The most shocking blockbuster in 2022, must be seen!

Over the past 10 years, paleontologists

Robert De Palma (Robert DEPALMA)

It has been in North Dakota in the United States,

When he wanted to find 66 million years ago, the asteroid hit the earth

Evidence of dinosaurs still survive.

BBC Studios has obtained exclusive qualifications to enter the excavation site.

More than 3 years

Archaeological research with the Robert team,

And use the most advanced visualization and scanning technology,

Precision restore the earth's environment, dinosaur image and impact details,

Reveal the fossil secrets that are not visible to the naked eye.

Some film reviews say "Dinosaurs: Last Day"

"It's like a thrilling detective movie."

It will lead the audience back to the dinosaur world 66 million years ago,

And experience the entire process of being destroyed.

Our connected interview producer

Helen Thomas,

Learn about the production of this milestone documentary.

For decades,

Paramoberia has been looking for the reasons for dinosaur extinction.

Now the new evidence is about to surface.

Self -description: Helen Thomas

Edit: Tan Yibai

Robert drove in his desert in North Dakota

Since 2012, 30 -year -old Robert de Parma has led a team of paleontologists to start a scientific research work in a desert in North Dakota.

Our documentary team produced a series of programs in 1999 called "Walking with Dinosaurs". Since then, we have always wanted to make another dinosaur series, but we need an amazing story. Finally we heard that this paleontologist, his confidentiality work is well done, because the dinosaur head is very valuable to prevent it from digging out things in the past. Essence

Until he published a study in the National Academy of Sciences. We think this is so exciting that we have to record this story.

It was the worst day of luck on the planet. A small asteroid that was bigger than Mount Everest hit.

75%of the creatures on the earth suffered a disaster. Prior to this, the earth was ruled by dinosaurs, so scientists believed that it was this impact that caused the extinction of dinosaurs. In addition, there are various dinosaurs such as climate change, species struggle, and mainland drift. A dinosaur skeleton has never been found in the scientific community, which can clearly determine that it was at the scene on the day of the asteroid impact. However, an extraordinary excavation site will completely change our perception of dinosaurs, proves that they live to the last moment.

Digging chrysanthemum shell fragments

The Hell Creek formation in the central and western United States contains a large number of dinosaur fossils.

Robert named it Tunis. "When excavating here, it is like removing nuclear weapons in the storm, making us very excited every moment." In his eyes, this is a large cemetery, buried asteroid hits impact A large -scale animal in the incident.

They first discovered a chrysanthemum, a marine creature, with a bit like curly snail. But it accidentally entered this freshwater environment, and it did not belong to it.

The geological layer above the chrysanthemum hides the key clues of which rock belongs to the rocks. It is orange, which is composed of fragments rich in "铱" after impact.非常 is a very rare element in the crust, but it is very common in asteroids. The rock formation where the 岩 is located, it marked the Baiyu-Ancient Bills Line, which is also a sign of the end of the dinosaur era. Once you see the rock formation and identify it, it means that under a thin layer of rocks, the world of dinosaur rule is covered, and the new world ushered in.

The Tunis digging point is like entering a window at a time point.

We entered the scene in 2019. There were only three main editors in the documentary, but behind us, there were a large number of photographers, special effects and scientists, and witnessed and proved the entire process with us.

The weather in this site has become impermanent. For 10 years, only one or two months in summer is suitable for digging each year. Robert and the team are often chased by heavy rain, lightning, and four centimeters thick, so only in July and August, they will be excavated day by day from the dawn to darkness. This also brings difficulties in our shooting.

So we filmed the beach background on the Suwani River in Florida, and the forest background was mainly photographed in the UK. In order to make the British forest land look more like tropical, we planted fern plants, Su Tie, Palm, etc. in nearby. These are plants that have survived millions of years after the asteroid impact. We also used a smoke machine to give people a lush and humid tropical feeling.

Sometimes a member of a filming team wants to make movements in the bushes in the bushes to simulate what the dinosaurs pass. We also made claw prints to match the fossil evidence of dinosaur footprints around the world. Although we ca n’t return to 66 million years ago, the combination of shooting and special effects at the scene allows us to cross this window.

Use liquid oxygen frozen fossils at minus 200 degrees Celsius to remove it completely.

This is the technology used in archeology to tap human remains

Gradually Robert discovered the unsteady fossils. There are fish, Tyrannosaurus's teeth, the footprint left by the young Overlord dragon, the almost complete turtle and the bones of the triangular dragon.

