Grasp the technical foundation of the tough city

In recent years, with the rapid advancement of urbanization, urban risks have become more and more complicated with complexity such as multiple, superposition, and conduction. Some uncertain factors and unknown risks have continued to increase. Natural disasters, major public health events, public conflicts, environmental pollution, etc., often affect the development of the city and deserve high vigilance. A tough city refers to cities that can resist disasters or reduce disasters by their own ability, and reasonably allocate resources to recover from disasters quickly. In order to cope with the above -mentioned risks, we must actively promote the construction of tough cities.

Technical characteristics and conditions of use

There are five major characteristics in tough cities. The first is Robustness, that is, cities can resist disasters and reduce losses such as economic, social, personnel, and supplies caused by disasters. The second is Rapidity, that is, the city has the ability to recover rapidly after the disaster, which can return to a certain functional level at a shorter time after the disaster. The third is redundancy, that is, the key functional facilities in the city should have a certain spare module. When the disaster suddenly causes some facilities to be damaged, the spare module can be supplemented in time, so that the entire system can still play a certain level of level. Function, not completely paralyzed. Fourth, ResourceFulness, that is, cities have the basic capabilities of disaster relief resources and the ability to reasonably allocate resources. They can optimize decision -making under limited resources and maximize the benefits of resources. Fifth, adaptability, that is, cities can learn from past disasters and improve their ability to respond to disasters.

These characteristics are closely related to the technical foundation of tough cities. The robustness reflects the construction of urban technology to resist disasters. The more conformity and the more space -to -space capacity, the more you can resist the invasion of disasters. It can be restored to reflect the ability of urban technological reconstruction, which is related to material can be available and technical. The redundancy reflects the adaptability of the disaster anti -disaster technology and the replacement of the technical function. When the disaster occurs, the redundant technology should play a substitution function, and the configuration of different redundant technology can play a different role. Smart reflects the ability to allocate urban technical resources. Adaptive reflection of technical improvement capabilities. Regardless of the ability, it is often presented in a spare state, which reflects the overall redundancy of the technical construction of tough cities. As a spare module, these technologies are usually sleeping. When disasters come, the spare module can start immediately to maintain the normal operation of the city and reduce the harm of disaster.

Cities are the result of coordinated operation of many technologies. Some are running alternately, some are inspired by each other, and some are in a spare state. It is necessary to distinguish the difference between the redundant city redundant technology from the alternation and mutual stimulation technology. The redundant technology is usually sleeping and the disaster is used. Alternative and mutual stimulation technology is the technology used in the normal state of the city. In the normal operation of the city, some technologies are running, and some technologies are resting, and they are running alternately; some technologies are stimulated by other technologies to complete specific functions. Like people, cities are surrounded by technology, some are operating, and some are serving operations. Heidegger's existence or here is essentially a kind of "in the world." The same is true for cities. The redundant technology is not a simple tool, but is always in the interaction with other technologies, forming a state of "in the world" with other technologies. Although urban redundancy technology is usually sleeping, it interacts with the normal operating technology of the city, which together constitute the city's operating status.

The redundant technology can be used normally when the disaster occurs, and three conditions must be met. The first is to start normally. It is normal to start when the disaster occurs. Unlike the usual start, it is simple to operate, and it must be relatively universal. If the professionalism is too strong, it does not meet this requirement. The second is that when the redundant technology is started, it is necessary to minimize the interference to the normal operation of the city. The degree of interference is equipped with the degree of disaster, the disaster is large, and the disaster is small. Otherwise, it may not only affect the normal operation of the city, but also increase the additional cost caused by disasters. Third, redundant technology must minimize damage to the normal operation of the city. The equipment of redundant technology will inevitably increase costs and interfere with the original normal operation, but it is necessary to ensure the normal start of redundant technology and the appropriateness of urban technology configuration. Under the premise of effectively improving the toughness of the city, cost savings should be saved as much as possible to facilitate the good operation of the city.

