"Party Construction Studies" Li Xueqin: Marx and Engels' theoretical and practical exploration on investigation and research

Li Xueqin: The theoretical and practical exploration of Marx and Engels on investigation and research

Party building

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Investigation and research are not only a way to understand the world, but also the way to transform the world. Marxism is a practical science and starts from the living social reality. It is concluded through systematic investigations and in -depth research. Focusing on investigation and research is an inevitable requirement of Marxism. Classic Marxist writers not only pointed out the significance of investigation and research, proposed the general method of investigation and research, but also set a glorious model in practice.

1. The theoretical exploration of Marx and Engels on investigation and research

In a certain sense, investigation and research are the foundation and starting point of Marxism and Engels founded Marxism. Lenin said: Before the birth of Marxism, bourgeois scholars also conducted investigations and studies. However, they "at most accumulated the fact that the unprepared analysis of the film was collected and depicts the individual aspects of the historical process. The process of the generation, development and decline of social and economic forms comprehensive and thorough research, because it examines the general coexistence of all contradictions. " Comrade Mao Zedong once said: "Marx and Engels have worked hard for a lifetime and did many investigations and research work before they completed the scientific communism."

Marx and Engels have attached great importance to investigating and studying this scientific method since they devoted themselves to the proletarian revolution. Although they had not proposed the concept of "investigation and research" at the time, the ideas of investigation and research were still profound and rich. Marx said: "A person who does not understand the status quo of the society will not know how to overthrow the movement of this society and the performance of the revolutionary movement in literature." He always attaches importance to investigations and research in various actual situations in the practice of workers' movements. For example, in 1843, he surveyed in the French worker organization and German exile worker organization in Paris. His "the key to understand the development of human history should not be found in a country described as the top of the building. The idea of ​​looking at the contempt of Hegel's contempt "" is formed at this time. Engels said in the foundation of scientific socialism in the "British Workers Class Status": "The situation of investigation and understanding of the working class is to provide a solid foundation for the theory of socialism, and at the same time to provide a solid foundation for those insights that the theory of socialism. In order to eliminate all the imaginations and fabrications of the theory of socialism. " It can be seen that scientific socialism is a summary and summary on the basis of investigation and research.

Marx and Engels proposed to investigate and research. Marx pointed out on January 24, 1873 "Capital Theory", Vol. The second version of the Edition of the Edition of the Edition of the Edition: "Research must fully occupy the materials, analyze its various forms of development, and explore these forms of inherent connections. Only this is this. Only this is this. Only this is this. After the work is completed, the actual exercise can be properly described. "When Marx and Engels discovered dialectical materialism and historical materialism, they immediately used their social research in social research. The use of dialectical materialism and historical materialism makes social sciences truly scientific, and also makes social survey and research science.在辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义这个基本思想指导下,马克思和恩格斯提出并在自己的科学社会主义研究中、在调查研究中运用了逻辑和历史相结合的方法、从抽象上升到具体的方法、 The combination of analysis and comprehensive combination, the method of studying and narrative, and contradiction -system analysis methods, etc. Marx and Engels also made full use of all advanced investigation and research methods that they could use at the time in theoretical research and investigation practice to conduct scientific socialist research. In addition to using commonly used observations, interviews and other methods, it also created and successfully used international communication survey methods with significant significance to use and develop discussions. In particular, Marx used the use of typical ideas and methods in investigation and research. He believes that capitalism should be studied from the "mature form", and the United Kingdom should be regarded as a typical place to study capitalist production methods and its corresponding production relationships, and treats London as a "good observation center" to study bourgeois society. As a pioneer and typical center of capitalism, London enables Marx to comprehensively analyze the capitalist mechanism and use new facts to enrich its doctrine. Second, Marx and Engels' practical exploration on investigation and research

In order to meet the needs of the proletarian revolutionary struggle, Marx and Engels personally went deep into the masses and understood the actual situation, mastered a large amount of first -hand information, laid a solid foundation for theoretical research, and made their theory a weapon for working class struggles.