Through studying these fossils, it can be speculated that the "lifestyle" of dinosaurs in the late White Clear Period -such as almost all adult triangular dragon fossils was discovered alone, which shows that adult triangle dragons may be alone in animals. They may have a sense of territory, and some necks have stabbing, so they may fight with their own horn, just like modern reindeer, to compete for spouse and territory.

One of the fossils discovered by Robert: The mandibular bone of a beast animal in the late Baiji period

Pterosaur egg fossil

Robert also discovered the footprint of pterosaur, even more surprising was a pterosaur egg fossil. The fossil records about pterosaur eggs are very scarce. So far, only a few have been found in the world, namely from Northeast China, Xinjiang, China, and one found in Argentina. Robert's only one found in North America.

In order to understand its component, Robert took it to Oxford, Britain, and observed it with a huge microscope called "Diamond". The instrument will produce a billion -dollar beam higher than the sun. It can be "autopsy" with pterosaur egg fossils with it.

We saw that the wings in the egg folded like a bat, curled up tightly in a small space. The scientific community knows very little about the reproduction of pterosaurs, and this is an excellent opportunity. Some birds today still need to be taken care of after hatching, because their bones are not fully developed. Many birds need to provide food for them for a long time after hatching, and some can stand and start foraging by themselves a few minutes after hatching.

And pterosaur may go further. A large amount of calcium indicates that the bones in the eggshell are hardening and are slowly ossifying, so pterosaurs may not need to take care after incubation, or even fly immediately.

A number of paleontologists, geological scholars interviewed in the film,

Planet scientist, Museum curator

In addition to Robert's team, we also interviewed 17 people. All these scientists can do are adding contexts. When we talked about asteroids, we interviewed an astronomer; when we had a new discovery of the geology, we found a geological scientist. We can ensure the accuracy of each new discovery as much as possible.

"When I see animals and plants preserved in Tanis deposits, I see a dynamic ecosystem, vitality." Robert said that even at the end of the white cymbals, Tanis was full of life. It is not like some "dinosaur extinction hypothesis" speculated that dinosaurs have been extinct as long as before.

The waters of the asteroid hit, today in the Yicatan Peninsula in Mexico, the explosion destroys all life within 1500 kilometers away from the impact point. But this impact will affect Tanis 3,000 kilometers away? Is the death of animals because of it?

At noon one day, I received a call from Robert, and he said, "An extraordinary new discovery!" It was an ordinary and unusual noon in 2020. We couldn't go to the United States because of the epidemic raging.

Fortunately, one of my friends is a photographer who lives not far from excavation. So I called him, "In the next three weeks, there will be some incredible things in this place. Can you go to the scene and take it?"

Asteroid spray granules

Robert was surgery for a fish -based rock. There are some round particles between the gill bones of the fish, and they find more and more quantities. Tunis's thick soft rock layer is full of this granules. This is a small glass ball flowing to the air after the asteroid hits the earth, and then sinks back to the ground within 13 minutes to 2 hours. Fiction mosquitoes are time capsules in that era. It shows that the asteroid impact is almost the same time as the death of the animals here.

Robert went on to find a large group of fishes with each other. Under a white bodies was a catfish in the other direction. Its head hit the wood and twisted 90 degrees downwards.

It proposed a theory -the reason why these animals were squeezed in one place, the surrounding sprayed particles were full of spray particles because they were washed away by some kind of violent surge, and then quickly buried and deposited, so they were Fossils can be preserved so well.

A hypothesis is considered a tsunami. Because the impact point of the asteroid is at sea, it has caused an extraordinary tsunami, which is much higher and larger than the tsunami experienced by modern times, at least a thousand meters tall. But even with a strong tsunami, it takes at least 12 hours from the impact point to Tunis's 3,000 kilometers. Asteroid spray particles and fish corpses cannot be buried at the same time, so it must be another "fast" reason.

So we and Robert went to Norway and found a expert in the tsunami expert Professor Stan Bondwick. Through his research, we found that this may be related to "earthquake waves". The shock wave generated by the earthquake will be quickly spread in the crust. For example, in 2011, Japan's 3.11 major earthquake, the initial signal only took 12 minutes to reach western Norwegian.