Overall perspective and departmental perspective

There are usually two perspectives of redundant technology in tough cities: overall perspective and departmental perspective. The overall perspective starts from the overall framework, and the city is the whole, and its operation has the overall law. From the perspective of the overall perspective, we can see the special entity and its interaction. In the face of sudden disasters, where the city collapsed from where the first place was spread, where the process happened, and how the middle process happened. As a whole, redundant technology configuration is always combined with planning. Once a disaster occurs, the technology cannot be effectively started, or a professional start is required, it may not be a good technology that meets the planning requirements. An important consideration of the redundant technology of the overall perspective is the effective start of disasters when the disaster comes. In addition, the redundant technology of the overall perspective will also consider reducing the interference of the normal operation of the city, and obtain the maximum benefits at the minimum cost, but it often takes care of this. Whether it is to change the plan or equipment redundancy technology from the perspective of the planning perspective, the overall perspective often seriously interferes with the original equipment and work requirements of various departments of the city. In order to meet the overall requirements, the urban departments may only meet the existing equipment and work requirements. The overall perspective often cannot meet the cost savings of the cost of redundant technology. The perspective of the department is a redundant technology from the city departments according to the need for disaster prevention. All departments have their own planning requirements and work content, such as transportation departments, public places management departments, power supply and water supply departments, etc. The perspective of the department will be equipped with redundant technology from its own planning requirements and work rhythm. The redundant technology of disaster prevention and disaster preparation itself has special laws and requirements. When equipped with redundant technology, the department will digest them into existing equipment and work, and coordinate with existing equipment and work. By equipped with redundant technology, the original department and functions do not change, which can save the cost of the departments of redundant technology, and does not need to change the original environment and work and life rhythm. However, there is no operational problem with redundant technology. A redundant technology configuration that meets the special requirements of the department. When encountering an emergency, it requires professional skills to operate, and it does not meet the simple requirements of the operation when the disaster is coming. When the impact of the disaster is within the scope of the department's response, the technical enable will interfere with the urban operation as small as possible; once the disaster impact exceeds the scope of the department, the effect of effective technology will greatly interfere with the normal operation of the city, because the redundant technology is only within the scope of the department's cognition scope. Following the principle of gradual opening up, if this scope is exceeded, there may be an disorderly state of technology opening.

Therefore, whether it is the overall perspective and the department's perspective, there are certain defects while having advantages, which is closely related to the technical characteristics. On the one hand, technology provides certain means for certain purposes; on the other hand, there is causal connection behind technology. The former is the purpose of the goal, the reason for the purpose; the reason for the latter is first, resulting in a certain result. This is also regarded as the duality of technical structure and function.

Technical causality and means of purpose

Starting from different perspectives, the means, purpose, and cause and effect characteristics reflected in technology. First of all, there are contradictions in technical causality and means. Emphasizing the original means and purpose of causality need to be changed. On the contrary, cause and effect should be ignored. Secondly, the combination of technical causality and the purpose of the overall perspective is not adapted to the requirements of the department anyway. The technical causality and the purpose of the sector perspective do not meet the overall requirements. The construction of tough cities can neither ignore the overall requirements nor the departmental requirements. Finding the middle road from it is the technical foundation that must be considered first.

Technical causality reflects the general factual requirements, and the purpose of the means reflects historical value requirements. The tough city construction can start from the community, combine its own means and purpose, to put forward the requirements of redundant technology construction in various departments, requiring various departments to adjust the methods and purposes appropriately to meet the requirements of redundant technology construction; , Adapt to the overall causal integration requirements of redundant technology. Specifically, the city's redundant technology is equipped with cause and effect requirements from the community, and the department should try to get as close to this requirements as much as possible according to their own actual situation. The redundant technology extends to various industries and regions, and requires the overall management of the city to reorganize the original purpose and means to adapt to the requirements of redundant technology configuration.

First of all, the department does not simply configure redundant technology, but integrate redundant technology into the department and purpose requirements through technological innovation. At the same time, the original means and purpose are appropriately adjusted to adapt to the causal requirements of redundant technology. The department is closely linked to the community, changing the original means of purpose is not great, maintaining the original rhythm of work and life, and saving the cost of departments equipped with redundant technology. Secondly, the redundant technology configuration requirements are continuously extended to the industry and regions to expand the adaptability of redundant technology. This not only expands the universality of the operation when the disaster is coming, but also improves the technical adaptability to deal with disasters. Finally, the original means and purpose of urban management need to be adjusted to adapt to the overall management requirements of redundant technology. Cities should pay more attention to internal technology coordination, so as to better build tough cities.

(Author Unit: Institute of Spiritual Civilization, Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences)

Source: China Social Science Network-Journal of Social Sciences of China

Author: Deng Lingping

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