[Character] "General Peace" Zhang Zhizhong Hu Plain

"General Peace" Zhang Zhizhong

Hu Pingyuan

Zhang Zhizhong (1890-1969), formerly known as Ben Yao, nicknamed Wenbai and Wen Bo, was born in Hongjiayu, Chao County, Anhui Province (now Chaohu, Anhui Province). He was born on October 27, 1890 in a poor farmer's family. Zhang Zhizhong is one of the backbone generals of the Huangpu Military Academy, and the National Revolutionary Army's second -level general. During the period when he held an important position in the Kuomintang, he adhered to the peaceful coexistence of the KMT and the Communist Party, because he contributed to the peace of China and was hailed as a "peace general."

When I was at the Huangpu Military Academy, I was eager to join the Communist Party of China

After the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising in 1911, 21 -year -old Zhang Zhizhong participated in the Shanghai Student Army, and was later adapted to the first battalion of the Army's enlistment group. In the autumn of 1912, he was included in the Wuchang Army Preparatory School. In August 1914, he was admitted to the Third Infantry Department of Baoding Army Officer School in August 1914. After graduating in August 1916, he distributed Anwu Jun Ni Yichong to serve. In the summer of 1917, Zhang Zhi went to Guangdong in the south of the south.

In 1923, Chiang Kai -shek went to the Soviet Union to inspect that the Soviets reminded that without their own army, the old army of others could not be reliable. As a result, Huangpu Military Academy came into being. The position of the military school and the director of the political department of the military school is also the experience of imitating the Soviet Red Army Military Academy. The party representative was returned by Liao Zhongkai, but the post of director of the Political Department was difficult at the beginning. The first proposal was Wu Zhihui, but Wu Zhihui was rejected because of disgusting the CCP. After Dai Jitao took office for a few days, he felt that he could not coordinate the contradictions in all aspects and resigned himself. After that, he changed to Shao Yuanchong, and he could not be competent. At this moment, Zhou En came back to China and served as the Propaganda Minister of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee after arriving in Guangzhou. At the same time, he served as a political instructor at the Huangpu Military Academy. He was recommended by Soviet consultants and Zhang Shenfu as the director of the Political Department of Huangpu Military Academy.

In early 1924, when Sun Yat -sen organized a military academy, Chiang Kai -shek hired Zhang Zhizhong as a member of the Huangpu Military Research Committee, but Zhang Zhizhong could not work at the Gui Army Military Academy at that time. He did not attend the Huangpu Military Academy in early 1925. In 1925, the Revolutionary Army was eastward, Zhang Zhizhong's acting captain, and also served as the Chief of Staff of the Second Division and the Chief of Staff of the Guangzhou Weiwei Command. After Zhang Zhizhong went to the Huangpu Military Academy, although the environment of work was relatively sparse, many bosses and subordinates were more familiar. One morning, after Zhang Zhizhong trained the enlistment, he found that there was a military officer who was neatly dressed next to the team, and his feet were always standing together. After the dissolution of the team, Zhang Zhizhong strode forward. At the same time, the officer also walked over and raised his hand to salute.

Then he introduced himself, "Hello, I'm Zhou Enlai."

As soon as Zhang Zhizhong heard the words "Zhou Enlai", he replied happily: "When I heard the name for a long time, I would like to visit the school as soon as I arrived at school and ask you to discuss the experience of political work."

Zhou En said: "You are too humble, your experience is more experienced than me, I should learn from you! You just told the trainees to the hard work of the trainees. These words come. Experienced and educated officers cannot be cultivated in the classroom. "

The two talked while walking on the playground. At this time, Zhang Zhizhong meditated for a while, and said with emotionally: "When I was a kid, my mother told my hometown of a sentence -'Bite Ginger and Drinking Vinegar' (It is said that Zhang Zhizhong asked the relics of Ci Mu" Cao Sheng "to write. A horizontal plaque, hanging on the wall of Anhui as a permanent memorial). Let me use this sentence as a motto. Do n’t forget it for life. Young people can only set up their careers if they have tasted their soreness and suffer hardships. "

"Mr. Zhang is right, you are eight years older than me, knowing how to be a human, you are my big brother ..." Zhou Enlai said sincerely. Since then, Zhou Enlai and Zhang Zhizhong have the same hands and feet at the Huangpu Military Academy. They are friends, close to and from, and often discuss China's future. Zhang Zhizhong later recalled: "The Huangpu Military Academy was established, and I entered Huangpu and met Mr. Zhou Enlai. He was the director of the Political Department. At first sight, we were enthusiastic. He was enthusiastic. Talking about vomiting and studying was greatly attractive."

