There are materials for making perfect batteries, how can I make it out?

Living in an era of high dependence on smartphones, do you have a little "mobile phone charging anxiety"? For those who are anxious with electricity, it is simply not daring to go out without a charger. The 100%in the upper right corner of the mobile phone screen is the source of their sense of security. And when the electricity is about to be exhausted, it must be the most crazy: if you can have a battery that does not need to charge at this time!

The super battery that allows electric vehicles and spacecraft infinite battery life is the basic configuration of science fiction works, and scientists are also the goals that scientists are committed to research. What are the characteristics of the perfect battery? We look forward to its huge energy (the more energy stored in the unit, the better the energy), the energy storage is long (it will not fail for many years), the nature is stable, safe and reliable.

Making this kind of battery is not an unattainable dream, because nature has provided the corresponding material form -in the nuclein with a long life -long nuclear energy state. However, human beings have not been able to control this energy so far, and they still need to overcome difficulties and find a way to use it flexibly.

Is Baoshan ahead, can you return full load?

If the picture can be produced in large quantities and controls its excitement to release energy, the same nuclear effect can be used for the research and development of products such as a new generation of high -energy density nuclear batteries | Guo Song

No.1

Beauty like flowers to separate the clouds

Just like people have sadness and joy, the moon is full of yin and clear, and the small atomic nucleus will also be in many different states: Among them, the lowest energy is called the base state, and the others are called an exciting state. For a long -lived sticker (usually greater than 10 nan seconds), scientists call them the same nuclear energy state. Since the discovery of the same nuclear power state in 1921, Orto Harne and Lze Matner found that after a century of exploration, people have discovered more than 2,500 same nuclear power states.

Tumen and Mittna Tu Source | Wikipedia

Some of the inspiration of the same nuclear power can reach millions of electronics. If the same nuclear -informed material with ordinary charging treasures is used as a battery, its power can be used for the current mobile phone for thousands of years.

Some atomic nucleus is the same nucleus and has a particularly long life. For example, there is a different nuclear phenomenon that has a life span of more than 700 trillion years in the 钽-180; Life span, such as the second nuclear phenomenon in the 7-178, has the excitation energy of 2.5 million electron voltage and the half-life of 31 years. In addition, the same nuclear power state is hardly affected by chemical processes, and has excellent stability.

However, in a natural state, if some kind of nuclear power has a life span of tens of thousands of years, its energy will be fully released in tens of thousands of years. If you cannot find a shortcut to release energy, it can only be applied to a very limited scenario. At present, the perfect nuclear battery looks like a misty beauty, which is expected to be unable to reach.

No.2

Heavy door deep locks without searching

So, what is the energy that can quickly release the energy storage of the same nuclear power? At present, the recognized approach is to induce degradation: inspire the same nuclear power to its neighboring short life energy level, and then degrade from the short life energy level to the base state. In this process Essence

Scientists hope to find a very efficient and controllable way to achieve the purpose of nuclear stimulation -to trigger the excitation process with smaller energy and release a lot of energy.

It was once believed that the induction of excitement is about to be applied. In 1999, American scientist Corinus used X-ray to bombard the half-life of 31-year-old -178m2-core nuclear power state, and found that its degradation speed increased by about 4%. This discovery quickly received the attention of the U.S. military, and they quickly developed a plan to develop gamma bombs. If it is successful, the Gamma bomb can be used to instantly generate the destructive power of the nuclear bomb. However, subsequent studies have shown that the stimulus efficiency of X -rays does not meet the application requirements, and the plan is eventually aborted.

In the Marvel comics, the gamma bomb is a nuclear weapon designed by Dr. Banner, which can output super strong gamma ray energy. Picture Source | "Original Sin · Hulk Wars Iron Man"

Scientists have found that using charged ions, X, or γ photon bombardment of the atomic nucleus can achieve the atomic nucleus stimulation through Kuron's excitement and light absorption. However, so far, the chances of stimulation measured by experiments are quite low. This may show that the idea of ​​stimulating the atomic core with direct means is not feasible. After all, the small volume of the nucleus is poor, accounting for only one billionth of the entire atom. When people bombard the substance with ions or photons, the chance of being able to get in touch with the nucleus is not high.

No.3

But the spring is at the neighboring home

When the mountains seemed to be exhausted, scientists thought of the good neighbor of the nucleus -electronics.

Atomic is a quantum system composed of atomic nucleus and extrateructuctuary. The electrons restrained in the atom are distributed on a series of electronic orbit. If foreign electrons occupy orbit or switch between different orbits, energy will be released (usually X -photons are emitted). If the energy released is exactly equal to the energy required by the nuclear excitement, it may trigger the resonance process -stimulate the nucleus without leaving photons.

Scientists have put forward two stimulus mechanisms: electronic transition stimulation and electronic capture stimulus.

Electronic transition stimulation is to use electrons' transitions between different orbits to induce resonance process to stimulate the atomic nucleus. Therefore, the energy released by electronic transition is very close to the energy required by the nuclear stimulation. This mechanism has been confirmed through experiments in the stimulation of the Gold-197 base state. However, due to the demanding requirements for energy -level energy, people have not found the same core energy state that can meet the corresponding energy requirements. Electronic capture stimulation is the energy released when foreign electrons occupy orbit. Because the original kinetic energy of the foreign electronics will also participate in the resonance process, accurately controls the electronic kinetic energy to accurately meet the resonance conditions. Therefore, research on the mechanism has been favored by the academic community in recent years.

