Can Ultraman rely on the monster Mono Prize?

The fighting process of Ultraman and the monster is generally:

Ultraman and the monster fight for three minutes first,

The seriously injured monster stood there and waited for death,

Ultraman launched nirvana to kill monsters.

For Diga Altman, his nirvana has a professional name:

Ping Pero Ao Light.

But no matter which Ultraman,

Their nirvana is based on Sipa Mumu light [1].

Today, I will teach you how to launch a high -lethal Stepum Light.

1

Part 1: Laser, biubiubiu ~

We all know that light has a two -phenomena. It can be considered that a beam of light is composed of many photons. Each photon has a certain energy. The larger the frequency of the light, the smaller the wavelength of the light, and the higher the energy of the photon.

The relationship between photon energy E and frequency e and wavelengths are as follows. Among them, H is Planck constant, C is the speed of light.

The figure below lists the frequency of light (wavelength) spectrum. The part of the middle color is the visible light we can see. The sides of the visible light are ultraviolet light and infrared light. Lights with lower frequencies are called microwaves, radio waves, etc.

Frequency spectrum picture source of light: Baidu Picture

The overall strength of a beam of light is the power of light, which represents the number of photons in a beam of light.

To make the light have a strong lethality, we must first ensure that the power of light is strong, which means that the number of photons in a beam of light is a lot.

This is easy to understand. For example, convergence of sunlight with a lens can ignite flammable materials, and the lights are brighter and more dazzling.

Secondly, it is necessary to ensure that photon energy is large.

We often say that ultraviolet radiation is too strong to harm the human body, or see the radiation risk in the CT room of the hospital (X -rays in the CT room), because these light photon energy is too large.

Sipaimum light can be regarded as a laser with high energy.

When the laser is irradiated on the object, the atoms, ions, or electrons inside the object can absorb the energy of the photon. Electronics will be ionized; energy spreads between atoms. With the temperature of the object, it will rise, thereby melting, gasification, and even a plasma.

The strong laser effect is that the solid is suddenly given a severe energy disturbance. The energy will form a stress wave during the process of the solid internal transmission, and the stress wave will crush the solid [2].

Therefore, after Ultraman emitted a bouquet of light to the monster, the monster will bombard into fragments. This plot has a certain rationality.

Laser is a strong light beam with strong monochrome (that is, a single frequency) and strong directionality. So how can the laser produce?

At this time, we can help Einstein. He put forward the concept of severe radiation of light, which is the basis for laser production.

Quantum mechanics tells us that within the material level of the material, when the electrons are in the energy level, when the electrons are at a higher energy level, they will spontaneously transition to the energy level of lower energy. A photon, the energy of radiation photons is equal to the poor energy of these two energy levels.

Spontaneous radiation schematic diagram

This process is called spontaneous radiation. The fluorescence from the fluorescent powder we see in our daily life is an example of spontaneous radiation. However, spontaneous radiation photons cannot be gathered into laser.

When we irradiate a beam of light from the outside, if the energy of the photon is greater than the energy of the two energy levels, the electrons will absorb this photon to obtain its energy and move from the low energy level to the high energy level. This process is called the emphasis on absorption.

Significant absorption diagram

The point is that when the energy of the external photon is equal to the poor energy of the two energy levels and the electron is at a high energy level, the electron will jump to the low energy level and radiate a photon under the disturbance of the external photon. Direction radiation.

Excited radiation diagram

We can notice that we have traveled to a photon, and now we have two photons, that is, excited radiation, which makes us stronger light.

Everyone should pay attention to one thing here:

According to the previous mention, as long as the photon is at high energy level, spontaneous radiation will definitely occur, but we do not want to spontaneously radiation. We hope that more electronic participation will be involved in the radiation to produce the desired laser.

So how to make the radiation process more advantageous? The answer is: As long as the number of electrons in high -energy levels is guaranteed to be more than the number of electrons at low energy levels, this is the number of particles reversing [3].

However, the high -energy electronics will always be transformed into low -energy levels. So how to ensure that high -energy electronics are always more electronics than low -energy electronics?

Smart you must think of: Since high -energy electronics are constantly being consumed, I think a way to supplement electrons from another energy level to this energy level?

Congratulations to you have penetrated the principle of ruby ​​laser.

Ruby laser uses a three -energy -level system, which can be divided into E1, E2, E3 [4] from low to high.

Under the light of the lamp:

1. In the ruby ​​crystal, the electrons in the base state E1 are stimulated to the highest energy -grade E3 after absorbing the photon emitted by the lamp.

