The city of Nisa has witnessed the civilization exchange and mutual learning on the "Silk Road"

The ancient city of Nisa (hereinafter referred to as "Nisa City") was the capital of ancient peaceful nations (also known as the Patia Empire, the Empire of the Empire, and the Empire of the Empire. nearby. As a major town along the ancient Silk Road, Nisa has played an important role in promoting trade between countries and regions and humanities, scientific and technological exchanges.

The historical changes of Nisa City

Nisa City occupies an important position in the history of West and Central Asia. Chinese, Greek, Arabic, and Persian literature have records of Nisa City, and their names in different languages ​​are also different. In ancient Chinese literature, Nisa City was named "Paei Duwa" and "Paidina" and other names. The Greek geographical scientist Kamakus's "Patia Post Cheng Zhi" recorded in Parottotonisa, and the Greeks called it "Nisaaa". Some Persian Language records Nisa City as "Nisa" or "Nazar", and in the 10th century Persian geographical book "World Treasures", Nisa is recorded as "Nisha", and is called it "Nanasha is a very pleasant town at the foot of the mountain. Between the mountains and the desert, the climate is not good, but there is a flowing water." In Avis Toro, Nisa City is known as "Nisa", and the records in the Avis Toro's "Avis Toro" in ancient Iran can confirm this. Arab geographic scientist Ibn Huldzbich recorded the name of Nisa City as "Nasa" in his "The National Chronicle of the Dowei", and there were records such as "Naisa called Ebraz".

The city of Nisa was once a strategic place. The historical records of the city can be traced back to the Alexander East Expedition in the 4th century BC. In 247 BC, the tribal leader, Alssa, said that he had established a rest and determined Nisa as the first capital of the country. Since then, although the territory of rest has gradually expanded and its capital has changed several times, Nisa City has always been an important city of rest. The importance of Nisa City is largely derived from its special geographical location. From Nisa City to the west to the Gorgan area along the Ritan Sea, it is not far east to another historic city Merff, north side of the north side, north side, and north side. For the Karakom Desert, south is the regional important cities in the region, Saber and Mashhad, and the superior geographical location enables Nisa City to connect to all regions in various regions.

After the death of the rest, Nisa City was damaged by the war. Fortunately, the Sasan dynasty, who replaced the Sassan dynasty, rebuilt the city. New Nisa revived in the second half of the 5th century. During its heyday, the Sasan dynasty controlled the right to trade through the Pamir Plateau to the two river basins west to the two river basins. As a result, Nisa City became one of the East Trade and Transportation East of the Sasan dynasty.

In the middle of the 7th century, the Arabs occupied cities and towns such as Nisa and established the province of Horosan, which manages oriental affairs. Nisa City was also under the jurisdiction of Horosan Province. Shortly after the establishment of the Aza dynasty, some local regimes appeared in the territory, and the ownership of Nisa City continued to replace with the rise and fall of these local regimes. In the 11th to 12th centuries, Nisa City was prosperous as the regional trading center. At the beginning of the 13th century, it was severely damaged due to the war, and gradually declined after the 16th century.

External communication and interaction

In view of its convenient geographical location, Nisa has become one of the important business hubs along the "Silk Road", and the "Silk Road" has also promoted economic and trade exchanges and cultural interactions in peace with China and other countries. At that time, the business activities in the eastern region were mainly concentrated in the area around Nisa. After Zhang Jian opened the "Silk Road" through the "Silk" journey, peace and interest gradually became trade intermediaries in China, India, Rome and other countries and regions. Chinese goods represented by silk, lacquerware, iron, and glaze pottery gradually flowed into the country. Among them, silk has the largest sales and sells well in West Asia and the Mediterranean region. At the same time, grapes, beets, fennels, and other Central Asia and West Asian products, as well as European jewelry and medicinal materials, have also been introduced into China. As an important business center, Nisa has played an important role in such trade exchanges. The Tura Zhenji Pillar (also translated "Tura Trust column" in Roman, Italy (also translated "Tura Trump column") has a relief with a total length of more than 200 meters, which includes images of the Roman army and the rest of the army. The bow and arrow unearthed from the Naya East Han Tomb of Minfeng County, Xinjiang is similar. It can be seen that at that time, the trade between China and the rest of the rest was active, and there were various types of goods traded on both sides. As one of the major weapon production places in Central Asia, Nisa City and the Western Regions also have exchanges and mutual learning in weapon production.