In the Huangpu Military Academy, Zhang Zhizhong was eager to join the Communist Party of China under the influence of Zhou Enlai and others, so he filed an application for joining the party to Zhou Enlai. However, at that time, due to the cooperation of the KMT and the Communist Party, the Communist Party did not absorb the advanced cadres of the Kuomintang to join the party. Therefore, this caused Zhang Zhizhong's political desire to fail. Although he could not be a member of the Communist Party of China, Zhang Zhizhong insisted that he had not promised to shot a shot and a shot.

In the Third Hall of Chongqing, to do practical things for the Kuomintang and Communist Party

In late November 1937, the chairman of the National Government Lin Sen led officials to evacuate Nanjing and then released the "National Government's Migration of the Chongqing" in Wuhan to announce the relocation of the capital Chongqing. In early February 1939, Zhang Zhizhong resigned from the post of Chairman of Hunan Province for the Changsha fire incident and moved to Chongqing with the national government's important members. One day, Chiang Kai -shek asked Zhang Zhizhong to eat, and asked Zhang Zhizhong's opinion after meals. Chiang Kai -shek asked: "Are you willing to be the chairman of the training committee of the Central Party Department, or the director of the attendant room?" Zhang Zhizhong did not hesitate to answer: "The training committee must speak more. I am not convenient to speak now. I am willing to go to the attendant room to serve." Chiang Kai -shek was very happy after hearing, and then issued Zhang Zhizhong's order order. On March 16, Zhang Zhizhong officially served as the first director of the Kuomintang's attendant room. At that time, there were three places in the attendant room. The first in charge of the military and director Zhang Zhizhong; the second supervisor of the party and government, Chen Blei; the third director, the director was the insidious and cunning Chen Lifu. Zhang Zhizhong was responsible for military in the servant room, contacted the ministries and commissions of the Military Commission internally, and contacted the theater in the field. The important telegram in each place must pass him through him. The location is extremely important. From this, it can be seen that Chiang Kai -shek's emphasis on him. Zhang Zhizhong did not take a long time in the attendant room, but his work was serious and responsible. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, in order to destroy the Chinese people's will of the Chinese people, the Japanese invading army implemented a bombardment of Chongqing. According to incomplete statistics, from the spring of 1938 to the autumn of 1943, the Japanese army dispatched nearly 10,000 aircraft to implement 218 bombers and more than 11,500 bombs. The ruins were ruined in Chongqing City, and it was full of sores. In this case, the Ministry of Politics could not work normally in the city and moved to the Three Holy Palace in the western suburbs of Chongqing.

The Three Holy Palace is a Temple of the Qing Dynasty, with a history of more than 200 years. This temple is different from ordinary religious places, and at the same time worships the "Three Holy". The so -called "Three Sacred" refers to the Taoist Lao Tzu, Buddhist Shakyamuni, and Confucian Confucius, and put the three saints of different martial arts together. The Three Saint Palace is located in Gao Gang, and the entire courtyard is built on the mountains. It covers an area of ​​more than 5,000 square meters and has a very wide field of vision. At that time, they were farmland and jungle. The location was hidden and the environment was quiet. After Zhang Zhizhong went to work in the Political Department, because the Three Saint Palace was far away from his home, he often lived here.

A glance in Chongqing

As the main person in charge of the political work of the whole army and the important staff of Chiang Kai -shek, Zhang Zhizhong often made suggestions to Chiang Kai -shek, and sometimes gave some criticism. Once, Chiang Kai -shek asked Zhang Zhizhong, Chen Cheng, and Xiong Shihui to talk. I don't know how to talk about the reorganization of the Executive Yuan. Chiang Kai -shek said casually: "Now the Chief Executive is not able to do it, I have to do it." I can find a lot of it, I do n’t know how Jun Zeng measures that no one can do it? "Chiang Kai -shek laughed after listening to:" Is there so many people be the dean? "For some reason, Chiang Kai -shek loved part -time part -time job. , Such as the director of the Chief Executive, the Minister of Education, the president of the military academy, the chairman of Sichuan Province, and even the four lines (referred to as the Central Bank, Bank of China, Bank of Communications, and Agricultural Bank of China), he had both.

Shortly after the National Government entered Sichuan, Chiang Kai -shek also served as the chairman of Sichuan Province. At that time, Zhang Zhizhong was still in the attendant room and clearly put forward objections, but Chiang Kai -shek did not adopt it. Chiang Kai -shek once went to Chengdu to deal with official duties. Chen Blei, the director of the second office of Zhang Zhizhong and the attendant room, joked: "We ask the chairman to go to Chengdu as the identity? Then we have no need to accompany. "Later, Chiang Kai -shek also realized that it was not appropriate to serve as the chairman of Sichuan Province, and soon gave Zhang Qun.

