How much do you know about terrible "gravitational monsters", its secrets?

The figure shows a black hole that emits fast -moving plasma ends above and below it, and the material rotates in the rail disc. Picture source: NASA Goded Space Flying Center.

Scientists studying black holes can rest assured that their research fields will be born in a surprising and puzzling new discovery at the same time. Unexpectedly, in 2021, people have many new discoveries about these strange "gravity beasts".

High -speed rotating black hole

Even the best black holes in research will have new surprises. In February, physicists revised their attributes of the universe monster in the center of the Swan seat X-1 galaxy center, which was also the first black hole to be proven to exist. This black hole was initially discovered 60 years ago. In 2021, scientists discovered that the quality of Swan seat X-1 black hole was 50%more than previously thought, which will be 21 times the quality of the sun. Its rotation speed is very close to the speed of light, setting a new record of the rotation speed of the black hole. The black hole in this swan's X-1 is located outside the 7200 light years, and it is slowly devouring a blue-super star companion, which brings a new understanding of this process.

"Italian Facial" star

When a star strolls to the edge of the black hole, it will be pulled into a thread of the gravitational stream of gravity, and then inhale into the mouth of the black hole. This process is called "ramen effect", and the star material is heating up and glowing through friction, which gives astronomers the opportunity to capture this terrible behavior in its light. In May, researchers captured a star for the first time by a black hole in the center of the galaxy in the center of the galaxy. In addition to collecting important data on ramen effects, the observatory helps scientists to create incredible visual star intake ways.

Laser interference gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) proves that Hawking's conjecture is correct

The computer simulated the gravitational wave emitted when the two black holes were spiraled. (Source: C. Henze/NASA AMES Research Center)

In June, the researchers used laser interference gravitational wave observation to observe the merger of two huge black holes into a whole, and analyzed the ripples in the space -time structure generated by the black hole in the time and space structure of the black hole -gravitational waves. They found that the ultimately synthesized black hole was larger than the sum of the two black holes. In addition to providing amazing data, these discoveries also help prove that British physicist Stephen Hawking proposes to be called the "black hole area theorem". Hawking pointed out in this theorem that the surface area of ​​the black hole cannot be reduced over time. This is the law of Hawking based on Einstein's general theory of relativity and his understanding of entropy. Although this result announced Hawking's victory, it also caused a headache for physicists. According to quantum mechanics, black holes should be able to shrink and evaporate, so it is not clear how to match the facts of the increase in surface area with Hawking's theory.

Black hole and neutron star merge

Laser interference gravitational wave observatory announced a series of discovery of black holes in June. Researchers who cooperated with the facility at the time announced that they were first convinced that they observed the merger of black holes and neutron stars. Like black holes, neutron stars are also a destination after the death of the star -if the star explodes and leaves the residue as a supernova, it will eventually evolve into a neutron star. Although the laser interference gravitational wave Observatory has previously seen the potential signs of the merger of black holes and neutron stars, it was not until this year that the two hearts proved that such a merger did exist. Two detection occurred in January 2020, about ten days. For the first time, a black hole with a quality of about six times the solar quality swallowed a 1.5 -fold neutron star, while the second time, a black hole with about nine times solar quality was merged with a two -fold neutron star.

Early black holes rolled up the storm

The artistic concept of Galaxy Wind driven by a large -quality black hole in the center of the galaxy. The huge energy outbreak of the black hole produces a huge gas flow and blows away the interstellar material. These interstellar substances are materials that form stars. (Picture source: Eso/NaOJ/NRAO))

There is a large quality black hole in the center of almost every known galaxy, which may show that there is a close connection between the two. But scientists still do not understand how the black hole affects its galaxy host. The research published in June shows the high -speed wind blowing from the 13 -year -old galaxy. This galaxy is almost as old as the universe. This is the earliest example of the galaxy wind that was detected. These winds were burst out of the surrounding clouds and interstellar dust. Not only that, these powerful galaxy winds are very fast, up to 1.8 million kilometers per hour, making it enough to promote the entire galaxy material, which may hinder the formation of stars. These facts show that the galaxy has a very close connection with the black holes in them, and it exists from a long time ago.

The weak light waves prove that Einstein is right

Steve Hawking is not the only person to win the black hole this year. In July, astronomers captured X -rays that erupted from a large -quality black hole called Zovik's spiral galaxy. Researchers not only detected light in front of the black hole, but also tried to explain the cause of strange light. In fact, these light echoes come from the back of the black hole, which means that the huge entity distorts the time and space structure, so these fiber can be pulled from one section of the black hole to the other end. This process is predicted by Einstein's general theory, but until now, no evidence that can support it has been found. Aliens may be using the energy of black holes

The concept map of Dyson. (Source: Marc Ward/Stocktrek Images/Getty)

Scientists are not high, as long as their guess is supported by relevant data. In August, a team of astronomers in Taiwan stated that intelligent aliens may be using energy in the imaginary giant structure of Dyson's ball, which is surrounded by a star. Although the black hole is considered dark, the black hole will release a large amount of energy in the process of devouring its surrounding substances. These energy will heat the material and radiate in the form of light. Astronomers are not sure whether alien people will place rail platforms similar to solar panels on the edge of the black hole to absorb its energy. Black holes are smaller than other stars, which allows aliens to save architectural materials and allow them to collect a lot of energy.

Wandering black holes may settle in the Milky Way

Wandering black holes may account for 10 % of the total quality of black holes in the universe. (Picture source :)

About twelve huge invisible black holes may lurk around the galaxy. In August, the researchers released the results of the new galaxy collision. In these extraordinary time, the gravity can fly the quality of the large quality black holes of the sun's millions of times or even billions of times, and stroll in the depths of the universe. Some of these may be settled in the galaxy, just like we humans. A galactic galaxy can accommodate about 12 large -quality black holes on average. Astronomers want to find ways to find these lost black holes to verify whether their simulation is correct.

The black hole in the discovery is the closest to us

This image shows the close -up (left) and the overall diagram (right) of the two bright galaxies in NGC7727, which is 89 million light years from Earth. Each galaxy is a home with large quality black holes in the heart. (Picture source: Image Credit: Eso/Voggel et al.; ESO/VST ATLAS Team. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Durham University/Casu/WFAU)

In December, the telescope captured the signs of a pair of black holes closest to the earth, and they rotated around the other party about 89 million light years. Earlier, I found that the black hole closest to us was five times farther than them, which means that scientists have the opportunity to study the black hole system more in detail than before. Both of them are "heavyweights" -n larger quality of nearly 154 million sun, and the small ones are 6.3 million times the solar quality. They only bypass each other in 1600 light years. From the perspective of the universe, this distance is insignificant, setting a record, which shows that they will merge into a huge black hole in 250 million years.

A black hole that is too big for its host galaxy

The Leo Ⅰ dwarf center has a huge black hole. (Source: ESA/GAIA/DPAC; SDSS (Inset))

A small star system that is about 820,000 light years running around the galaxy, it seems to contain a strange thing. The Leo Ⅰ dwarf, which is 50 times smiling than the galaxy, has a black hole with a large size, and its quality is almost the same as the black hole in the center of the Milky Way. Astronomers are confused about such a big black hole staying in such a small star system. The PhD graduate of Austin at the University of Texas University of Austin Maria Hese Bustatmant said in a statement: "Why can this black hole in the dwarf galaxy stay in the galaxy without any explanation." It is necessary to find the meaning of this black hole and galaxy, and it may take many years.

By: adam mann

Fy: ludwig_xu

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