengyu Railway, and Neijiang Sugar Industry was frustrated again. From the time point of view, in 1940, the planting area of ​​Neijiang's sugar cane was 125,000 mu, and the total output was 438,200 tons. In 1947, it covers an area of ​​136,900 mu with an output of 410,600 tons. In 1949, the area was 106,000 mu, and the total output dropped to 190,400 tons.

The sugarcane forest along the Minjiang River in the 1950s

Look at the sugar technology. Neijiang sugar technology occupies an important position in the history of modern sugar production in China. Among them, the sugar -making sector also includes sugar square (factories), sugar technology, and sugar products. The Neijiang people are familiar with the Neijiang Sugar Square originated from Liangjiaba, and the Zeng family has become rich in the management of the sugar workshop, becoming a wealthy in the Neijiang. The local records show that the "Inner Jiang County Chronicle" in the fourteenth year of the Qing Daoguang (1834) described the scene of the sugar workshop in Neijiang during the Jiaqing period: "Frying and boiling, day and night wheels." "" Refers to the roller used for squeezing cane, which is mostly used with beef, individual family sugar workshop, and some rely on people to push the roller; For sugar, the workers squeezed the cane in turns day and night.

In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, Sichuan's sugar handicraft workshop was mostly concentrated in the sugarcane specialized area of ​​the Minjiang River Basin. Sugar -made handicrafts include sugar workshop, sheds and ice shops. Among them, the sugar workshop is mainly produced with brown sugar and sugar clearing, and the sugar cane is processed primaryly; the leakage sheds continue to process the production of sugar and orange sugar; Ascend to rock sugar. During the period of the Republic of China, Neijiang Sugarfang was divided into two major sections in the West and East District. Six counties in the cane areas include 8 sugar factories, 1,347 sugar houses, 797 leakage sheds, 961 sugar houses and leakage sheds, 57 ico shop 57 In this semi -mechanical sugar factory in Sichuan Province, all in Neijiang. This scene has been maintained in the early days of the founding of New China.

Later, people separated sugar production from family agricultural production, and the seasonal professional sugar workshop came into being. For example, the "Liuji Hall" sugar workshop in the Western District is a golden signboard in the Neijiang Sugar Industry. It is later built into a new sugar factory.

In general, the Neijiang economy before the founding of the People's Republic of China basically followed the sugar cane production and sugar production industry in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, followed by traditional crop planting. The desolation of people's farming methods is still the desolation of "the sunrise, the daily routine", and the fundamental desire to fundamentally cannot reverse from poverty alleviation to a well -off.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially the completion of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, this wish has changed a qualitative change.

Neijiang Sugar Factory sugarcane hanging pier

2. In the 1950s, the sugar industry and sales of the river

After the founding of New China in the 1950s, the state took the restoration and development of Neijiang sucrose production as a major economic decision. In 1951, the Chuannan Sugar -wine Industrial Management Zone was established in Neijiang. The people's government issued the production of fertilizer and seeds to the sugarcane farmers, and distributed loans to support sugar cane production. The government guidance helped Tulogusha and leak sheds to carry out technical transformation, and constructed mechanical sugar plants in batches. It adopted a modern technological and economic management method, which led to a qualitative leap in the sugar industry.

After the opening of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway in 1952, with the development of sugarcane production, the ability of the semi -mechanical sugar factory at that time was not adapted, especially the more brown sugar and less white sugar, which could not meet the market needs. To this end, the Sichuan Provincial Department of Industry proposed that the "Chengdu -Chongqing Railway as an opportunity to vigorously transform the combination of soil legal sugar and key construction mechanism sugar factories", we try to build a mechanism to build the sugar factory.

In July 1952, the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was opened to traffic. In October, the capital Sugar Factory invested 2.42 million yuan. The expansion is the production capacity of 500 tons of sugarcane, which is the first medium -sized sugar factory in Sichuan Province. In the same year, the original Kuomintang Military and Political Department of the Kuomintang Military and Political Department of Neijiang Baima Town was transformed into a semi -mechanical sugar factory, and the former Chinese sugar company Zizhong Qianjiang Alcohol Factory was transformed into a semi -mechanized sugar plant. In 1956, it invested 3.2 million yuan to build the ball of the gallery and sugar factory, with a daily squeezing capacity of 350 tons, and then expanded to 500 tons. In 1957, it invested 38.37 million yuan to build a 500 -ton of Ziyang Sugar Plant in the sugar sugarcane. At that time, the whole special area produced 75,000 tons, an increase of 27.9%from 20,000 tons in 1950, accounting for 78%of the total sugar food output in Sichuan Province that year; Essence

From 1953 to 1958, after the construction of the first five -year plan, the Neijiang District has built in the Neijiang Sugar Plant, Yinwu Shutch Factory, Balli River Sugar Plant, Jianyang Sugar Plant, Ziyang Sugar Plant, and Mao City Sugar Factory For the six large and medium -sized mechanical sugar plants, the squeezing capacity has reached 2850 tons.