In May 1940, Zhang Zizhong, commander of the 33rd Army, died in the battle of Zaoyi. The news passed to Chongqing. Zhang Zhizhong realized that once the Lord would die, the army's heart must be shaken, so he must call the condolences in the name of the highest commander and An Junxin. Zhang Zhizhong drafted the power manuscript for Chiang Kai -shek for the first time, and Chiang Kai -shek immediately issued it immediately after reading. Later, Zhang Zhizhong said in the memoir that Chiang Kai -shek changed only one or two words in this power manuscript, very satisfied with Zhang Zhizhong's handling.

On September 6, 1940, the National Government issued an order to officially announce that Chongqing was accompanied by the capital, and the mountain city in the southwest became the capital capital of China. In September of the same year, Zhang Zhizhong was renamed the Minister of Political Department of the Military Commission. The Ministry of Political Department is the political work in charge of the national and military schools of the country, and it was established during the Huangpu and the Northern Expedition. After the two parties of the Anti -Japanese War resumed cooperation, the Military Commission re -set up the Political Department. Minister Chen Cheng, Zhou Enlai is one of the deputy ministers, and the director of the third hall in charge of the propaganda is Guo Moruo. In the second half of 1940, Yichang was trapped behind. In order to defend the back of the Southwest, the Military Commission re -established the sixth theater. The area under the jurisdiction is the area of ​​western Hubei, northern Hunan, west of Hunan, and eastern Sichuan. After Zhang Zhizhong took over.

Later, Zhang Zhizhong moved to Guiyuan. Guiyuan is a small courtyard on the street in Zhongshan Road, Chongqing. The courtyard is not large, and the furnishings are very simple. It is very different from the government's official residence in the impressive government. There is a second -floor building in the courtyard. The entrance is the aisle and cloakroom. The living room, restaurant, kitchen and bathroom are inside. The bedroom and office upstairs. Behind the small building is a few bungalows, mainly where car houses and service personnel live. The most notable of the yard is two osmanthus trees, the crown and the top of the building, covering the entire yard with a thick shade. It is said that the osmanthus tree is still planted by Zhang Zhizhong. The reason why this house is named Nagany Garden is two reasons: one is because of these two osmanthus trees; the other is Zhang Zhizhong's father named "Guizheng", Zhang Zhizhong used this to commemorate his father. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, although the Kuomintang and Communist Party cooperated to fight against Japan together, due to many years of grievances, the army of the two sides often rubbed. As a representative of the National Government, Zhang Zhizhong often negotiated with the CCP's representatives Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying and others. In 1942, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also sent Lin Biao to Chongqing to attend the talks. Zhang Zhizhong described it in his memoirs: "Lin was a student of Huangpu, and Jiang sent me to discuss at that time. Zeng Jiayan was rented from the Guanjia) with a small small building of Zengjiayan). Every time it was Zhou (Zhou Enlai) and Lin (Lin Biao). as long as."

In the spring of 1943, Zhou Enlai made four opinions on behalf of the CPC Central Committee to the Kuomintang, including party issues, military issues, northern Shaanxi border issues, and the CCP's military operations area issues. Zhang Zhizhong believed that he was acceptable and reported Chiang Kai -shek. Chiang Kai -shek's opinion on the Communist Party of China was not available, but he proposed to Zhang Zhizhong that Mao Zedong invited Mao Zedong to talk to Chongqing and wrote a letter to Mao Zedong to Zhang Zhizhong. At this time, Lin Biao happened to return to Yan'an. Zhang Zhizhong walked for Lin Biao in Guiyuan, so he handed the letter to Lin Biao back. Later, according to Zhang Zhizhong's memories, although Yan'an did not respond to this, "after the victory of the Anti -Japanese War in 1945, Mr. Mao Zedong was buried by Yan'an to Chongqing."

