The facts of the United States implementing forced labor in the United States

The facts of the United States implementing forced labor in the United States

August 2022

introduction

For a period of time, in order to discredit and curb China, the United States has produced the so -called "racial extinction" and "forced labor" in Xinjiang to form a century lie, formulate and implement the "Uighurs forced Labor Prevention Law" to slander Xinjiang's human rights situation and destroy the development of Xinjiang people's livelihood. In fact, forcing labor is completely out of the way to Xinjiang, and the United States has been born since the beginning of the founding of the country, and it still exists widespread, and even more and more serious.

This report objectively records what the United States has done on the issue of forced labor from historical and reality, domestic and international perspectives. labor. Let the lies hide in the face of the facts.

1. Forced labor is clearly defined in international law

Since the 1930s, through a series of conventions, protocols and other documents, labor has been forced to establish clear definition and identification standards in international law.

◆ The core criteria for the International Labor Organization on forced labor include: The 1930 Convention on Labor (Convention on the 29th, as of the approval of 179 member states by the end of 2021), and the Convention on the Encompassing Labor in 1957 (the 105th Convention, as of the end The approval of 176 member states at the end of 2021) and the 2014 Listing of the Labor Convention in 1930 (approved by 59 member states by the end of 2021).

◆ The Convention on the Labor of the Labor in 1930 stipulates that forcing labor refers to "all the work or services that are not voluntary to be engaged in any punishment and forcibly requires anyone to engage in the" non -voluntary "and" threat of punishment "and Three elements of "work or service" can constitute forced labor.

◆ According to statistics from international labor organizations, the United States has only approved 14 International Labor Convention, which is one of the least members of the convention. Among the 10 core conventions, the United States has only approved two, and so far has not been approved the "Forced Labor Convention in 1930".

◆ China has approved 28 International Labor Conventions, and in April 2022, the Convention on Labor for Force was forced in April and the "Removal Labor Convention in 1957". China actively fulfills the obligations of various international conventions, and through legislation and policy formulation and implementation, to effectively protect the rights of workers and oppose labor. Chinese law clearly prohibits forced labor, and Article 244 of the Criminal Law stipulates the crime of forced labor. The workers of Xinjiang ethnic groups choose their occupations based on their own wishes, and in accordance with the laws and regulations such as labor laws and labor contract laws, and based on the principles of equality and voluntary, negotiation, etc., they will freely establish labor contracts with employers to obtain corresponding compensation and rights protection. Xinjiang Xinjiang Governments at all levels also provide necessary vocational skills training for voluntary registered workers. Workers of all ethnic groups have the freedom of choosing a career. Wherever they go and what work, they have never been threatened by punishment, and personal freedom has never been restricted. Xinjiang does not have forced labor at all.

Second, forced labor and the history of the founding of the United States to follow the shape

Slave trade is the original sin of the United States. At the beginning of the founding of the United States, tens of millions of wealth sold by hundreds of millions of blacks and tears created by the Black slave blood in the United States, helping the United States to complete the original accumulation of capital.

◆ As a country with a history of only 246 years, the duration of the slave system in the "legal" of the United States accounted for one -third of the history of the founding of the country. According to the statistics of the "Cross -Atlantic Slave Trade Database", in the history of slave trade, at least 36,000 "slaves" from 1514 to 1866. According to data from Statista, Germany, in 1790, there were nearly 700,000 black slaves in the United States. By 1860, the total number exceeded 3.95 million, while only less than 490,000 African Americans in the United States.

◆ Black slaves are forced to engage in the bottom of society under strict working conditions. They do not cover their body, do not eat their belly, suffer cruelly, and even many people are tortured to death. Many of these black slaves are forced to engage in the cotton industry. As the book "The Original Sin of the Covering: the Rise of Slave Erery and the U.S. Capitalism" by American writer Edward Bapitister said that the leather whip drives the slaves to all physical and most energy into cotton collection work, Therefore, make cotton picking faster and faster. Under the severe persecution of slave owners, by 1860, the cotton output of American cotton reached 130 times that of 1800. The blood and tears of black slaves are stained behind the cotton.