Here is a particularly mentioned Sichuan Province's largest mechanism sugar factory at that time, Neijiang Sugar Plant. In 1953, the factory was decided to report to the State Family Planning Commission for approval by the Southwest Local Industry Bureau in 1953. Investment was 9.9 million yuan. In March 1956, it was completed and put into operation. In 1958, He Long, Dong Biwu, Nie Rongzhen, Wu Yuzhang, Bo Yibo and other central heads visited the factory. International friends such as Cuban and Czechoslovak also visited the factory and gave high evaluations. By 1959, the daily squeezing capacity of the Neijiang Sugar Factory reached 1,200 tons, 250,000 tons of sugarcane in the annual squeezing sugarcane, and 240,000 tons of sugar, accounting for 23.5%of the total output of the province that year. It is the largest sugar factory in the province's sugar industry.

During this period, Neijiang Sugar not only supplied the market in the province, but also continuously supplied the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River through the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway and the Minjiang Water Road. At that time, a folk song sang like this: "There are good scenery on both sides of the Minjiang River, busy cane ships are busy, sugar factory squeezing cane is produced vigorously, and Neijiang is sweet and fragrant." It was the vivid portrayal of the sugar industry that year. Until the early 1960s, cane -producing counties in Neijiang were continuously developing county -owned state -owned and collective small sugar factories.

Three -sided red flag trademark: Neijiang white sugar 1 pound

In terms of sucrose sales, before the founding of New China, Neijiang Sugar Industry Transportation and Sales were divided into the sugar industry transport and sales association and the Shanghe Sugar Industry Transport and Sales Association. Of course, as a large -scale distribution market such as red, white, orange, and rock sugar. Different sugar varieties have different transport and sales areas. Most of the white sugar is sold to Sichuan. Brown sugar is the largest in Yunnan and Guizhou. Rock sugar is sold to Sichuan Province, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places.

Before and after the War of Resistance Against Japan, Jiangjin and Chongqing ranked first in the transportation and sales of Neijiang Sugar. After the liberation of Neijiang, especially after the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was opened to traffic, the development of Neijiang Sugar Industry was protected and supported by the people's government, and the sugar industry trade was restored and developed. Accompanied by the new tax system, the new tax system quietly appeared on the historical stage of the sugar industry trade. According to the data, from 1952 to 1978, the "multiple taxes and multiple levies" taxation models with the main body of trading tax were implemented. At this stage, the sugar industry tax income of Neijiang accounted for 6.31%to 20.50%of the city's fiscal revenue.

Crystal clear Neijiang Miyu

However, the Neijiang sugar industry, which has been brilliant for hundreds of years, has increased production costs such as raw material transportation, sugar cane planting and acquisitions, and the role of subjective factors such as decision -making errors and natural conditions, and severely landscape. The development of the sugar industry in Neijiang from the sugar workshop — leakage — semi -mechanized -mechanization, from weak to strong, from simple to complex, from low to advanced. In the past, Neijiang, as the first sugar cane test site in the country, the first nationwide production and sales cooperation experimental area, and the country's first sucrose monopoly bureau. In the end of the above reasons, the "Sweet City" was only known for its various reasons.

Third, Chengdu -Chongqing Railway

Impact on the economic development of Neijiang

Regarding the construction of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, the earliest time to go back to the Sichuan -Han Railway in the late Qing Dynasty. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, on the one hand, the People's Liberation Army continued to pursue and consolidate the Kuomintang residues in Sichuan, Xikang, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and prepared to liberate Tibet. Bandit riots and eliminate Kuomintang agents, restore and develop economy, and maintain social stability. On the occasion of this hundreds of wastes, the Southwest Bureau and the Southwest Military and Political Committee, which are mainly led by Deng Xiaoping, Liu Bocheng, and He Long as the main leaders, planned to build the Chengyu Railway, and reported to the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao to get approval. Deng Xiaoping, He Long and other leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Southwest Military and Political Committee leading comrades are planned to be the construction of the Chongqing Railway

On June 15, 1950, the Southwest Military Region and the Southwest Railway Engineering Bureau jointly held the starting ceremony of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, and a great cause of building the new Southwest District began. The Chengdu -Chongqing Railway is 505 kilometers in length. The entire line began the rail on August 1, 1950, the rail paving to Yongchuan on June 30, 1951, the Neijiang on December 6, 1951, and June 13, 1952 to Chengdu. On July 1, 1952, the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was held in Chongqing and Chengdu. The opening of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway has not only realized the wish of the Sichuan people for nearly half a century, but also opened the prelude to the large -scale economic construction after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It is the starting point and sign of the New China railway construction and economic construction.

