Who said "women are talented is virtue", the poems written by the talented women in the Qing Dynasty are so real and so beautiful.

For a long time, women have been living in a mediocrity in the history of poetry. Women's poems are rarely made as "models", and they get more opportunities to be read and circulated. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were less than ten types of women's literary works that were specially included in the past. Until the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the tide of literary thoughts that advocated the true feelings and retro gradually recovered, especially the aesthetic tendency of the western spiritual poetic temperament to the poetic perspective to the boudoir, which prompted the upsurge of the female poetry collection and publishing in this period suddenly, and the upsurge of the general collection of women's poetry rose suddenly, until the Qing Dynasty Aversion reaches prosperity. In a sense, the formation of each female poetry collection is a tasting and cognitive process of the creation of female poetry under the domination of specific poetic concepts.

In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Li Yan put forward "childlike theory" on the basis of Yangming's heart learning, and regarded "childlike heart" as the core of human beings. It is because he realizes these 'truths' -social norms -it is opposite to human nature and stifling humanity; this is consistent with his opposition' German "Politics' Penalty '. The inheritance and development of Li Yan, represented by Yuan Hongdao's "Spiritual Theory", has been inherited and developed by Li Yan. Although the Qing Dynasty has been reduced, it has not stagnated. Most literati in the Qing Dynasty were marked with "spiritual spirit" in literary ideas. Especially Yuan Mei is.

Some selected families are engaged in the editing practice of women's literature under the guidance of sexual literary thoughts, advocating the innocence of expressing their true feelings and advocating childlikeness, thinking that women are engaged in poetic creation, although it is difficult to compare with men in terms of education and experience, but this kind of The situation allows women to preserve naive and pure spirituality, and their poems are wise and automatic. Therefore, many women written by women in the Qing Dynasty often tended to emphasize and affirm the characteristics of boudoirs when they chose girlfriends and trace back to women's writing. First of all, the nature of women is associated with the poetry aesthetics of "truth", "clear", and "spiritual" to promote the status and value of female literature.

01. Highlight the standards centered on women's talents

The orientation of the "true" product review mainly comes from the respect of the spiritual literature in late Ming Dynasty. As of the Qing Dynasty, the female poetry selected critics were affected by this, and they also advocated that the girlfriend's poetry must have the requirements of true and real people. In the specific selection practice, the selected family often focuses on the shape of talent culture, highlighting the standards centered on women's talents.

For example, Lu Yan in the example of "Poetry of Celebrities in the Dynasties": "Choose a poem to save the poetry, not to save poetry, the beauty of one sentence, that is, from fireworks, it is also the meaning of pity." Wang Mingsheng For this reason, Yiyun also made in the preface: "The two thousand years of the two thousand years of girlfriends searched for the best, and the poetry clichés did not save poetry, the poetry existed, and the north also received Fu Zhiru, the selection of ladies poems, this is the most refined. "From the perspective of more than 200 female poets selected, nearly a quarter is" from fireworks ". Women, Wu Xingdi Tong, Panpan, Liu Yange, Xie Jinlian, Zhao Yan, Shi Fengji, Zhou Shao, etc., and official Ji Ji, such as green beads, peach leaves, Bufei tobacco, old Taicheng Ji, He Fang Hui Ji, Guan Guan, Guan Guan Panpan, Qian Tao, Zhangtai Liu Ji, Hanfu Ji Ji, etc., even include some maids, such as Xiangfeng as Shi Chongzheng, Xie Fangzi as Wang Xun, Feng Xiaoli for Mu's Congzhang. The concentration of their concentration is basically arranged in accordance with the times of the poet, and did not enter the other volume due to their low status, but instead of the famous toilets.

