What is Dan Shu

"Yue Jueshu" records that the king of Yue Wang heard the way of governing the country, so he "in the pillow of Dan Shu". This text written in Zhuhong is the so -called Danshu. Danshu is generally important text. "Yue Jueshu" states that Gou Jian can be imagined with the importance of Danshu in the pillow. From the perspective of archeological discoveries, the Tao Wen, Oracle, and the relics on jade and stone articles written by Zhu Bi can be confirmed with Danshu records in historical books. However, only Danshu is regarded as a carrier of the text, but it is shallow. In fact, in different historical contexts, Danshu is often given different connotations, which can be used to represent the books of auspiciousness, alliances, and spells.

"Lu's Spring and Autumn · Ying Tong" said: "At the time of the king of Wen, he saw the fire first, and the Chiwu title Dan Shu was collected in Zhoushe." The heavenly heaven recorded in Zhou Benji showed the auspiciousness of Zhou Wen Wang Jichang. "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" said: "Shengchang, there is Shengrui." According to "Yan Zichun Autumn", Yan Zi accompanied Qi Jinggong to travel to Ji, get a copper pot, but it is a possession of the inscription in the Danshu: "Do not take fish, do not take the horse." Qi Jinggong asked Yan Zi: "How can you die if you have a book?" That is to say, why does Ji Guo appear to symbolize the auspicious Danshu? Similarly, it is also a sign of Danshu as auspiciousness.

Dan Shu has this symbolic significance, in history, faked Danshu shows that there are many people who are born to the destiny. At the end of the Qin Dynasty, when Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising, "Nai Dan Shu said 'Chen Shengwang'", the belly of the fish was created by the manufacture of Danshu Xiangrui to prestige; in the late Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang also used Danshu to come to Make us usurpted in the Han Dynasty.

As for the alliance vow, there are many examples in historical books. For example, after Han Gaozu Liu Bangping settled the world, in order to get in the hearts of people, more than a hundred people were sealed. This is the famous white horse alliance in history. According to Ban Gu's "Han Book · Heroes" records: "The world is flat, and the original merits are settled. In the twelve years, there are three people in Hou. Li, the country is eternal, and the seedlings and seedlings. 'So Shen Yidan's letter was focused on the white horse. "The oath of the alliance was Danshu, and it was sealed with the golden stone room to save it in the temple. "Han Book · Gao Di Ji" recorded, "And vowed with the heroic symbol, Danshu iron deeds, Jin Kui Shi, Tibetan temples", which is also this incident. Sima Qian, who was early than Ban Gu, also had a similar record of "the oath of Feng Jue: 'to the rivers, Taishan Ruoli, the country to Yongning, the Miao and the Miao". Slightly sparse. In "The Book of Ren An", Sima Qian said that "the ancestors of the servant have not had the skills of the sterile book", that is, his ancestors failed to set up the power of the white horse.

The alliance vowed that the other parts of Danshu were also scattered in historical books. For example, in "The Book of Historical Records of the Mother Lu", through the "non -Liu and King of the King" described through the mouth of Wang Ling and Lu Hou, "the king of the world, the world, the world hit it together"; In the Hou Zhouba Family, Zhou Yafu said: "Emperor Gao's appointment: 'The non -Liu family must not be the king, and there is no merit.

According to these historical records, it can be seen that when Liu Bang punished the white horse, one was to protect the rights of the heroes, and promised the princes to "live forever, and the seedlings"; the second was to conduct the qualifications of the subjects of the subjects. Limited, the condition of "non -Liu's king must not be king, no merit can". It is worth noting that the last "not as much as the world" in Dan Shu, as a word of self -cursing, is generally a part that all alliances must have in form.

Because of the cursing ingredients, the alliance oath is often called curses. "Zuo Zhuan · Xuangong Two Years": "At the beginning, Li Ji's chaos, a nap of the azure noasts. It was the Jin Wu Gong." There are also many examples of alliances and alliances. For example, "Shang Shu Lu Xun" has "San Zhong Yu Xin, to cover the cursing alliance"; "Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi" also said the White Horse League: " Bring, Tai Mountain is like a hardship, the country is eternal, and the seeds and seedlings. Essence As an oath of alliance, the cursed (or the cursing alliance) is "a way of punishment that is popular in the society during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is a way to exclude the parties from getting out of the group and exported to the place of residence." (Lu Jing's "Research on the Spring and Autumn Period").

Historically, there is a Danshu, known as the "Book of Conception" (see Li Zhouhan's "Selection of the Essays" "Gou cuts Danda, gains a citizen"), which belongs to the nature of the cursed alliance in the alliance. The reason why this kind of Danshu is called "the book of conviction" is due to a record of Xianggong Xianggong in "Zuo Zhuan":

At the beginning, Fei Baoli also wrote in Danshu. Luan's Lichen said the governor, and the people were afraid of it. Fei Bao said that Xuanzi said: "Gou Bili Dan Shu, I kill the governor." Xuan Zi said: "And kill it, please be in the book of the Dan Dan, it is like a day."

In this text, Du Yuyun: "The crime is not the official slave, and the sin of Danshu." This "Danshu" focuses on the sin of the book, and the intention of the cursing alliance in the alliance is the same. According to the 23rd record of Xiang Gong in the "Zuo Zhuan", Zang Yan ran out of the suspicion of Ji Wuzi. Zang Yan thought that he was innocent, so Ji Woko did not have the mouth of the alliance. Later, Ji Wuzi summoned the history of the outside world to ask how to convict Zang Yan. The foreign history quoted the crimes set by the East Gate and the uncle Sun Qiaoluo as an example and was not adopted. In the end, according to the words of Meng Jiao, Zang Yan set the crime of "committing the door". The "Danshu's Sin" in the Feibao incident corresponds to the "Chen Qi" in the Zang Yan incident. Therefore, it is reasonable to regard the Danshu in the Filbao incident as the alliance of the Zang Yan incident. The Danshu recorded in the recording of Feibao is essentially the punishment of "excluding the parties out of the group" in the cursing alliance. Therefore, Fei Bao was urgently hoped that by Han Xuanzi burned Danshu in exchange for the method of atonement, so as to remove his own place.

In addition, the ancient alchemists often used Zhu Bi to write the wicked runes of the town. For example, the "Chang Yan" of Zhong Changtong in the Han Dynasty said, "So the courtesy of obscenity and chaos, the words of turning the monsters, Danshu's disgust of victory", reflecting the prevalence of Fangshu at that time, using it to be prevalent, using it, using it, using the prevailing, using it, using it, using the prevalence of the art. Zhu Bi writing spells to expel ghost charm. Since then, this custom has been inherited by Taoism. In the case of the use of Xiangrui and the alliance, the Danshu spells that became part of the Taoist culture spread. However, in Taoist culture, Danshu also refers to the book of alchemy, which is also used to refer to the Taoist scriptures, the so -called Danshu ink. This kind of Danshu is written in Zhu Qianjian in ink pen, and the Danshu written by Zhu Bi in this article is not the same thing.

Finally, it should be explained that Dan Shu can be associated with Xiangrui, alliance oaths and spells, which stems from a primitive religious consciousness of the ancients. The ancients generally believed that the color of Zhu Hong represented by Dan represents fire, yang and blood, and has the function of communicating heaven and man. Therefore, the Tianluo Xiangrui, the alliance in the gods, and the prayer of the gods to remove the evils and rituals that need the sense of the gods and human beings can be used as a carrier.

(Author Unit: Institute of Literature, Institute of Literature, Hebei Provincial Academy of Social Sciences)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Guan Xiaobin

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