The surge caused by the earthquake waves will bury everything into the ground while the spray particles fall. After tens of millions of years, a large amount of silt from the rolling waves turned into a soft rock layer of more than one meter, which is the characteristic of Tanis. The sedimentation layer we live in records the last moment of Bai Yanji, the length of 45 minutes to one and a half hours. Tanis excavation point

If the dinosaur extinction is a crime, then the detectives who have broken the case now have a lot of evidence: they find the impact time and location of the asteroid, and they also find that no dinosaur survives after the impact. They also found the murder weapon as the asteroid fragment. But they have a very important evidence -the body of the victim.

What Robert wants to find most is the fossil of dinosaurs who died on the day of the asteroid.

That day, the storm was coming soon, and the excavation team and us had to run with time to avoid storms from destroying everything. At this moment, we saw a different scales -like line. Robert dug carefully, and finally, this is a complete dinosaur fossil, surrounded by a large number of dead fish, and spray particles in the gills of the fish.

Robert said to our camera: "My brain will not turn, and my heart is about to jump out." The excavation team continued to work, and the scales here became larger. After several hours of hard work, I saw the knee joint, and then This is the developed calf muscles of the dinosaur. Next to the toe claws on the ankle, toe, and toes, all the joints are complete and the surface is covered with the skin. This is a well -preserved dinosaur leg!

Robert said: "In my most bizarre fantasy, I never thought that I could find a dinosaur leg in this sediment, and the skin and muscles were there. It looked like a kind of turkey legs of Thanksgiving."

Did the dinosaurs still alive? This fossil answered this question. Yes, this dinosaur is likely to die in that surge. But to conclude such a key conclusion, Robert needs to continue verification.

Scan on this dinosaur leg

He brought this dinosaur leg to London to seek the help of Professor Paul Barrett, an expert in the Birds Dinosaur of the London Natural History Museum. Through a series of research and verification, this may be a small strange dragon. There is no evidence on it that it has been hunted, no traces of penetration caused by teeth, and obvious traces of bite bones. CT scanning this dinosaur leg is not signs of disease -related.

This is a dinosaur who witnessed the "White Permia", and at the moment of impact, it is still alive.

This is the first collaboration with Robert. He has been excavated for 10 years in this excavation place. At first, he had not completed his doctoral thesis. He is a very hard and humble person. He excavated the most important dinosaurs in the century, but he was still humble.

This site has been exploited by many teams, and the fossils of fish have been dug out long ago, but their response was "just fish" and gave up. Only Robert felt that it must be different here, because this is the freshwater environment, and it is the environment of the freshwater environment, and it is a freshwater environment. The fossils of sea fish were found. Only he stayed.

He set up a tent next to the excavation point and lived there in summer. Until this year, there was no use of tap water there. In his mind, he only tapped and kept digging. We started shooting since 2019. We have encountered an epidemic in 2020. For a long time, we have to use Zoom to remotely control local photographers. We also encountered many shooting difficulties.

Paramons do to study tragedy in many cases, and each small disaster is their material. For individuals, this is a tragedy, but for the collective and our current life, the tragedy has been alert.

Asteroid hit the earth animation

That's just a day of poor luck, and the worst day in history. The forest was destroyed, and the planting animals were starved to death because there was no food, which caused the carnivore animals to die. The entire ecosystem collapsed like a card house. If the asteroid is 30 seconds in advance or pushed 30 seconds to hit the earth, its falling point will be the Atlantic or Pacific, not the Eukatan Peninsula rich in sediments and sulfur. The earth is in a half -dark state for about ten years.

However, a magical scene happened next. Life had a new beginning. When the dust in the atmosphere settled and the sun reappeared the earth, the plants gradually recovered, and the whole world was green. Some animals that survive in the cave are reproduced after the disaster.

Although we miss dinosaurs, we humans will not occur without this disaster.

I have also liked dinosaurs since I was a child. It has natural science fiction, but it has really existed. After the film was released in the UK, we received a lot of interesting feedback. One of them was that someone asked if there would be another catastrophic impact? In fact, NASA treated this issue seriously. They aimed at a very small meteorite and tried to shoot it down.

I couldn't say it easily, never. Dinosaurs are one of the most amazing animals in nature, and have ruled the earth for 160 million years. But the destructive power of human beings may not be weaker than the asteroid of the dinosaur era.

I think we have the reason why we have wisdom to find the extinction of dinosaurs. Can we have wisdom to protect countless species on the planet?

- END -