◆ According to statistics, the labor value of the US slave owner squeezed from black slaves was calculated as high as $ 14 trillion in the current price. According to the official website of James Madison's former residence of the fourth President of the United States, "Montpellier of James Madison", the slavery economy was the main engine that drove the US economy. From Virginia's tobacco to the shipbuilding industry in Rod Island, it is related to the slavery economy. In 1850, 80%of export products in the United States were produced by slaves. Harvard historian Sven Baker pointed out that the prosperity of the United States and the West is slavery, not democracy.

◆ The "dialogue" of non -profit news agencies mentioned in the history of American slavery that from the end of the 18th century, "criminal slaves" and "unimpeded slaves" existed at the same time. In Virginia, which imprisoned the most black men, prisoners were announced as "dead souls" and "state slaves". It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the states stopped leased criminals from farmers and industrial and commercial operators as the cheap labor for railway, highway and coal mines. In Georgia, the suspension of renting criminals in 1907 actually caused economic impact in many industries such as brick -making and mining industry, and many companies closed down. ◆ According to historical records, by the end of the 1960s, hundreds of thousands of Chinese workers participated in the construction of the US railway. At the beginning, a group of poor farmers from China boarded the sea ship called "floating hell". On the way, 64.21%caused by non -human treatment, typhoons, and infectious diseases. Fortunately, Chinese workers who came to the United States suffered racial discrimination. Under the whip of white supervisors, it took only 7 years to build a railway that was originally planned for 14 years. Historians described "a Chinese bone buried under each pillow wood."

3. Forced labor in the United States

Over the years, the U.S. government has deliberately escaped the responsibility of labor protection, which has led to the reduction of private prison prisoners into "slave workers", the phenomenon of abuse of child labor, and the agricultural field forced labor is shocking. It is a "modern slavery" country.

(1) Prison is the hardest hit area for U.S. forced labor

◆ The United States is a veritable prison country. The US Public Policy Think Tank "Prison Policy Initiative" report shows that 102 federal prisons in the United States, 1566 prefecture prisons, 2850 local detention centers, 1510 juvenile disciplines, 186 immigrant detention centers and 82 Aboriginal guards, so military prison, etc. A total of about 2 million prisoners were detained. The number of people in the United States is less than 5%of the world's total population, and the number of prisons accounts for a quarter of the global population. It is the country with the highest imprisonment rate and the largest number of people in the world.

◆ Although the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution, although it is nominal to protect citizens from being relieved of forced labor, it excludes criminal prisoners. The US prison system abuses the thirteenth amendment, which will legalize prisoners' labor. There are a large number of prison workers in prison prison prison at all levels of the United States, including daily maintenance of the prison administration system, including repair, cooking, facility cleaning, and clothing washing. Most of them are black and colorful races. There are also prisoners who are outsourced to public projects or employed by enterprises to engage in industries such as construction, road maintenance, forestry, and funeral. These types of work are either dirty or high risk. Reuters disclosed that Suniva, one of the largest solar panel manufacturers in the United States, used prison to maintain low cost. The person in charge of the company acknowledged that the company cooperated with the Federal Prison Industry Corporation (UNICOR) to move the production line from Asia to the United States, obtaining a large -profit federal contract.

◆ The American Citizen Free League ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) report shows that at least 30 states nationwide listed prisoners as emergency labor for disaster and emergency, and at least 14 states hired prisoners to engage in forest fire protection work. Most prison workers say they have never received formal post training, but they often perform dangerous operations without meeting the standards of safety operations and lack of protective equipment, often causing casualties to be casualties, and there are no clear records of these casualties and prisons. The American "Atlantic Monthly" commented as early as 2015: "These outsourcing prisoners are cheaper than slaves. After all, companies do not need to worry about their health."