When the young Marx worked for the Rhine, he observed the real society by editing newspapers and in -depth investigations on the society through interviewing this special investigation and research method. These prominent manifestations of his investigation and research on the theft of the woods and the investigation and research on the problem of farmers along the Moser River. As Engels later said: "I heard Marx more than once that it was his research on the forest theft and the mogo area's situation, which promoted him from pure political to research economic relations, and thus moved towards society to society. "The Defense of Moselle Reporter" was published in the Rhein News published in January 1843, which was published in the second year of Marx's editor -in -chief of the Rhine. The purpose of Marx's writing this article was to respond to two articles published by the Governor of Rhine in the "Rhein" reporter's unreasonable accusations and asked the newspapers to explain the interpretation of the reporter. Based on the in -depth investigation and research on the living conditions of the residents along the Moser River in the name of Moselle reporter, in -depth investigations and research on the living conditions of the Moser River, with extremely detailed facts and irrefutable arguments A objective answer was made in an unsigned form, thereby exposing the "bureaucratic nature" of the government along the coast of the Moser River from the people's management agencies. This article is considered to be Marx's start of the investigation and research, which shows that Marx has gradually established a distinctive position for the endorsement of the suffering in the suffering in his youth. In the process of writing "Capital", Marx has studied more than 1,500 books and files, and went deep into factories and rural areas to conduct field inspections, and conducted a wide range of investigations and research on the economic conditions of capitalist countries. For the 20 -page text of the British Labor Law in the "Capital Theory", he even flipped through the blue book reported by the British and Scottish Investigation Commission and factory inspector in the entire library. I have read these books. After Marx's death, Engels was surprised to find that more than two cubic meters of materials in Marx's manuscript paper were statistical figures from Russia. The advent of "Capital Theory" has become a monument in the history of investigation and research, so that the theory of scientific socialism has laid on a solid scientific basis.

Marx attaches great importance to investigating various actual situations in the practice of workers' movement. After arriving in Paris in 1840, he established a direct connection with French workers and workers' organizations of German exiles, and often participated in the assembly and discussions of workers. In 1846, Marx and Engels founded the Brussels Communist Communications Commission to learn about the status of the workers' movements of European countries (Germany, Bi, France, and Britain) through its activities. Later, he led the Communist Alliance and directly participated in the mass revolutionary struggle between France and Germany from 1848-1849. From exile in August 1849 to London until his death, Marx and activists of the workers 'movement always maintained uninterrupted communication. His study room often gathered representatives of the workers' movement of various countries. During the 1970s to the 1970s, Marx was engaged in a large number of revolutionary practical activities while leading the International Workers' Association (First International). The leaders of the workers' movement of various countries ask Marx, and Marx also understands the situation of various countries in time through them. Marx's masterpiece "French Class Struggle from 1848 to 1850", "Louis Po La Na's Fog Moon Eighteenth", "French Civil War", theoretically summarized the history of the French Revolution in 1848 and the Paris Commune Revolution in 1871 Experience is written based on personal experience and first -hand materials that have been learned through various channels. Marx pays great attention to investigating and studying the experience, development level, and errors that appear at different stages. They also pay attention to understanding the labor conditions, living conditions and ideological conditions of the workers' class in various countries. Since any government in France dare not investigate the situation of the French worker class, Marx drafted the "Workers' Survey Form" for the French "Socialist Review" in April 1880. The problem, each problem is very specific, and it is extremely detailed to comprehensively. After the "Workers' Survey Form" was published, a large number of single -line books were issued in France. This is the first form in history to investigate its own situation by the proletariat. They are all unparalleled, and it is still a model for social survey research forms.

Marx's research issues always understand all the books related to the problems of the research, master the materials and achievements that have been collected by previous generations and contemporaries. Marx pay special attention to the following types of books:

The first is a work with rich practical materials. E.g. In 1869, Marx received the book "The Status of Russian Workers' Class" from Freorovsky from Russian friends. This was written by the author to travel to various places in person and spent 15 years. In order to read this book, Marx began to learn Russian in the winter of 1869 (52 years old). After a few months, he said, "I am very happy, and now I can check the dictionary to read it quite quickly."

The second is the scientific or new insights in various fields. For example, after Morgen's "Ancient Society" was published in 1877, Marx soon discovered that it had important scientific value. Although he was often sick at the time, he read carefully and made a very detailed excerpt.

The third is the book that reflects the history of thought or theoretical development of a certain problem. The large number of books in political economics accumulated in the British Museum have studied almost all of Marx. Many citations of "Capital" indicate a certain point of view when it is for the first time in which person and what books. From this, we can see that the number of books he read and research has a large number of books, extensive scope, and large effort.