On July 1, 1952, at the opening ceremony of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway (Chongqing), the Minister of the Railways Teng Daiyuan (the middle in the front row) cut the ribbon

Neijiang is located in the center of Chengdu -Chongqing Railway. Previously, the Neijiang area was an agricultural area. The economic development based on sugarcane planting as the basic industry. After the opening of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, it not only led to the development of sugarcane planting and sugar industry in the Neijiang area, but also the industrial and commercial economy. Get development.

From July 3rd to 6th, 1952, on the third day after the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was opened to traffic, the Neijiang District held the first material exchange meeting after the liberation of Neijiang in Neijiang City. Participating, the representatives of Longchang, Zizhong, Ziyang, and Jianyang arrived in Neijiang for the first time, and the turnover of more than 3 million yuan in three days. Driven by the economy of Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, in 1952, the total industrial and agricultural output value of the region reached 614 million yuan, an increase of 12.87%year -on -year. Among them, the total industrial output value was 129 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 30.8%; the total agricultural output value was 485 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 8.9%. Among the total output value of industrial and agricultural, the sugar -making industry in the industry and the sugar cane economy in agriculture have a large proportion. The following year, there were more than 700 shops in Neijiang City. Since then, iron, copper, coal, well salt, rice, rice, natural gas, sucrose, cotton oil, cotton oil, white wax, tea, medicinal materials, smoke, mustard, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, citrus, samurai Food, economic crops and mineral resources not only provide a steady stream of material foundation for economic and social development, but also provide a steady stream of goods transportation for the railway department.

The railway not only promotes industrial and agricultural production, but also brings social material civilization.

Since 1953, my country has begun to implement the first five -year plan of the country. This year, the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was officially opened throughout the line through a trial operation of 6 months. This year, the national economy in the Neijiang District has risen steadily. By the end of the year, the total industrial and agricultural output value of the region was 722 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 14.91%. Among them, the total industrial output value was 187 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 44.7%; the total agricultural output value was 535 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 10.28%. The total grain output was 1.419 billion kg, which was 109.2%of the previous year. Driven by the economy of Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, by 1955, the total industrial output value of the entire area of ​​Neijiang District was 853 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 3.33%. Among them, the total industrial output value was 252 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 7%; the total agricultural output value was 607 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 1.86%. In the total output value, there is still a large proportion of sugar production and cane planting industry, but it cannot be calculated without special statistics.

In 1957, the year of the "Five -Year Plan" of our country. This year, the industrial and agricultural production in the region continued to rise, and all production indicators were completed and excessive. By the end of the year, the GDP of industry and agriculture reached 954 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 5.23%. Among them, the total industrial output value was 285 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 15.9%; the total agricultural output value was 669 million yuan, a year -on -year increase of 12.65%. The total population of the region is 6.1752 million this year. Since then, with the completion of the "three major transformations" ② and the "Five -Year Plan" plan, on March 11, 1959, the national sugarcane comprehensive utilization site will be held at the Neijiang Sugar Factory. Six in Neijiang's mechanism near the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway exhibited comprehensive utilization products such as sugar paper, glycosylene, ice acetic acid, soda, starch alcohol, cement and other comprehensive utilization products. Comprehensive use of new technologies of sugarcane paper and starch alcohol to be affirmed and promoted nationwide.