2. The life of the E3 energy level is extremely short, and the leather second level, a large number of particles will transit from the E3 energy level spontaneous radiation to the middle energy level E2.

3. The life of the E2 energy level is long and about millisecond levels. Therefore, the E2 energy level will gradually accumulate a large number of electrons, realizing the number of particles of the E1 energy level and the E2 energy level.

Ruby laser electronic transition process, the crystal will enlarge and output the light composition of the frequency that meets HV = E2-E1. The wavelength of the output laser is 694nm.

Now we have produced a large number of photons through excitement, so how do we turn them into laser output to the outside world?

We can install two parallel reflex mirrors at both ends at the laser working substance (such as the ruby). These two reflex surfaces form a resonant cavity. At this time, only the light parallel to the reflector axis can be reflected back and forth in the interior [ 3].

Laser basic structure

After the work material is enhanced by exciting radiation, the laser finally out of the time has a strong one -way.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the one -unidirectional laser is restrained in a small space, that is, the number of photons in the unit space is large, so the laser will have a strong power.

So, is it enough now? Ordinary laser may burn people, but compared to Ultraman's bouquet of light, it penetrates a hundred meters of monsters and has a hard body. Our strength is not enough!

2

Part2: pulse laser, biu ~ biu ~ biu ~

Then please follow our protagonist: pulse laser.

The laser we generated earlier is continuous laser, that is, the energy distribution of the beam continuously.

The pulse laser is a beam consisting of a pulse of the pulse. The duration of a bundle pulse is called pulse width.

Pulse light time waveform schematic diagram, picture source: Baidu Picture

We can make such imagination:

For a bouquet of continuous light, all photons are evenly distributed in the whole beam. For pulse light, photons exist only during the period of the pulse.

If the total number of photons of these two beams of light is the same, a pulse of the pulse light will have more photons.

There are more photons in the single pulse time of pulse laser

In other words, although the average power of the two is the same, the pulse light will have a stronger instantaneous power than the continuous light.

It is foreseeable that the narrower the pulse of the pulse light, the stronger the instantaneous power of the laser. Therefore, generating pulse laser with ultra -short pulse is our goal next.

So how to produce pulse light?

As mentioned earlier, the light generated by the radiation radiation is oscillated back and forth in the resonance cavity to achieve magnifying the output laser. However, there must be loss in the resonance cavity. Only if the gain of the medium to light exceeds loss can continue output laser [3].

We can adjust the loss of the resonant cavity.

First adjust the losses of the cavity, and the laser cannot produce laser. This can accumulate a large amount of stimulus particles at the upper energy level of the laser, and there are many reverse particles.

When the number of reverse particles reaches a threshold, the losses of the cavity suddenly reduce the cavity, and a large amount of stimulus particles quickly complete the excitement.

Then perform the same operation in the next pulse cycle. In this way, a very narrow light pulse.

Adjust the resonant losses to obtain pulse laser schematic diagram

Generally, the pulse width of the pulse laser that changes the resonance cavity loss can reach the nano level.

We can change its loss by placing an electro -optical crystal in the resonance cavity [3].

The so -called electro -optical crystal is when an voltage is applied in two sections of a crystal, and the light will change the polarization direction through this crystal. At this time, add another polarizer that is vertical and vertical. Oscillate.

Use electric light crystal to change the resonance cavity loss to generate pulse laser, picture source: reference [1]

So how to further produce laser with a shorter pulse width and stronger instantaneous power?

We know that alone is an electromagnetic wave, and the light is mainly the vibration of the electric field. The optical vibration direction is called vertical molds parallel to the resonant axis.

For example, the vibration of the spring is a vertical mold, and the vibration of water waves is a kind of horizontal mold.

The vibration of the electric field includes the amplitude, vibration cycle, and phase.

For ordinary laser, the vibration of its internal light field is completely different and the phase is random. So each mode does not interfere with each other.

Now, we can add a modulator to the resonance cavity or add a thing named Ker crystal to lock the phase between each vibration mode [5].

Then after a period of time, some vibration mode met at the maximum amplitude of each, achieved superimposition, and finally output a larger amplitude.

Different modes Locked more pulse laser schematic diagrams between different modes

In this way, we realize the laser's lock molding, and through this method, the pulse laser of the leather and even the femlose -level pulse can be achieved.

But it is still not enough, we still need stronger laser.

We achieved a very strong instantaneous power by turning the continuous light into the flylose pulse laser, so can we continue to zoom in the flylose pulse laser directly?