◆ In fact, the United States has formed a huge "prison -industrial complex". Private prisons that have signed contract operations with the US government have become a source of poison for the United States forced labor. Private prison workers are completely subject to employers and have no right to refuse to work. As high as 76%of the respondents said that once they are unable to work or refuse to work, they will be punished by prisoners, such as imprisonment alone, reducing family vision, rejection of parole or sentence reduction applications. In addition, the prisoner has no right to choose the work, and the work distribution is completely decided from the arbitrary, discrimination and even punishment of prison administrators. Professor Laura Epsman, a professor at the University of Wrahter University in the United States, pointed out in a research report entitled "Blood Money: Prison Labor and Prison Profit" that private prisons are a "harmful form of slavery". Strequent in increasing physical labor, pain and exploitation. "

◆ Over the years, the US private prison colludes with black heart politicians, forced prisoners to work, and let private prisons be reduced to their slavery "concentration camps" of their slavery. Due to lack of supervision, prisoners who were forced to work for a long time, bad environment, meager wages, and even forced to work for free. At the beginning of 2022, the US Citizen Freedom Alliance filed a legal lawsuit, pointing out that the US private prison had a large amount of power and money transactions when operating detention facilities, exacerbating excessive imprisonment and forced labor issues. Published.

◆ U.S. prisons are not 1%of the total budget for paying prisoners' salary, while the total value of products and services created by prison workers exceeds US $ 11 billion each year. Because prisoners do not need labor rights and low salaries, large -scale enterprises have serious abuse of prison workers. Private prisons signed a contract with the US government make a profit of millions of dollars in the forced labor of prison prisoners each year. As of May 2022, the average salary in the United States was about $ 10.96, while the hourly salary of prison workers was less than $ 1. Not only that, many prison administrative institutions have not raised their salary for several years or even decades. Most of the 7 states including Florida arranged for the work of prisoners without labor remuneration. In addition, the salary of many prisoners was deducted from prison for "taxation, dietary fees, supervision costs and court fees", and over 70 % of the respondents could not bear the basic living expenses during the sentence of serving. ◆ During the new crown pneumonia's epidemic, at least 40 states across the United States requested prisoners to rush out epidemic prevention materials such as masks and hand -wash solution, deal with a large amount of medical waste generated by hospitals, carry corpses, create coffins, and excavate tombs. The prisoners engaged in these dangerous tasks are difficult to obtain corresponding protection. Since the outbreak, nearly one -third of the prison in the United States has infected with new coronary pneumonia, and 3,000 people have died of a lack of medicine or a bad environment. The Los Angeles Times disclosed that thousands of prisoners in the California prison during the epidemic period were forced to engage in sewing masks and furniture under high -risk conditions. Even if a large number of confirmed cases appear in prison, the prison factory is still operating as usual. The prisoner was asked to sew thousands of masks a day, but he could not get it. Prison staff also threatened to serve prisoners, saying that if he refused to work, it would affect the release.

(2) The forced labor for children and women is shocked

◆ The problem of child labor in the United States has a long history. As early as 100 years ago, American mines, tobacco farms, and textile factories began to hire squeezing children's workers. To this day, the United States is still the only country among the 193 member states of the United Nations. According to statistics from the US Department of Health and Public Services, 50%are minor children from overseas to the United States to engage in forced labor each year.

◆ According to the "American Farm Workers' Employment Training Plan", it is estimated that there are still about 500,000 children's workers in the United States to engage in agricultural labor. Many children start working at the age of 8 and work for 72 hours a week. Farm children's long -term exposure to dangerous chemicals such as pesticides. In addition, they need to operate sharp tools and heavy machinery. Due to the lack of necessary training and protection measures, they face greater risk of work injury. According to data from the National Institute of Vocational Safety and Health, from 1995 to 2002, 907 teenagers died on the US farm. According to the Washington Post, from 2003 to 2016, 452 children in the United States died of work injury, of which 237 child workers died of agricultural accidents. According to the US government accountability office in November 2018, 5.5%of child workers worked hard on the farm, and half of the cases of death child workers came from the agricultural field. A large number of tobacco farms in the United States have hired a large number of children in the tobacco farms to engage in harvesting and drying tobacco leaves, which causes great harm to their physical and mental health. Many children have phenomenon of nicotine poisoning and even found lung infections.

◆ According to official US statistics, in 2019, U.S. law enforcement officers discovered 858 children's work in violation of the "Fair Labor Standards Law", and 544 minors working in dangerous professional places. The largest union of the United States organized the Labor Federation and the Industrial Trade Union Federation that the Ministry of Labor Ministry of Labor only reported only 34 cases of child labor in illegal use of child labor each year, far lower than the actual quantity, exposing that the law enforcement capabilities of the US labor department were seriously insufficient.