Especially in 1958, in order to support sugar cane production, the Neijiang County Party Committee of the Communist Party of China also decided to build a railway from Neijiang City to Gaqiao Township. One of the reasons was that at that time, the Tianjia, Baihe, Tagoshi, and Shunhe District, which were located in the county, were the main rush of Neijiang City. The second reason is that the sugarcane produced by the above -mentioned districts and townships should be transported to the Neijiang Sugar Plant for processing. The railway is 6.9 kilometers in length, with wooden rails throughout the line and flat iron on the top of the rail. After the wooden rails were completed, the squeezing season came. After the trial operation of the iron -wheel locomotive modified by the car, the wood rail was not able to withstand the high -speed and heavy load of the locomotive, and it was easy to derail. Malan traction, the result is less efficient, and the inner high railway is abolished. Also for sugarcane transportation, the Ziyang County Economic Planning Committee of the Neijiang District also built a lightweight railway from Fengyu District to Houjiaping Ziyang Sugar Factory, with a length of 20 kilometers. The rails of this line are cast by raw iron. Each is less than two meters in length. When the sugar season was stubborn, only 4 people pushed the flat car to transport more than 500 tons of sugar cane into the factory and ended. On July 1, 1952, the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway (Chongqing) opened to traffic. The colorful car from Chongqing arrived at Neijiang East Station. The PLA maintained order

Historically, although the Nei -High -Railway and Fenghou Railway have not operated for a long time, they have played a certain role in planting and transportation in Neijiang, and also witnessed the confidence and determination of the inner people to develop the sugar industry.

In short, the entire line of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway has not only changed the backward situation of traffic occlusion in Sichuan and even southwest, from "the Shu Road is difficult to go to Qingtian" to "Shu Daoyi" to "Shu Dao Tong", to the subsequent railway network to the later railway network The construction of highways, inland ports, and aviation projects has produced a huge promotion role. At the same time, in terms of opening channels, improving road networks, and building hubs, major breakthroughs have been achieved, and comprehensive transportation hubs in the western part of the north and south, Tongjiang Dahai have gradually formed, and created favorable conditions for the development and economic development of the rich resources along the railway. Essence From the perspective of the Neijiang area, after the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway was opened to traffic, the coal transported by the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway successively built two thermal power plants in the Neijiang Power Plant and Baima Power Plant. The recovery and construction of large state -owned enterprises such as Neijiang Sugar Factory, Mao City Sugar Plant, Yin Sugar Plant, Neijiang Cotton Textile Factory, Neijiang Machine Tool Factory, Neijiang Forging Plant, and other large state -owned enterprises have continued to support the rapid development of Neijiang economy. The Chengdu -Chongqing Railway provides a steady stream of cargo transportation.

In the 1960s, with the advancement of the construction of the third line, large enterprises such as Southwest Medical Equipment Factory, Southwest Medical Device Factory, Neijiang Machine Tool Factory, Shanchuan Machinery Factory, China Ministry of Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, and 607 of the Ministry of Aerospace settled in Neijiang. Neijiang's economy has developed steadily. Following Chengdu and Chongqing, it ranks third in the province, and it is called "the third child".

Chengdu -Chongqing Electricized Railway after Energy Expansion

Looking back at the history of Neijiang Sugar Industry and the birth of the first railway after the establishment of New China, the economic development of Neijiang has always been synchronized with the construction of railway transportation. The history of Neijiang Sugar Industry and the history of the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway have witnessed the economic iteration, agricultural development, and urban and rural changes of Neijiang, and recorded the simple, positive and vitality philosophy of the people of Neijiang.

By the beginning of the 21st century, Neijiang Sugar Industry became a kind of memory, a culture, a kind of nostalgia that could not be wiped, and the Chengdu -Chongqing Railway, after the capacity expansion, the realization of electrification projects. Social development plays an important role.

Note

① The "Five -Year Plan" plan refers to the first five -year plan. The five -year plan is an important part of the Chinese National Economic Plan and is a long -term plan. It is mainly planned to plan the goals and directions for major national construction projects, productivity distribution, and the important proportion of the national economy, and specifies the goals and directions for the vision of the national economic development. After the founding of New China, the first "five -year plan" began in 1953. From the "11th Five -Year Plan", the "Five -Year Plan" was changed to the "Five -Year Plan".

② The "three major transformations" are socialist transformations led by the Communist Party of China after the founding of the Communist Party of China after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

references

① Chen Dongliang and Li Mingsheng, "History of Neijiang Sugar Industry", Sichuan Science and Technology Publishing House, December 1990, 1st edition.

② Edited by the Party History and Local Chronicle of the Inner Jiang Municipal Party Committee of the Communist Party of China, "Centennial Event in Neijiang of the Communist Party of China".

③ Edited by the Transportation Bureau of the Neijiang District, "Transportation of Neijiang Area", July 1994, 1994.

Source: Sichuan Provincial Local House Work Office

Text/Figure: Liu Deyuan (Research Office of the Party History and Local History of the Communist Party of China)

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