Nisa City is not only an important commodity and trade hub on the "Silk Road", but also a well -known cultural exchanges. The relics of buildings such as the temples, tombs, palaces and other buildings unearthed in Nisa, as well as a large number of crafts such as "Lai Tong Cup" (a corner wine glass), marble statues, silver products, and stone products, which are both local and Greek art characteristics. It reflects the communication and integration of Persian civilization and ancient Greek civilization. Nisa's "Lai Tong Cup" is carved from Xiangzhu, the cup is "eaves", the cup is vertical, carved with the Greek god pattern. Nisa's communication. The discovery of the "Laitong Cup" also shows that Nisa City has a relationship with India, and even established connections with countries such as Africa. In addition, although Nisa City has been in war for a long time, it has unique historical value at the cultural level. Many philosophers, writers, poets and religious scholars who have made outstanding contributions and influential influence were born in Nisa City. The war did not block the spread of cultural ideas in Nisa City. Nisa City not only provided asylum centers for many scholars at the time during the war, but also preserved important cultural and intellectual heritage for future generations. In view of its records of the glory and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, in 2007, the Nisa Castle site was included in the World Heritage List by UNESCO in the name of "Nisa Pattia". Nisa City has achieved outstanding achievements in agricultural planting and handmade skills, and has lived in an important position in the history of scientific and technological exchanges. In its area, the vast and fertile land on the valley and Pingyuan provides good natural conditions for agricultural activities, making Nisa City and its surrounding areas gradually develop into an important agricultural area. Luo Shan Grain ". During the dynasty, agriculture was the main source of economic income of the Nisa people. Archaeological data show that the Nisa people not only plant grains, but also grow grapes in large areas. In addition, cotton and sesame are also common crops in Nisa City and its surrounding areas. Historical records, Nisa City "its vulgar indigenous people, farming, field rice and wheat, there are Pottery wine." At the same time, the ancient Nisa people attached great importance to the protection of the ecological environment. Base Gelanter Ibn Houcale records that Nisa is a large city with a beautiful and pleasant environment. It is surrounded by gardens and water sources. The wealthy village stars are scattered near the river valley near Nisa City. In the process of carrying out agricultural activities, in order to keep the farmland's long -term stable and high yield, the ancient Nisa people have the habit of rotating. Through rotation, not only can biological fertilizer and nutrients return to the soil, but also can effectively avoid soil loss, keep the nutrients in the soil complete, and increase the production of crop output. In addition, Nisa's handicraft technology was also more advanced at the time. Indian merchants often go to Nisa City for trade. They will be transported here from sea to India to India, and they learn from Nisa people, weaving, animal husbandry and other skills. These skills once prevailed in the Indian valley area. In addition to spreading technology, the Nisa people also continuously absorb the achievements of scientific and cultural development in neighboring countries and regions. China's medical knowledge and Indian mathematical knowledge have attracted great attention from the Nisa people.

Today, Nisa City has gone through the history of more than 2,000 years. We can see that the rise of the "Silk Road" provides historical opportunities for the development of Nisa City. As one of the important transportation hubs at the time, Nisa City ranked at the core area of ​​the "Silk Road". Frequent business exchanges and cultural and scientific and technological exchanges prompted Nisa City and its surrounding areas to show the historical style of integrating Eastern and Western civilization. Although the city of Nisa was eroded by war, and eventually declined with the interruption of traditional businessmen on land and the advent of the Great Voyage, as a heavy town of the "Silk Road" on land, it has an important position in Eurasia's exchanges. It is worthy of us. Continue to pay attention and research.

(This article is the State Social Science Fund's unprecedented learning special project "9-14 Century Central Asian History Geography Research" (2018VJX021) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Marxism College of Northwest Normal University)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Fold

- END -