Blue Earth, in fact, there is a "black history"

Since there is a satellite, for the first time, people have known that from the space, the earth is a blue -green planet -blue is the ocean, and green is the vegetation on the land. Since then, whenever people think of the earth, they first think of this classic image.

Figure 1 Earth (Picture Source: NASA)

But in fact, the image of the earth is not unchanged. In the long years of more than 4 billion years before the plant landing, the appearance of the earth is like a face -changing master in Sichuan opera, which has changed less than 10 times.

One, 4.55 billion years ago

At this time, the earth was just born -simply speaking, the small asteroids with countless kilometers of diameter collided with each other and gathered together. In the collision, the kinetic energy was converted into thermal energy, so that the asteroid melting of the stars that was originally stone became magma. At the same time, the radioactive element carried by the asteroid itself began to sink and converge into the nucleus in the form of radioactive decay. Steel steadily providing heat for the earth.

At this time, the entire earth is a magma ball, so there is no division of sea and land. At that time, the earth may grow like this ↓

Figure 2 Earth formed about 4.55 billion years ago. The impact of countless asteroids turned the earth into a red magma ball. The ring in the picture was generated by impact. (Picture source: Flickr/Kevin Gill)

2. 4.5 billion years ago

About 4.5 billion years ago, it quickly started to cool after the earth was formed-this is well understood. A cup of hot water will become normal warm water at room temperature. The hot earth will naturally change in the universe with an average temperature of -270 ℃. cold. After the bright magma cools down, it becomes a black basalt rock. They cover the surface and make the earth black.

Of course, this process is gradually happening. First, small black spots produced in the red background, then the dark spots became larger, red shrinks, and finally black almost covered the entire earth. In the end, the earth became a black ball as a whole.

Figure 3 The process of gradually cooling the earth, more and more black, will eventually become a black earth (picture source: wikipedia/jack madden)

At this time, there is still no distinction between sea and land in the general sense, but if you call the magma sea also the sea, then the earth's land is probably like this. During this period, the "land" was composed of black basalt, and the sky was composed of lead -gray silicate clouds with a temperature of hundreds of degrees Celsius or even thousands of degrees Celsius. "Ocean" is a red flowing magma.

Figure 44.5 billion years ago Earth Scenery Imagination (Picture Source: NASA)

Third, about 4.4 billion years ago

With the cooling of the earth, the surface finally solidified, and the originally hot silicate clouds landed to the surface in the form of silicate rain due to cooling (the silicate cloud here, which can be simply understood as a variety of rock melting evaporation evaporation evaporation and evaporation. Products; Silicate rain, simple understanding is the melting sand. If you still can't imagine, go to search for pictures of blowing glass, probably that effect).

Then, as the temperature continued to decrease, the water vapor in the clouds was cooled and condensed, and it became rainwater. Most of these water vapor come from magma. In fact, there are also water in the ingredients of rocks. They are stored in the rocks in the form of water molecules, or hydrogen roots, hydroxide roots. Frequent water molecules, as the magma exposes the ground surface, the water molecules evaporate into the atmosphere in the form of steam. This is the source of most water on the earth.

At this time, the entire earth may be surrounded by the ocean. The stars in the ocean are distributed with a large number of volcanics. The structure of the three -layer layer of the nuclear nuclear nuclear has not yet formed, so there are no sector activities and stretching mountains.

Figure 5 The earth may be like this at the time. The entire seawater is wrapped in seawater, and small volcanic islands are distributed in the ocean (picture source: wikipedia)

If you look close to the island, you may also find a large number of basalt rock pillars, and the scenery of its composition may be as shown in the figure below:

Figure 6 Xuanwu rock column (picture source: wikipedia)

There are also many such scenery on the earth, such as the road of famous giants, etc. Of course, it is difficult to go abroad now. It doesn't matter. This kind of stone column scenery is everywhere in China. National Geological Park.

Figure 7 The scenery of the Giant Road (Picture Source: OSIP KOKIN)

4. About 4 billion years ago

The earth may have formed a circle structure at this time, and it has also begun to form sector movement (but many scientists think that it is not, and this problem is controversial). Under the influence of sector movement, the small sporadic land formed on the earth began to collide together. The land changed from the island and small land to large land, and mountains began to appear on land.

In addition, the continuous volcanic activities have also made the area of ​​the volcanic island began to expand, and even connected into one piece. Large and small land appeared on the earth.

However, at this time, a large -scale asteroid collision began to appear in the solar system, and countless asteroids continued to hit the major rock planets in the solar system in succession. Scientists called the incident as a later bombing incident.

Figure 8 is in the earth that is in a period of heavy bombardment. Although there is land at that time, the earth may be a "Masaki Face" (Picture Source: NASA)

At this time, the earth may also be similar to the moon, Mars, and Venus, and many meteorites have appeared. At that time, the surface was barren and dry, and its macro landscape was mainly meteorite pits. Among them, the large meteorite pit is depressed in the center of the pits, and a ring -shaped mountain is forming around. In the middle of the ring mountain, huge lakes may be formed, and rivers flowing down below at the same time are also formed on the ring -shaped mountains. But at this time the land was still extremely barren and showed no signs of life. Figure 9 Lake in the middle of the mountain (picture source: NASA)

At the same time, due to the ups and downs of the surface, the rivers also appeared. During the flow of the river, the river began to wash the surrounding basalt land, grind these basalt rocks and take them away. In some long rivers, due to the long -distance transportation of the river, many dark minerals of Xuanwu Rock have been eroded and disappeared, leaving only light -colored minerals. Light -colored sedimentary rock appears.