After Zhang Zhizhong was transferred to the Minister of the Political Department of the Kuomintang Military Commission, he was also the secretary of the Three -Civilian Youth League. There are many Communists and left -wing cultural people led by Guo Moruo, and some people suggest to squeeze these people to Zhang Zhizhong. However, Zhang Zhizhong's relationship with the Communist Party of China has always been good. Not only did he not be crowded out, but he also set up a cultural work committee in the Ministry of Political Department. He still asked Guo Moruo to host it. There are many well -known cultural people in this committee, such as Shen Yanbing, Yang Hansheng, Lao She, Tian Han, Hu Feng, Hong Shen, Sun Fuyuan, Wang Kunlun, Xiong Foxi, etc. are all members. Regarding the composition of the Cultural Working Committee, Zhang Zhizhong Memoirs wrote in this way: "There are also three groups in the meeting: the first group of central work is to edit the international summary, the second group of central work is literary writing, the third group of central work is the work of the center is Relief research. "Later, for various reasons, the committee was revoked at the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan. After the Cultural Working Committee was canceled, Zhang Zhizhong had always felt guilty and disturbing.

On August 10, 1945, China received news from Japan's surrender and was jubilant. However, Zhang Zhizhong was deeply worried. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, he had been in charge of contacting the CCP, knowing that the domestic crisis was in full swing, and he was about to start. At that time, the conversation between the two parties had fallen into a pause, so Zhang Zhizhong actively moved and eager to recover the peace talks. On August 14 of the same year, with the efforts of Zhang Zhizhong, Chiang Kai -shek called Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to invite Mao Zedong to the Chongqing "discussion plan". After that, Chiang Kai -shek sent two telegrams on the 20th and 23rd, inviting Mao Zedong to "face -to -face business affairs". On the 24th, Mao Zedong resumed Chiang Kai -shek. On the 25th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Declaration of the current situation to determine the principles and goals of the party with peace, democracy, unity, and unity.

In this context, as a representative of the National Government, Zhang Zhizhong and the United States Ambassador to China Hilly took a special plane to Yan'an to welcome Chairman Mao Zedong. On August 28, Zhang Zhizhong and Helley accompanied Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Ruofei to arrive in Chongqing with plane. When he arrived, Mao Zedong wore a blue Zhongshan dress and black cloth shoes. One -handed Panama -style pot -shaped hat and walked off the plane with a smile. The world -renowned Chongqing negotiations have begun.

During the negotiations of Chongqing, Chairman Mao Zedong had been resting in Guiyuan's office in Zhang Zhizhong. Most of the banquets to meet with the envoys in China and representatives of all parties were here. According to Zhang Lijun, an ally of Zhang Zhizhong: "Chiang Kai -shek and Mao Zedong talks many times, and have visited Guiyuan to visit Mao Zedong and took a group photo in front of the building. During this period, well -known people from all walks of life visited frequently. Sometimes they had to add guests temporarily. Buy nearby restaurants ... Guiyuan is also a place of negotiations between the representatives of the KMT and the Communist Party. In addition to discussing during the day, it is more about talking at night, and often talk about midnight. "At that time, the negotiation representatives of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were Zhang Qun, Zhang Zhizhong, Wang Shijie, Shao Lizi and Shao Lizi and Shao Lizi. Zhou Enlai and Wang Ruofei. Although the two parties are far away, after more than 40 days of negotiation and talks, a agreement is finally signed. This agreement is the famous "Double Ten Agreement". Later, Zhang Zhizhong recalled: "It was in my living room on the afternoon of October 10th, and Mr. Mao Zedong was also present.

During the negotiations of Chongqing, Zhang Zhizhong (second from right) and Chairman Mao Zedong waited together

Dedicated Jinyu's good words for the Kuomintang and the Communist Party five times

During the War of Resistance Against Japan, although the KMT and the Communist Party were implemented, Chiang Kai -shek had always been hateful to the Communist Party of China. Therefore, only Zhang Zhizhong dared to tell the truth in front of Chiang Kai -shek. According to historical records, Zhang Zhizhong presented Jin Yuliang's words to the Kuomintang Chiang Kai -shek five times for the cooperation of the Kuomintang. The first time: March 2, 1941. In response to the reactionary behavior of the Kuomintang in the "Southern Anhui Incident", Zhang Zhizhong presented Jin Yuliang's words to Chiang Kai -shek's mistakes from the Kuomintang's cooperation with the Kuomintang. Liangyan stated: "In order to maintain the favorable situation of the Anti -Japanese War, the personnel should be assigned to talk to the Communist Party in order to make the concession to solve it. If it is still delayed, the result will be harmful to me ..." Chiang Kai -shek watched it, and then he looked at it. Knowing the losses, anger.

Second time: November 1945. Kuomintang Chiang Kai -shek wanted to launch a civil war again. After Zhang Zhizhong knew, he gave Jin Yuliang's words again, and the trustee brought to Chiang Kai -shek. Jin Yuliang's words are affirmed to take a political way to solve the country and the Communist Party of China. Liang Yan said: "After eight years of long -term anti -Japanese war in my country ... the people have exhausted their wealth, and they are not in the deep water ... If the war broke out again, it will benefit the pain of the people and violate the people's wishes."