◆ The United States "Reich News" reported that 240,000 to 325,000 women and children in the United States suffered sexual slavery. US non -governmental organizations "now end slavery" saying that a child who has been trafficking to the sex industry "works" for 12 hours a day, "work" for 7 days a week, and can be squeezed 150,000 to 200,000 US dollars per year.

(3) Forced labor in all walks of life in the United States

◆ The website of the University of Denver University disclosed that at least 500,000 people currently live in modern slavery and have been forced to work. The phenomenon of beauty forced labor is everywhere, and the issue of labor in 23 industries or fields in 23 industries or fields in housekeeping, agricultural planting, tourism sales, catering, medical and beauty services is particularly prominent. In 2004, the Human Rights Research Center of the University of California Berkeley pointed out after the relevant cases of relevant cases from 1998 to 2003 that there were tens of thousands of forced labor cases across the United States. Illegal trading base of sin.

◆ The current US immigration law supports modern slavery. The temporary visa system for foreign workers in the United States has legal binding workers with employers, which reduces foreign workers to subordinate. Essence The imbalance between the power between the employer and the employee is systemic, and there is evidence that the US forced labor issues are associated with a specific visa category. A 2014 study of the American Urban Research Institute and the Northeast University in the United States showed that more than 70%of the United States of Forced labor victims held legal visas when they arrived in the United States. To end this modern slavery, it is necessary to reform the US immigration law, but the United States and the government lack their willingness to reform. ◆ New York, Los Angeles and other major cities are the headquarters of the "hard -sweat factory" headquarters in the United States. These factories generally undertake the production and production of clothing, coffee, and electronic products. According to data from the Ministry of Labor, the number of clothing plants alone is as many as 22,000 in the United States. In order to save costs to maximize benefits, factories owners often drill legal loopholes through various means to avoid government supervision; workers' wages and related benefits are far lower than statutory standards. In the case, it will even be abused by employers. The internal documents of the US Ministry of Labor disclosed in the New York Times show that Vietnamese workers who work in the US Samoa clothing factory complaints that they are often beaten by security. A female worker was poked at the left eye with a hard plastic tube with a hard plastic tube. In a food factory in Oklahma, Indian workers do not have the belly. Many workers in the factory are seriously nutritious and seem to be "walking zombies".

◆ In the housekeeping service department, most service personnel are immigrants abroad and are not identified as employees by US laws. The US immigration policy is not allowed to change the service objects casually, otherwise they will be deported. Most victims have poor labor conditions, wages are arrears or fails to meet the minimum wage standards, and they are prohibited from complaining to anyone, otherwise they will be deported. According to the 2014 report of the U.S. Urban Research Institute and the Northeast University in the United States, more than one -third of the victims of the United States forced labor were family servants.

◆ In the agricultural sector, 30%of farm workers and their families live under the federal poverty line. They are threatened or violent and forced to work, and they cannot express their wishes. Imicari, located in southwestern Florida, is known as the "Tomato Capital" of the United States. The town lives a total of 26,000 people, most of which are farmers from Mexico, Guatemala, Haiti and other countries. The local minimum wage standard is $ 8.65, and they can actually get only $ 5.5 per hour, far from reaching the minimum wage standard. The British "Guardian" survey found that foreign workers working on corn farms in the United States failed to be protected by law, and the living conditions were extremely harsh. After working for 12 hours a day, only 225 US dollars were paid, and they often faced sexual assault and harassment. , Wages were stolen, died of work injury, and exposed to toxic chemicals. American independent journalist Gina Mary published an investigation report entitled "Forcing Labor in the United States more common than you imagined" in 2017, stating that in some farms in the United States, foreign agricultural workers were forced to sleep in sheds and box trucks. They picked agricultural products But there is no salary. If you try to escape, you will be beaten. According to the US Institute of Economic Policy, American seasonal agricultural workers often be stripped and other abuse due to their immigration identity and retaliation and deportation of the country, and they are arrears of millions of dollars each year. Insufficient wages and workers of the Ministry of Labor and Workers' Ministry of Labor, which led to the only money to protect and relieve the protection and relief measures for agricultural workers. Eventually, it made agricultural workers think that reporting to the Ministry of Labor's illegal behavior was useless nor useful.