The editor not only chose a large number of these low -status female poetry poems, but also highlighted his talents, or pushed his poems, such as Liu Yange's poems: "The letter is groaning, and the word" eternal "sentence Quick, there are Ai Pear and cutting fun. "Commented Zhou Shao Shiyun:" Borrowing the questions and writing, the pen is extremely clear, it is not sticky, and the wonderfulness of the words. " You can't tell what, the girl is so wonderful! "And so on. Or admire people, such as raising non -smoke clouds: "Rong Zhi Xianli, unspoken Qiluo, good words, good Qin, Yougong hit 瓯." Review Zhao Yanyun: "Put a pen next to the mirror, do not use fat powder as a powder as a powder as a powder as a powder as a powder as a powder as a powder. In the end, Fangxiu's qi is a chapter, and it is also called 'Xiao Su'. "Xie Jinlianyun:" The talent is all. "

It can be seen that it is the purpose of this preferred women's talent. The editor broke through the barriers of "morality" and made a large number of female poets who could not see the church of Da Ya Church in a large number of poetry poetry to become the protagonist of the general collection of women's poetry, and it was whom, and its The "Ling Miao" poem has been regarded as a model for the creation of ladylike poetry. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the female poet and educator Shi Shuyi proposed the glorious idea of ​​"women also have independent personality". In the example of the "Wonderful Poet of the Qing Dynasty", it was more clouded: There is a masterpiece of artistic specialty as a lady, all recorded, not, although there are good words and virtues, it will not be recorded. "It is clearly declared that its selection standards are based on women's literary achievements. It completely breaks through the spiritual imprisonment of "women's talent is virtue".

02. Highlight the characteristics of female poems in the subject matter

At the same time, some selected families often consciously highlight the characteristics of female poems in the subject matter. They often do not pay much attention to works such as the so -called "qi from fat" or "superb ideological realm", but are interested in leading readers to enter the details of women's daily life and all corners of the inner world. Perhaps these works are not wonderful in their literature and realm, but they can show the ordinary and rich women's world. For the same as the "Draft of the Yuan Family Sanmei" compiled by Yuan Mei, we can also see his interest in women's life. Small railings.

He pity his girl under the curtain, and it is difficult to throw the needle embroidery.

And "Qiu Zhai Xian Yong" cloud:

The leisure of the leaf is swept off the leaves, and the forest tip of the autumn and the moon.

Bamboo landscape penetration trails, locust exposing the nest.

Describing flowers is narrow, learning words and borrowing books.

Rose sauce is planned, and frequently call Xiaoyu.

Its poems are nothing more than life trivial matters such as embroidery, flowers, and sauce. They are bland and unwilling, but they truly reflect the living conditions of a idle woman. The dailyization and trivial trend of this selection subject matter are also reflected in other women's poetry in the Qing Dynasty, such as "The Combination of Poetry of Taizhou Zhong's Beauty", from the sisters of Zhong's sisters. "Tea Smoke", "Grass Cloth", "Watermelon Lantern", etc., can all see women's interest in trivial things, and the subtle observation of the natural world.

Another example is Qian Sanxi's "Make -up Towns", his selection works such as Li's "Bow Shoes", Wang Qiong's "Sweeping Trail", Lu Xiangshui "Boil", Ye Xiaoyu's "Spring Day Small", Gao Jingfang "Morning Makeup" , Yan Ruizhu's "Fan Fan", Wang Bizhu's "Pound Lotus", Mao Jin's "Embroidery", etc. These poems do not have a strong emotional color. They are just writing women's lives itself. The side is very specific and very real. Such as Gao Jingfang's "Morning Makeup" poems:

The makeup pavilion opened the Qingxiao, the morning light drawing bar.

I have never combed Bao Bao, and I dare not ask Qinan.

Put the phoenix in properly, and put Perland low.

Call the waiter across the curtain, and look at the back.

The life situation of women's morning makeup is written with actions, writing very flat.

03. Favorite women's poems that express their feelings

In addition, these candidates are also very favored by female poems that express their feelings. For example, the above -mentioned "Poetry of the Beizhou Born in Taizhou" as an example, the main themes of the "Zhong's Born" recorded in the concentration are mostly "Women's Emotional Writing". The poems of love, parent -child affection, and hands and feet are delicate and profoundly reflecting the true emotional life of women. Among them, Zhong Zhenxuan's "Long Song Xing" is a poem with autobiography, which is written when the poet is seriously ill. Compared to the cold encounters after marriage ("Bo Yu Ru Cao Yu Yu"), the husband's swaying ("waving"), the poverty of life ("no night lights, no food, no food"), in the maid's house The life of the poems is pleasant and warm. There are three specific details in the poem: "Spring wind fighting grass Jin Quanxian, Qiuyue wearing needle begging Qiaowen. Tailing red carved Cui Duo entertainment, 茗 香 sitting in the deep pavilion." Hua Drum. After drunk, he knocked on poems and dances, and Jin Lan's fine characters wrote Wuyuan. " Express the encounter and confusion in the life of ordinary women.