Third: May 5, 1948. This was elected as president and vice president on May 1st, respectively. Zhang Zhizhong wrote a long letter to Chiang Kai -shek, pointed out in the letter that China has reached the most serious stage, and proposes the way of correction: to implement the pro -Soviet policy, and the co -coexistence policies, farmers' policies, and reform of the land system. On May 12, Zhang Zhizhong received a callback from Chiang Kai -shek. Chiang Kai -shek said in the telegram: "The letter and opinions are read in detail today, and the report should be added to the study." Chiang Kai -shek's electronic text explained that Zhang Zhizhong's Jin Yuliang's words were more important.

Fourth time: 1949. When Zhang Zhizhong participated in Peiping Peace negotiations in 1949, he wrote a long statement of Jin Yuliang's advice to Chiang Kai -shek's long -term reform. Prior to this, Zhang Zhizhong persuaded Chiang Kai -shek to go abroad in Xikou to avoid it. In Peiping, he felt that Chiang Kai -shek's stay in China was the biggest obstacle to peace.

Fifth time: January 1946. On behalf of the Kuomintang, Zhang Zhizhong participated in the three groups of the Military Division, advocating to solve domestic problems peacefully, and presented Jinyu's good words to peace in China.

In Yan'an in 1946 (from left: Zhou Enlai, Marshall, Zhu De, Zhang Zhizhong, Mao Zedong, Lin Boqu)

"General Peace" contributes to the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang

In April 1949, Zhang Zhizhong served as the chief representative of the peaceful negotiation delegation of the Kuomintang government to negotiate with the representatives of the Communist Party of China in Peiping. After this agreement was rejected by the Kuomintang government, it accepted Zhou Enlai's persuasion in Peiping and issued the "Statement of the Time".

On May 4, 1949, the Executive Yuan ordered the position of exempting Zhang Zhizhong Northwest Military and Political Officer, and was represented by Guo Jizhen. On June 26 of the same year, Zhang Zhizhong issued the "My Statement on the Times", which stated that its "political proposition of peaceful founding the country and the political new life of the country and individuals." At the same time, solemnly announced that it was out of the Guangzhou National Government. Zhang Zhizhong was the only super heavyweight person who attached the CCP in the core layer of Huangpu's core layer of the Huangpu Capital Core of the Republic of China, and he had a great shocking effect on the Supreme leadership of the Chinese Kuomintang at that time. In August of the same year, Zhang Zhizhong was invited to participate in the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In September of the same year, Zhang Zhizhong called Tao Yueyue and Baoerhan to promote peaceful liberation in Xinjiang, and the people obtained their freshmen. To this end, Zhang Zhizhong was hailed as a "peace general". In October of the same year, Zhang Zhizhong was dismissed by the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee. Zhang Zhizhong finally unlocked the shackles and was ecstatic at night.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Zhizhong served as the vice chairman of the Northwest Military and Political Committee, the vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the vice chairman of the National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China, a member of the National Committee of the CPPCC, and the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee. General Zhang Zhizhong contributed to promoting national unity and socialist construction. He died in Beijing in 1969 at the age of 79.

In order to remember Zhang Zhizhong's revolutionary achievements, the relevant departments of Anhui Province repaired Zhang Zhizhong's former residence. Zhang Zhizhong's former residence was built in 1928, with a total of 26 houses in 4 4 in 6 cases. The door of the door was the "Zhang Zhizhong's former residence" granite plaque written by Mr. Zhao Puchu. The room was displayed in the same year, and the daily necessities of General Zhang Zhizhong were displayed. About 100 meters from the south of the former residence, it is the Huanglu teacher founded by Mr. Zhang Zhizhong. In June 1988, Zhang Zhizhong's former residence was announced by the Anhui Provincial People's Government as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit. In 1995, it was identified as the patriotic education base of Chaohu City. In order to educate the revolutionary descendants, inherit the legacy of the revolutionary pioneers, and promote the spirit of the revolutionary pioneer.

Zhang Zhizhong's former residence

Source: Sichuan Provincial Local House Work Office

Text/Picture: Hu Pingyuan (special researcher at the Cultural History Research Museum of Chongqing Municipal People's Government, a member of the Chongqing Communist Party History Society, a member of the Chongqing Writers Association, a member of the Chongqing Municipal Documentary Literature Society, and the Party History Research Office of the Banan District Party History of Chongqing Banan Party History Edit)

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