Fourth, the works on the history of various countries and ethnic groups. The history of Marx's research is mainly to clarify the current events and phenomena from the historical root. No matter what problems are solved, do not forget basic historical connections. To examine each problem depends on how some phenomenon produces, develops in history, and what the status quo is. This is an important method for Marx to conduct investigations and research. For example, after France on December 2, 1851, after the Polba coup, Marx quickly wrote the book "Louis Bonba's Fog Moon 18th" in December of that year to March of the following year. The reason why Marx was able to put forward a deep opinion on the incident when the incident happened because Marx knew the history of France, and also examined the details of the society of France at that time, occupying rich information.

At the same time, Marx attaches great importance to statistics. He said: "These numbers actually provide more precious materials that are more precious than full of beautiful nonsense and politics." Marx made full use of these survey statistics, and Write into many important works. As Lenin said, everything created by human society was reviewed with a critical attitude. He has re -discussed all the achievements built by human thought, criticized, and tested in the workers' movement. This process is the process of investigation of historical materials and real materials.

Constantly paying attention to new situations, collecting new materials, and researching new issues is an important feature of Marx's investigation and research. He has never been satisfied with the materials that has been mastered and the understanding he has reached. Practice has developed. With new materials, we must re -study to test the previous understanding. Marx's close attention to the economic and political life of Britain and other major capitalist countries is almost collecting and accumulating a large amount of factual materials on the weekly and monthly. Marx and Engels, who live in Manchester, have correspondence between each week to exchange information, situations and views of each other. From the 1940s to the 1980s, Marx devoted himself to the writing of "Capital". Although there were some preliminary drafts before London, after arriving in London, Marx decided to draft from scratch because he discovered many new materials and the development of capitalism has reached a new stage. Material". After long -term research in the 1950s and 1960s, the manuscripts of the volumes of "Capital" have been completed, but after the first volume of the first volume of 1867, until the death of Marx, the second and third volumes and the history of the remaining value theory did not have no part of the history of the theory of value theory. publishing. The main reason is that Marx adopted a very strict scientific attitude towards his own works. With the development of practice, new investigations and research are continuously conducted. Before obtaining satisfactory results, he is unwilling to publish his own work. In a letter, he said: "Under the current conditions, the second volume of" Capital "cannot be published in Germany. I am very happy, because it is precisely that some economic phenomena have entered a new stage of development. Therefore, it is necessary to re -study. "Based on the constantly emerging materials, Marx made a new study on the issue of land ownership and bank credit in the 1970s. Engels later recalled: "If there are not so many materials from the United States and Russia (there are more than two cubic meters of books in Russian statistics alone), the second volume has long been printed. The progress of the second volume has been delayed for many years. He always has to collect all the materials until the last day. " "Become Marxism's thickest and richest work, and is known as the" working class of the workers ".

Engels is also a glorious model for Marxists to conduct investigations. He "abandoned social activities and banquets, abandoned the bourgeois -class Portuguese red wine and champagne, and almost used his free time to associate with ordinary workers." In -depth investigations and research. The "Waper Valley Letter" written by Engels in 1839 was published anonymous in the publication of the "Deutsche Telecom" publication of the Youth German Movement Organ. Written. Engels, who was born in the head of the textile factory, did not stand on the bourgeois stand to examine the situation of the workers, but expressed the deep sympathy and concern of the workers' situation. Explore the real life of workers. Although the capitalist industry is developed, the spiritual life is immersed in the "shameful and ugly" religious pietyism, which is also the deepest feeling that Engels has obtained in the observation of the factory workers extensively. Engels deeply realized that the most vicious and worst factory owner to treat workers is piety. They use ridiculous preconceptions to anesthes anesthesia workers in thought and spirit, preaching the noble and wealthy of the factory owner, the lowness and the lowness of workers and the lowness of workers Poverty, saying that these are the special arrangements of God, are destined to be destined. They can only endure, not to violate resistance, and they cannot create personal happiness at will according to their own wishes. Engels hates this nonsense. He scolds the absurdity of fate theory, relentlessly exposes the cruel crimes of the capitalist factory system, and criticizes religious superstition with the capitalist factory system.

