Lecture 13: Plan-Macro micro-conducting of the market economy system (2) Parameter conversion of the macro balance plan

Plan-market economy system transforms the macro balance plan into macro-control tool parameters implemented by the supply and demand hubs in various regions through the parameter conversion layer of the macro balance plan. There are two main uses for the parameters of the macro -control tool:

The first is the parameters of work decision -making in accordance with the supply and demand hub in various regions. For example, a parameter of the bidding factors in the jurisdiction area is the weight parameter used by the regional "hub" when selecting the bid producer, which is used to select the producer.

The second is that the producer passed the fair competition of the hub organization through the regional supply and demand. When signing a "supply-demand" contract, the "macro-control tool parameter" will be automatically introduced into the contract, and then directly passed to the micro-economic cells.

These macro-control tool parameters represent the demolition of the macro balance plan, which will be accompanied by the implementation of the "supply-demand" contract to implement it into each production activity.

The parameter design of the regulatory tool

The parameter conversion layer translates the macro balance plan into the parameters of macro-control tools, which plays a very important role in the plan-market economy system. Because only through this conversion, the data indicators of the macro balance plan can be split and implemented into micro -economic cells. It should be noted that when understanding these designs, it should be more considered as a idea of ​​design regulation tools, not the ultimate version of the case of regulatory tool parameters. The parameter setting of the regulatory tool should not only be set up according to the control of economic activities, but also adjust and develop according to the actual changes of economic activities.

Pay attention to the settings of the regulatory tool parameters: three points:

First, the macro plan that requires micro-implementation is designed to be designed as factor that can be used in the enterprise "supply-demand" contract; It is equivalent to splitting the macro balance plan and transmitting it to the corporate contract.

Second, the macro -control tool parameters can be associated with regions, products, and conditions, but cannot leave room for people to intervene in process intervention. For example, when setting up the parameter of "unit product value and environmental protection input", it is allowed to set different values ​​in different regions and products according to the economic development level and environmental impact level of various regions, but all parameters cannot exist by an executor. Master the elastic range.

Third, all regulatory tool parameters should not affect reasonable competition among enterprises, and cannot affect the reward of workers after the implementation of the contract. In other words, the regulatory tool parameters cannot solidify the contents of the company that can be completed by competition.

(1) Price regulation tool

Price is valuable currency performance. In the process of economics and product marketing, the price is a value scale in the form of currency, the value of the product and assets, and the basis for the price mechanism. In the plan-market economy system, the price is not only a monetary manifestation of value, but also a tool for macro-planning balance. Plan-market economy system gives more responsibilities and connotations.

Plan-market economy system has two price forms and corresponding price formation mechanisms. One is competitive price, and the other is fine trading price. Moreover, with the improvement and development of the new system, fine transaction prices should account for increasing proportion.

1. Competitive price

At the beginning, the price formed by competition is still the main transaction price under the plan-market economy system. The new system will provide all competitors with a more fair competitive environment and opportunities, so the price formed by competition will better reflect the average necessary labor time of the product.

2. Fine transaction price

Because in the plan-market economy system, product pricing will follow the new pricing principle of "neither huge profits nor benefits" ("benefit but not violent"), and companies that have a strong production plan during the production stage through competitive bids have a strong production planning phase in the production stage. All production costs can be controlled by the enterprise themselves, so that the new system has the possibility of accurate calculation of price calculation by third-party institutions with constraints. Therefore, fine transaction prices have become a plan-market economy system. Unique price. In this price, not only the assessment of product value, but also the government representing the government's regulation of the macroeconomic interest, but also reflects the requirements of the "profit -oriented" management and control process.

The fine transaction price will be approved by a third -party price review firm restricted by interest. The producer shall be approved by the special third -party price review firm according to the selected technical solution, processing process, technical standards selected, technical indicators and other necessary approval materials, and other necessary approval materials. Third -party price review firms have approved the price and have a special approval procedure and accounting formula (even directly completed by the computer program). Moreover, not only do you not only use the application for the application of the enterprise as the calculation basis, but also refer to the average parameters of the relevant local industries. This design shows that when producing the same product and using different technologies, different materials, and different structures, the fine transaction price obtained is different. Similarly, when different enterprises produce the same product when using the same technology, the same material, the same structure, and the entry price, the fine transaction price may be the same. The fine transaction price approved by the third -party price review firm will be issued, and it will also bear economic responsibility for the authenticity and standardization of the price verification process.