Figure electronic transition stimulation and electronic capture of the principle diagram. The resonance energy conditions needed to meet the corresponding process under the nucleus of the atomic core. V1 and V2 represent the electronic binding energy corresponding to different orbits. Picture | Guo Song

No.4

Grassy Yao is near but there is no

In 2018, the use of electronic capturing the research that stimulated the same core energy state ushered in an important breakthrough. U.S. scientists reported in the "Nature" magazine that for the first time observed the phenomenon of nuclear excitement of e-capture of the same nuclear-based (mo-93M) of molybdenum-93 in the experiment, and extracted a considerable chance of stimulation (about 1 equal to 1 %). Compared with other known mechanisms, electronic capture looks much more efficient.

However, shortly after, some theoretical scholars estimated the risk of molybdenum-93M under this experimental condition, and received a considerable low calculation value (about 10-11), which made 9 huge differences between the theoretical and experiments. Essence

In order to understand the differences between theory and experiments, researchers at the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carefully evaluated the experiment from an experimental perspective. In the case of electronic capture, the photons with rare specific energy will be generated in a short period of time. However, in this experiment, a primary reaction with the target also generates a large number of photons, forming a thick and complex base. The strong light is about hundreds of millions to trillions of target photons.

The GammaSphere detection array in the Agan National Laboratory is used to capture and measure these rare photons. In the center of the array, there is a spherical vacuum container, with a radius of about 20 cm, and the photon is released through various nuclear reactions. In the past two decades, the detection array has been the world's most detected high -purity 锗 detection array. Picture Source | American Agung National Laboratory

Researchers at the Institute of Modern Physics have found that the foundation of this work has not been appropriately deducted, which may cause the contribution of the bottom to the contribution as an electronic capture of the nuclear inspiration, thereby overestimating its probability of stimulation. In 2020, researchers of the Institute of Modern Physics published relevant comments on the "Matters Arising" column of "Nature" magazine, which further triggered the discussion of the academic community on the nuclear stimulus mechanism of electronic capture.

No.5

Night Liang Sands Fireflies

Due to the thick and complicated base of the spectrum, it is very difficult to find rare events in this environment. Just like looking for flashing fireflies in the sun, even if you know that it is a special green light, it is easily covered by strong light. Why isn't it like every naughty child, looking for fireflies in the night?

In order to get rid of the influence of the heavy background, the researchers and collaborators of the Institute of Modern Physics based on the radioactive beam Ribll1 of the Lanzhou heavy ion accelerator (HIRFL), creatively use the same nuclear effects beam to study the electronic capture of the nuclear inspiration. Phenomenon. Related studies were published on June 17, 2022 in the Physics Review Express.

Researchers have proposed an improved experimental plan: using about 35 meters of radioactive beam streamlined to separate molybdenum -93m and transmit to the low-bottom measurement area. This makes the electronic capture of the nuclear stimulation process away from the primary response, and the thickness will not affect the experimental measurement.

The figure uses a radioactive bundle of about 35 meters to separate molybdenum-93m from the high base reaction area and transmits to the low-bottomed measurement area. The measurement accuracy of the experiment has been significantly improved. Picture | Guo Song

The phenomenon of electronic capture is expected to occur at the moment when the molybdenum-93m ion is injected into the detection end. Therefore, the use of the injecting signal is fixed, only the moment the photon that is only at that moment can further reduce the impact of irrelevant photons and improve the detection accuracy.

Graph experimental measurement end. Use 5 high -pure 测 detectors to measure the photon, and the plastic flashes in the aluminum alloy square box detect the detection of the ion. Picture Source | Modern Physics Institute

In the experiment, about 130 million molybdenum-93m ions entered the detection area. However, the researchers did not observe the phenomenon of electronic capture of the nuclear stimulation. The upper limit of the extraction of the extraction of the extraction was only 2 × 10-5. The reviewer believes: "Compared with previous reports, the result is more reliable and the measurement accuracy has also improved significantly."

This study shows that during the process of slowness and blocking of the same nuclear -core ions in solid materials, the chance of stimulation is very small, which is consistent with the expectations of many theoretical work. This work verifies the feasibility and necessity of the use of the same nuclear phenomenon beam flow to study electronic capture of nuclear stimulus, which indicates the direction for subsequent research.

No.6

Conclusion

Although new studies have shown that electronic capturing nuclear inscriptions will not be efficiently generated during the blocking process, but it does not deny the possibility it is applied. For such a resonance mechanism, before fully studying, experimental detection can only be carried out under low probability conditions. After clarifying the leading factors, there is still hope to significantly improve the efficiency of nuclear excitement through exquisite design. As a generous gift of nature, the same nuclear energy state of the nucleus has very good energy storage potential. If it can be used for application, it will deeply change the human society. Even if its application prospects are still far away, adequate basic research is needed.

Thank you for your support.

Author | Guo Song and Liu Fang

Thesis link: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.128.242502

references:

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9.

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Source: Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

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