In March 1845, the book "British Workers Class Status" written by Engels's personal observation and actual inspection was both the iconic work of Engels independently moved towards the new materialism world view, and the earliest typical investigation report of the proletariat. Engels criticized the research methods of rationalism and materialism, not from concepts but from practice to answer questions. For the first time, Engels used a scientific social survey method to study the overall situation of the British workers' class, creating a precedent for investigation and research in the history of Marxist development. It was also the first book to inspect the working class with "reliable evidence".

At that time, the rapid development of urban space brought a lot of social problems, and at the same time, it also attracted the attention of many scholars. They tried to find the cause of the problem from their respective angles and proposed the solution. As Engels mentioned in the British Workers Class, Dr. Wayne, Dr. Andrew Yur, and Kalele, and many anarchist at the time of the urban issues at the time were given. Even moral criticism. But their methods are priority, and their positions are defended by the bourgeoisie. Engels must truly reproduce the status of workers in the city and understand the essence of the problem. First of all, it must be changed in the research methods and positions, otherwise it will re -fall into the old bourgeois. Engels explained the research method in the beginning of the "British Workers Class State", including direct investigation and research on field inspections and indirect investigations of information. Obtaining first -hand direct information about the British workers' class through field surveys is the main research method used by Engels. On -site investigation is reflected in methods such as "watch", "listening", "observation" and "conversation". Don't emphasize that what he wants is not pure abstract knowledge, but to go deep into the family's family, observe their daily life, talk about their conditions and their suffering with their workers. The struggle of social rule and political rule. He "directly understands the British proletariat by personal observation and personality, understand their wishes, their pain and joy, and at the same time supplement their own observations with necessary reliable materials. What I described in this book is that I see I have to, hear and read. " Engels also used the indirect investigation method of reviewing the information, "very seriously treat the understanding of the obtained, and studied all kinds of official and unofficial documents I can find." On the basis of investigating and analyzing the objective reality of British workers, Engels truly reproduces and restores the truth of the worker class covered by the bourgeois ideology. Essence Lenin said, "Engels is in the UK, knowing the proletariat at the British Industrial Center Manchester", "Here, he is not just sitting in the factory's office. He often goes to the dirty residential area where the workers live. See the poor scene of workers' poverty. " "He also read all the works he could find in the previous discussion of the class status of the British workers, and carefully studied all the official documents he could see. The result of this research and observation was" Britain published in 1845 "Britain The book of the working class "." "This book is a very severe complaint about capitalism and bourgeoisie ... is the best description of the modern proletarian condition. Indeed, no matter before or after 1845, there is no A book describes the poor situation of the working class so clearly and real. "French scholar August Kornie believes:" This book has made a great contribution to the formation of historical materialism and scientific socialism. In fact, this is the first time. The basic characteristics of a historical period were inferred by a 24 -year -old young man with a deep insight and an amazing courage, and it was systematically inferred from its economic development. " The publication of Engels's work has played a huge role in the establishment of materialist history and scientific socialism and the formation of Marxist political economy, which has effectively promoted the development of socialism from the development of science and improving the class awareness of the proletarian class. And promoting the international communist movement has important theoretical value and practical significance.

Marx and Engels not only carried out investigations and research in person, but also organized international comrades to conduct global macro investigations and research, using the Brussels Communications Commission to conduct organizational international investigations in the form of organized interoperability information. This was the best form of social survey under the conditions of social science and technology at that time. It is both the command system of the revolutionary movement and the international survey network; it is both the form of Marx and Engels investigating the situation of various countries, but also the form of the actual survey data of communists in various countries. It can be seen that the survey and research work has become an important part of all jobs as soon as the international co -movement is the same as other tasks. At the same time, international leadership institutions are also investigating and research institutions. Investigation and research are part of scientific socialist practice.

Regarding the investigation and research ideas of Marx and Engels, Lenin commented: "Marx has not fallen into imaginism." Based on the actual experience, try to get practical lessons from this experience. " Comrade Mao Zedong also commented: "Knowing the world is not an easy task. Marx and Engels have worked hard for a lifetime and did a lot of investigations and research to complete scientific communism." "Marx conducted detailed investigations and research in actual struggles. , Summarized all kinds of things, and the conclusions were proved in the actual struggle. This kind of work is called theoretical work. "

Li Xueqin: Member of Chang'an Street Reading Club and former Director of the Research Office of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

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