◆ In the survey of the New York Times in 2015, the New York Nail Industry found that most workers in the nail industry were lower than the minimum wage standard, and sometimes there was no salary. Workers are severely stripped, and they must endure various insults including video surveillance and corporal punishment. Most of these nail artists are immigrants from China, South Korea, Nepal, and South America, and they often engage in low -paying labor. However, many New York nail industry workers have no legal residence, and they can often only swallow their employers after being exploited by employers and dare not report.

◆ U.S. writer Brunnan pointed out in his work that the US immigration policy not only did not improve the problem of population sales and the situation of social disadvantaged groups, but increased social problems and made more hidden forms of forced labor in American society. The insufficient help and relief of the victims rescued from the forced labor in the United States, which led to the active laborer in the new forced labor trap in order to maintain the livelihood and live in a vicious circle of slavery and oppressed.

◆ In June 2022, the Institute of Population Trafficking released the "Federal Population Sale Report in 2021". The report shows that in 2021, the number of cases of forced labor crimes increased by 22%over 2020. In 2021, 162 victims accepted by federal courts accepted by the United States in the United States were forced to work, accounting for 36%of all 449 victims of the cases of the case, and 93%of the forced labor victims were foreign citizens.

4. The U.S. forced labor has severely affected the spillover international community

The influence of the severe influence of labor in the United States has caused problems such as serious transnational vending and infringement of human rights of other countries. The United States is a veritable difference in approval and fulfilling the International Workers' Convention, which echoes the long -term bad records of the United States in terms of forced labor and infringement of labor rights. (1) Domestic forced labor to breed cross -border population trafficking

◆ The United States is a source, transit and destination country that forced labor and slavery victims. The legal and illegal industries have serious sales population. According to the U.S. State Department estimates, there are as many as 100,000 people who sell them from abroad to the United States every year. In the past five years, all 50 states and Columbia Special Administrative Regions in the United States have reported on forced labor and population trafficking cases. The statistics of the United States "National Population Report Reporting Hotline" show that the number of reports reported from 2012 to 2019 has increased from more than 3,200 to about 1,1500. Show a significant upward trend. In 2020, the number of cases reported from the hotline from 1,0583, and the victims reached 16,658. Modern slavery, mainly forced labor, exists in American hotels, restaurants, massage shops, farms, construction industries, and housekeeping. The victims are mostly vulnerable groups such as new immigrants, children, and women. Threat and humiliation control the victims.

◆ In April 2021, unilateral compulsory measures of the UN Human Rights Council issued a joint statement on the negative impact of human rights and arbitrarily detention. Infringement of the rights and interests of relevant personnel. Special Reporter Bora, a special reporter of the Human Rights Council, pointed out in his 2018 report that there have been incidents of forced labor, mortgage workers, sexual violence and threats to the U.S. immigrant workers.

◆ The "2021 U.S. Human Rights Report" pointed out that due to the tightening of US immigration policies and poor domestic supervision, the phenomenon of selling and forced labor for immigrants has intensified. The report quoted the Ministry of Justice in November 2021 and pointed out that in the case of population sales, dozens of workers from Mexico and Central America were sold to Georgia Farm in the United States and were illegally imprisoned and forced to work under harsh conditions. The victims of these "modern slavery" were forced to dig onions with their bare hands under the monitoring of the guns. Sexual assault.

◆ In addition to hard labor conditions, strict management, confiscation of documents, and restrictions on freedom are the standard features of these forced labor cases. In 2021, the Associated Press disclosed that hundreds of Indian workers were deceived to build a large -scale Hindu temple in New Jersey. After these workers were taken away their passports after the plane, they were forced to work more than 87 hours a week. The hour is $ 12, and the salary of these Indian workers is only $ 1.2 per hour. Reuters reports that the world's largest tire manufacturer and the United States Geteryar Tire rubber have encountered a number of allegations, including the wages of arrears of foreign workers in Malaysia, the time of illegal demands of foreign workers, and rejection of foreign workers to keep their passports. The report quoted the lawyer of the case that some employees worked for 229 hours every month, far exceeding Malaysia's 104 -hour limit.