Fine transaction prices have more functions in the plan-market economy system:

First, the fine transaction price is a tool for macro -control. Design a product expansion price adjustment factor in fine transaction prices. The fine transaction price is provided by the enterprise to provide original data in accordance with the requirements, and the specific price of the fine trading price calculation center of a third party identified by the state calculates the specific price. The important feature of this price is the principle of pricing of "profit but not violent", and fully considers the necessary costs for enterprises to produce. The fine transaction price is the price when the competition enterprise submitted to the regional "hub" bid, but it is not necessarily the final price after winning the bid. In the end, the bid price must also be based on the product expansion price adjustment factor on the basis of fine transaction prices. Product expansion price adjustment factor is reached under the "hub" of various regions under the National "Planning and Exchange Rules Formulation Center", which is automatically executed at the time of bidding. When the expansion price adjustment factor of the product is greater than 1, it indicates that the product is encouraged to develop products; if the value is less than 1, the product is a product that does not encourage production. For example, according to the needs of the country's macro development, a new product of energy -saving needs to encourage development. The national "planning and exchange rules formulation center" gives the product's product expansion price adjustment factor of 1.05. This means that the real income after winning the bid is 1.05 times. In contrast, excess steel, the state implements the contraction and regulation of steel, setting the expansion price adjustment factor of steel products to 0.95. Then after winning the bid, the real income that can be obtained should be reduced by 5%on the basis of the original bid price, and companies with high production costs have no profits, forcing them to stop production. If the expansion price adjustment factor of steel products is reduced to 0.90, then a number of steel companies will be forced to stop production of steel. The state can regulate this parameter, rely on market forces to achieve macro -controls on specific product capacity expansion and contraction targets, instead of relying on administrative means such as leadership meetings and organizational personnel inspections. Second, the fine transaction price guarantees the employment balance of the improvement of labor productivity. The fine transaction price in the new system is also responsible for balanced labor employment, and the cost of labor time has been reduced due to the improvement of labor production efficiency. For example, with the improvement of labor production efficiency, the workers can produce 7 days of consumer goods for 3 days, so the fine transaction price also includes the wages required for 4 days a week to ensure that the system of 3 working days per week can be in the weekly system that can be in the weekly system. Price support is implemented. When the company's own labor use indicators proposed, the "labor working hours ratio" will be taken by the "labor -working and exchange rules" when verifying the fine transaction price.

Third, the fine transaction price reflects the needs of re -innovating investment. Innovation is the core competitiveness of the country. Only by using institutional guarantee measures to ensure the source of funding for enterprises' innovative investment can we implement the innovative behavior of enterprises. Planning-the fine trading price of the market economy system contains a clear innovative budget, that is, under the new system, innovation is not only the concept, but also the institutional measures of the economic system to ensure.

Fourth, fine transaction prices reflect the needs of environmental governance investment. In the fine transaction price, according to the database of pollution control costs, the product design is designed with the regulatory parameters of the unit product value and environmental protection costs. When an enterprise signs a "supply-demand" contract through the "hub" bidding through the regional "hub", if the product belongs to the regulating scope of environmental protection input costs, then in the sub-bid price of the final contract, it will automatically follow the unit product value and environmental protection investment costs. Increase the final unit price. Any producer who produces this product has financial resources to complete the environmental protection input task, so as to carry the concept of the environment required at the macro level to carry the concept into each production contract.

Fifth, the fine transaction price reflects the responsibility of public services. Plan-fine transaction prices in the market economy system also include the necessary expenditures for public services, or the social responsibility that the enterprise should bear. The main part of social responsibility is guaranteed in the form of taxation.

Sixth, fine transaction prices also reflect the needs of raising offspring and their own pension expenditures. Plan-fine transaction prices in the market economy system also include expenditure during minors that each labor population must be paid and pre-expenditure during the future pension period. This part of the expenditure is guaranteed in the fine price of the fine price.

The fine transaction price occupies a very important position in the plan -market system, and its formulation design is guaranteed by the constraint mechanism. appears in:

(1) Use subsequent use to test the initial pricing. The process of fine trading prices is a very standardized process, but the original data based on the process is provided by the producer unilaterally. If the price is not restricted by the price when using this price, the price may lose authenticity, which will affect subsequent correct use. The principle of this constraint design is to correctly presume the information of the enterprise first, and then use the examples that occur in the future to prove the correctness of the original data. When discovery, the agreed economic punishment must be affected. For example, when the producer submits the price review information, it is said that the product has chosen the B1 technology solution and obtained the fine transaction price P1; the actual supply is the C2 technology solution, the cost is better than the B1 technology

The plan is much lower. The mechanism that restricts this problem is that when the user is in the subsequent use and found that the technical solution does not meet the original scheme, the user can ask the manufacturer to compensate for the loss, and it will also record it in the credit record. The design of the constraint mechanism will allow this follow -up cost of violations to stop the fake behavior. (2) Concern through market competition. The fine transaction price is formed through fine calculations. From the surface, this method limits the price competition between enterprises. In fact, this is to ensure that under the premise of the realization of macro targets, the competition of corporate competition is led to the areas that the society needs more. Price competition has not been canceled in the plan-market economy system. Essence Price competition still exists, but the competition of enterprises under the new system is a necessary expenditure that meets the long -term interests of the enterprise. The price first meets the necessary expenditure, which avoids the price war that has essential damage to the enterprise. And lead the price competition to a new direction: compare the advanced nature of the technical solution and the effectiveness of the product service and the effectiveness of the management level. Obviously, these are what social development needs.