The answer is okay!

Next, we will continue to strengthen our Slash Smooth Lights with the technology.

We first put a laser through a set of prisms and widely displayed its pulse, so that its peak power will become very low.

Then we let it magnify through a gain medium. Since we reduce its peak power in advance, the laser will not damage it during the enhancement of the gain medium.

After the laser is amplified by the gain medium, the pulse width is compressed by a group of prisms, which means that more light is compressed to a small area, which greatly increases the strength of the femtosecond laser pulse. Picture source: Baidu Picture

It is worth mentioning that this method also won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics. So Ultraman can win the Nobel Prize with this technology!

3

Part 3, tall harmonic, biuu ~ biuuu ~ biuuu ~

We have now realized a strong light power, so how do we continue to improve our strength?

Back to our beginning, should we increase the energy of photons next? That is to increase the frequency of light.

In 1961, Franken et al. Put the red light produced by a bouquet of ruby ​​laser through a quartz crystal, and found that the outlet became purple light [6].

It can be found from the spectrum that the frequency of purple light is twice the red light, which means that they have achieved double frequency of light. The phenomenon they discovered was called secondary harmonic.

Okay, we seem to achieve demand: increase the energy of photons.

This article is over. Essence Essence Essence

Just a joke, let's take a look at how the second harmonic is produced.

As mentioned earlier, light is the electromagnetic field.

In one object, the atomic nuclear band is positive, the electronic band is negative, and the electrical field acts on the atomic nucleus and electronics in the opposite direction.

In this way, a pommons were formed. Apacon will generate another electric field to overlap the electric field applied to the external electric field, thereby changing the size and direction of the external electric field. This process is the polarization process of the electric field.

For the entire solid, the contribution brought by Polarizes is called polarization intensity. Through some complex solutions, it can be known that the expression of polarization strength P can be written as the power of the power field E. In effect, the previous coefficient is called a non -linear coefficient [7].

The relationship between polarization intensity and external electric field

The production of second harmonics is a second -order non -linear effect. In addition, there are three harmonics. It is a third -order non -linear effect, which means that the frequency of the light of the radiation is three times the frequency of the incident light.

In solids, non -linear effects can generate a few times of photons, which can basically reach the degree of ultraviolet light.

But still not enough, can we continue to improve our strength?

OK!

It is to use femtosecond liders to produce high -second harmonic waves. Through this method, it can be enhanced by dozens of times, and even pulse laser in X -ray bands can be generated [8].

This process is:

Action with femtosecond pulse laser to ionize its internal electronics on the gas atom.

Electric electrons have obtained high energy by accelerating the speeding laser field.

Electronics reunion with the atom. During the composite process, the kinetic energy obtained by the electrons in the light field and the transition energy (equal to the ionization energy) from continuous state to the base state are radiated in the form of high -second harmonic photon.

The three -step schematic diagram generated by the high -second harmonic wave is the two pictures on the right of the right side are the collision process of accelerated electrons with other electrons or atoms. The bottom picture represents the high -second harmonic wave of accelerated electron and atomic radiation. Picture source: reference [6].

In addition, people find that the pulse width of the extremely ultraviolet pulse light that generates the process of radiation in the process can reach the A second level.

In this way, we not only greatly enhance the energy of the Spey Mummlight photon, but also obtained A second lasers with a shorter and width of the flying laser, which further enhanced the instantaneous power of the light.

In this way, such a Supreme Smooth light has achieved super destructive power.

Today's "The Basics of Ultra Killing-Stupid Mark Light" is here.

Have you learned it?

references:

[1] Teach you to launch Ultraman's nirvana -Zhihu (zhihu.com).

[2] The research progress of strong laser destruction mechanism, Zhou Yichun, etc., mechanics and practice, Volume 17, No. 1, 1995.

[3] Principles of Lasers, Orazio Svelto, 1998 4th Edition, Springer.

[4] Ruby Laser, Five Department of Northwest Telecommunications Engineering, laser and infrared, 1978, (04)

[5] Laser Principle, Zhou Bingzheng, etc., 6th edition of 2009, National Defense Industry Press

[6] Generation of Optical Harmonics, P. A. Franken et.al, phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118-119 (1961).

[7] Non -linear optical, Shunxiang, etc., the 2nd edition of 2012, Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology Press

[8] The technical principles and progress generated by A second pulse, Wei Zhiyi, etc., scientific report, 2021, Vol. 66, No. 8: 889 ~ 901

Edit: Garret

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