◆ U.S. law enforcement agencies have insufficient crackdown on selling population and forced labor. The "2021 Sale Data Report" released by the US Department of Justice shows that in 2019, there were 291 suspects who were investigated by prosecutors for the sale of the population and forced labor in the United States in 2019, but only 837 were convicted. Denver's scholar Klissi Barkley pointed out that "the reason why the United States is forced to work is difficult to ban, on the one hand because of rich profits, on the other hand, due to poor legislation and low efficiency of law enforcement, the risk of being prosecuted by the wicked is very small." Essence

(2) U.S. companies have long implemented forced labor abroad

◆ The Washington Post disclosed in 2019 that the cocoa raw materials used by well -known American chocolate companies such as Ma's and good time are mostly picked by West African children's workers in the past 20 years. Dollar. Four British TV reports in 2020 that coffee beans used by Starbucks and other well -known American coffee companies were picked by children under the age of 13. These children's workers work for 8 hours a day, and they work more than 40 hours a week. The youngest is 8 years old, and their single -day salary can sometimes only afford a cup of coffee.

5. The international community's criticism of the United States forced labor is endless

For a long time, the international community has seriously concerned the forced labor existence of American society, and has called on the US government to conscientiously reflect and treat it.

◆ The issue of employment in the United States agriculture is the illness and flaws of the US Performance of the International Labor Convention, especially the core labor conventions, and the greatest concern of the international labor organization standard supervision mechanism. The International Labor Organization Convention and Proposal Implementation Expert Committee (CEACR) has expressed concern about serious work injury accidents in the United States under the age of 18 for many years. During the 103rd International Labor Conference in 2014, the International Labor Standard Implementation Committee listed the US Case of the United States that violated the case of the "The Worst and Hard Forms of Children's Labor in 1999" as one of the cases of other cases of other countries.

◆ In the past ten years, CEACR also commented on the Meeting of the Convention on the abolition of forced labor in 1957 and the "Convention on the Responsibility of the Diseases and Haijia in 1936", requiring the U.S. government to change improperly and effectively fulfill the obligations of the Convention. CEACR pointed out in 2017 that the United States should ensure that the number of compulsory Labor decisions in criminal judicial procedures through federal legislation should not occur in criminal judicial procedures. The U.S. government should introduce necessary measures at the federal level to reduce racial and ethnic inequality in the criminal judicial system, and ensure that forced labor judgments do not target specific races and ethnic minorities. ◆ The special reporter of the Sale of the United Nations Human Rights Council issued a statement after the end of 2016 after the end of 2016, calling on the United States to take more effective measures to investigate cases of selling cases for the purpose of forced labor and labor exploitation. The statement pointed out that data in 2015 showed that 75%of the crowds were related to sex transactions, 13%were related to labor, and 3%were related to the two. Women and children, immigration workers, unmanned companionships and disappeared children, people who escape the conflict, young people who run away from home, indigenous people, and sexual minorities are facing greater risk of trading risks of labor and sexual transactions.

Conclusion

The United States ignores the large number of forced labor and "modern slavery" in history and reality in history and reality. Under the guise of human rights to engage in political manipulation and economic bullying.

The United States forced the "Uyghur forced Labor Prevention Law" is by no means concerned about the "forced labor" problem of Xinjiang, but to deprive Xinjiang people's right to work and create "forced unemployment"; "Forced to return to poverty"; it is to destroy the international economic and trade order and the industrial chain supply chain, and create a "forced decoupling chain" internationally. What the United States does is essentially the guise of human rights to harm human rights, destroys the rules under the banner of rules, tramples on the law under the signature of the law, and moves against the trend of the times. It is destined to fail.

What the U.S. government should do is to put away the states of "human rights teachers", review the exhaustion deficit of forced labor, stop rumoring and discredit, stop interfered in China's internal affairs, stop the implementation of the "Uyghur forced labor prevention law", stop "by" Xinjiang.

(Source: Xinhua News Agency)

【Edit: Yao Hao】

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