In the selection of "The Make -up Towns", the more inclusive works are "sending outside" and "memories". "Eight poems in the group, Lu Ying" Yiwai "and" Yiwai Villa ", Lu Xiulin's" Waiwai ", Xi Peilan's" Sending Outside Capital ", etc. This kind of poem is" deep affection ". It is the true voice of women's self -elasticity. Among them like Chen Yunzhen's "Waiwai" poem:

Yinghua was lazy, afraid of seeing the swallow flying in front of the curtain.

In the mirror, new horns are gradually spots, and the old waist should be reduced in the guests.

The century -old dream is new, and the life of the front line is also small.

Qiangxiao was afraid that he would not violate his mother's life, and the medicine sac stole the classics.

The poem depicts the image of a female poet who is alone in the empty room and has a bitter pain. The lingering feelings contained in the poems are overwhelmed by the words, and the words of words are not carved. Chen Yunzhen and Sister Chen Lian's "Waiwai" poems have not been recorded in other women's poems before the "Makeup Tower Picks", and this editor has selected all her poems for the first time, which shows the editor's reward of such poetry. Just as it is in the "Talking" in the first roll, the poet is easy to work, and the romance is difficult to work. So. "Compared with the" excitement of Huayu "," the words of sadness and anger "are more exciting because of its" deep affection ", and this is the true meaning of" Weeping "poem" Weeping ".

It can be seen that the selection of these women's life theme poems not only shows the other experience of the female poets of the Qing Dynasty, but also the excavation and description of emotions are becoming increasingly deeper and meticulous. Autumn literary expression methods can be regarded as a new development of women's poetic space in a sense.

Another thing worthy of attention is that, under the revelation of the spiritual literary thoughts, the awareness of a few Zhuo Jue women in the Qing Dynasty gradually became conscious of the identity and poetry characteristics of the girlfriend's poet. In the preface of Luo Qilan's "Listening to the Qiu Guan's Girlfriend's Collection", he opened his mind and pointed out the difficulties of women's poems: "Women's poems, their workers are also difficult to men. The name of a lady, it is also difficult to be men. Why? Being in a deep girlfriend, seeing Wen Jue Shao, neither a friend's lecture, with the spiritual spirit of the Chongqing; there are no mountains and rivers to send it to the talent. After Yu Gui, he fucks a mortar, aunt, rice salt trivial, and often has no time to do it. The talented scholars take green purple, Dengke, and the wording of the phrase, and the contemporary famous Grand Qing Dynasty. , Its name Yi Ran is so eye -catching. Fortunately, the ladylike is a man who is a man who is advocating, and it will be circulated by himself.秀. Luo Qilan believes that women can also create poetry in such a disadvantaged environment. Its "spirit" and "talent" is better than men. This is a prerequisite for Luo Qilan's comprehensive affirmation of female poetry. Luo's "Listening to the Qiu Gang Girlfriend's Collection" selected the ladies and his own singing and singing, just as the clouds in the order: "Recite a editor, affectionate and kind, overflowing with the charm, it is like it." It focuses on obtaining the fate of women and women's emotions from each other's rewards.

It is worth mentioning that with the trend of waking up in awakening, in the late Qing Dynasty, the flow of ideas and culture with migrants has contributed to the rise of women's liberation movements. Some women's choices are no longer satisfied with or rewarded or singing, and they have already made the compilation of the general set as a field that shows women's poems and spreads reputation. For example, the history of Qiu Chan female in the preface of the "Poetry of the Moon Lou" compiled by her: "The poetry of the husband, the words of their will. The aspirations are not sure. Poetry; the poem chanting in the boudoir is nothing more than the poem of the wind and snow. However, the editor thinks that even the poem of the "wind and snow and the moon" can also carry the poet's expression. As a female editor, Qiu Chan's female history even published a heavily funded payment, and thought that "the value of their poems, not waiting for wisdom to know". The unique aesthetic value of women's poetry is obviously quite arrogant, and emphasizing that in accordance with the nature of nature, it is the essence of poetry creation and the true spirit of "spiritual" literature.

"Research on the General Collection of Women's Poems in the Qing Dynasty"

Chen Qiming

Fudan University press

June 2022

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