Figure 10 The rivers traveling between Xuanwu Rock Pillar may be seen everywhere on the earth's land 4 billion years ago, but there is no exception, no life (picture source: wikicommons)

5. 3.8 ~ 35 billion years ago

After a long period of rivers and deposition, the surface may have begun to be covered by sedimentary rocks at this time. The original large -scale dark color tone was retreated. At this time, the overall surface may be light -colored tones -such as light yellow and the like.

The land is still small mountains (or mountains), the mountains are running through the mountains, and the meteorite pit on the land is still dense.

Figure 11 The imagination of the scientist on the water on Mars (picture source: NASA)

At this time, the biggest highlight is the earliest creature. However, at this time, the creatures are just some marine microorganisms, some of them, and others are gathered on the coast, existing in the form of microorganisms (the small crickets on the right side of the right side of the figure below). The fossils formed by these algae are called stack stones, and now there are stacked stones around the world.

The scenery of the sea may be shown in the figure below, but the color may be similar to the yellow tone in the first picture.

Figure 12 At this time, the imagination of the seaside scenery (picture source: wikipedia)

6. 2.5 billion years ago

At this time, the earliest mainland appeared, named Kenoland (controversial), and at the same time, the sector movement was determined to start, and large -scale mountains began to form on land.

In addition, early photosynthetic creatures also appeared, and oxygen began to appear in the atmosphere. These oxygen will quickly oxidize the iron on the land, making the overall red tone on the land.

Figure 13 Nolan does not exist, and its form is actually controversial (picture source: wikipedia)

FIG. 14 This is the imagination of the scientist's look of Mars more than 3 billion years ago. The earth was about similar to this at that time, and it may even be more popular, because the earth's oxidation was more oxidized (picture source: source: ESO)

If you go deep into land observation, there should be landforms such as mountains, rivers, and breeze on land at this time, but at that time, the land was barren and there was no vegetation coverage.

At that time, the details of the earth's landform should be similar to the current Mars, and we can find the shadow of the earth from Mars.

Figure 15 This picture is the imagination of NASA artists on Mars with water. From the perspective of space, the earth may be similar to this, but the earth may be more reddish (picture source: NASA)

Figure 16 also has the Grand Canyon on the earth at that time. This is a landscape shaped by the huge river (picture source: NASA)

Figure 17 The restoration of the River on the Mars and the Delta. There is also an obvious meteorite pit on the Delta.

Figure 18 Inland Mountains (Picture Source: NASA)

Figure 19 The desert at the foot of the mountain (picture source: NASA)

7. About 2.4 billion years ago

Due to the large number of floats in the ocean, the photosynthetic effect of the plant absorbed a huge amount of carbon dioxide, which caused the earth to cool down. At this time, the earth entered a big ice period, and some scientists called it the first snowball Earth incident. At this time, both land and oceans were covered by ice and snow. Therefore, the earth was a snowball, and the land was also white.

Figure 20 Earth covered by ice and snow (Picture Source: Mikkel Juul Jensen/SPL/COSMOS)

Figure 21 At that time, ice lakes and rivers on land may be similar to this (picture source: ESA-A.Gers)

Figure 22 The mountains on the land are also covered by ice and snow, similar to the current Antarctic (picture source: Anne Fröhlich)

Of course, it is not all biological. In some open sea areas, many algae can live together. They may dye a piece of ocean into blue -green strips, which may be similar to this ↓

Figure 23 The ocean is dyed with blue -green strips (picture source: NASA)

8. About 2 billion years ago

Due to the continuous eruption of volcanoes, carbon dioxide has accumulated again in the atmosphere, the earth returns to warmth, the big ice period is over, and the earth has become the previous look -the huge blue ocean, the red continent embellish it.

Figure 24 The Earth Imagination Picture after the end of the big ice period (picture source: NASA)

The large blue green algae may be seen on the mainland, and they constitute algae on the ancient sea. Figure 25 The landscape by the modern seaside can be seen from the land and green (picture source: NASA)

Figure 26 Alties on the edge of modern land (picture source: NASA)

Nine, about 700 million years ago

Due to the cold climate, the earth becomes a snowball again, with reference to the upper festival.

Ten, about 500 million years ago

At this time, plants have already adapted to the freshwater environment, and even the earliest plants may have begun to land. However, it is certain that some blue and green algae first boarded the land on the plant. They were coexisting with some fungi to form ground clothes. These jackets covered the rocks on the coast of the river and lake, colorful.

Figure 27 Some primitive plastic algae may have adapted to the freshwater environment and began to reproduce in the inland freshwater rivers and lakes. At the same time, there are also some ground jackets that may also be on the land. : NASA)

Fig

Eleventh, about 450 million years ago

Plants have landed ... Earth gradually becomes familiar.

Produced: Popular Science China

Author: ground star gravity

Producer: China Science Popularization Expo

The China Science Popularization Expo is the Science Popular Science Platform of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is sponsored by the Computer Network Information Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Relying on the high -end scientific resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it is committed to spreading cutting -edge scientific knowledge and providing fun science and education services.

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