(2) Competitive regulation tools

Plan-market economy systems guide the profit of various enterprises to social average profits through fair competition. When the fine trading price is higher than the average profit of the society, it will attract more companies to participate in competition, and the competition will be more intense. When there are different technical solutions to participate in competition, the winning price will be reduced in various forms, which will directly reduce the profit of the enterprise. If all enterprises have chosen the same technical solution, according to the method and process of fine transaction prices, the fine transaction prices reported by the companies involved in bidding, although the gap is not necessarily large, there will still be differences, and price competition still exists. The competitive intensity in the price itself decreased. Because the profit of the product is not only the income realized by the price, but also the cost expenditure. When the fine transaction price tends to be consistent, the income of each competitive enterprise is close to the same. Good or bad, quality or bad. And the extension of all these competitions means the rise in corporate costs. For example, when the Yangtze River A production enterprise and the Yellow River A production enterprise use the same technical solution when bidding, after fine accounting by a third party, the quotation is 1 million yuan, but the Yellow River A cargo production enterprise promised to increase the equipment once a month. Free test. If the profit of this bidding target is relatively high, then more companies will promise to provide more services, so that the final profits will become a social average profit.

This competitiveness is also the vitality reserved in the macro balance plan to the microeconomic transmission.

(3) Regulating tools for the use of labor value for enterprises

Enterprise value-added labor use ratio (hour / 10,000 yuan enterprise added value) is the plan of planning-market economy system to approve the number of labor employment in the value-added value of the unit. Different regions and different products will have different enterprises to use the value -added labor ratio. There are many automated equipment in developed areas, and less labor can be used; some products are high value -added products, and labor use will also be lower than the same. Most of the labor force use plans calculated by the use of labor force are the contractual obligations after the company's bid (through the "hub" approval allowed to adjust -the supply of labor in special circumstances) is also a key factor in achieving a macro employment balance. The use of labor use is linked to the "added value of the enterprise" because the total value of the added value of the enterprise is theory of theory of the macro production link theory.

Enterprise added value use ratio is also an important factor in regional competition. Some areas are economically developed, employment rates are high, and they are difficult to recruit people. They may be more willing to make products with less labor and good benefits to develop regions; some areas are rich in labor force, and products that can accommodate more labor may be settled in the area to settle in the area. Essence

(4) Adjustment tool for labor time and rest time

Working time ratio. This parameter is the re -adjustment factor for the use of the value -added labor ratio (hour / 10,000 yuan enterprise) to the producer. It is also a re -adjustment factor for fine transaction prices. The "labor time ratio" is based on the ratio of the number of days and the number of plans to work. In terms of quantity, it is equivalent to the average weekly planned working time and rest time. The labor time ratio is regional indicators, that is, it is generally implemented within a specific area. This is designed for such a general increase in labor productivity: due to the improvement of labor production technology and management technology, labor productivity has been greatly improved. In the past, the consumer goods created by a labor unit in the past were only enough to consume the consumption needs of one person within the unit time, but now the consumer goods created by a labor unit now are sufficient to consume in the unit time. In other words, after the labor efficiency is improved, for the sake Workers are able to employment generally, and society needs to double the rest time, and still only produces consumer products for one person within a unit time. This macro regulation needs to be the original intention and purpose of designing labor time ratio. Suppose the "National Planning and Exchange Rules Development Center" is approved: the labor time ratio of enterprises within the jurisdiction of the "hub" in the region is 2, then the previous case C should not consider the "labor time ratio". However, after considering the "labor time ratio", the time for employment personnel to win the bid for enterprises C should be more than 2720 hours. Of course, the bidding enterprise does not need to worry about it, because the fine transaction price used for the transaction has been calculated in this part of the cost, and the fine transaction price of all enterprises bids the cost of labor time is increased compared to calculation. (5) The adjustment tool for the average social labor payment intensity

Average social labor payment intensity. It is defined as: the total value of consumer goods that should be obtained after an average labor payment for an average social labor time is a key parameter used when the macro plan is balanced. It reflects from the average point of view of the macro side, how much income can be obtained from society after providing an average social labor time, and how much value these income can be purchased. This value has a great correlation with the annual GDP growth rate of this country or region. The regulatory tool is used for social and regional economic decisions. Depending on the level of economic development, each region can have different values.

The average social labor payment intensity is a very characteristic amount. On the one hand, it is an objective reflection of actual labor productivity. On the other hand, within a certain scope of science, the intensity of the average social labor payment is also a planned amount.

For example, the average social labor payment intensity of last year was B2, and the average social labor payment intensity planned this year was B3, and B3 = 1.08B2 was planned, an annual increase of 8%. This calculates the total consumer goods and total production throughout the year. Because human production capacity is actually greater than consumption capacity, the annual growth of 8%can also be achieved smoothly. From this point of view, the average social labor payment intensity is a planned value, the condition is that it should not violate the objective economic laws, and resources can continue to supply and environmental loading.

(6) Adjustment tools for competition and weighted by enterprises in the jurisdiction

In one country, the industrial layout is conducive to labor for the nearest placement is a very important issue. It involves at least:

First, the regional balance of income distribution. Competition always accumulates advantages, disadvantages accumulate disadvantages. If there is no moderate competition protection in the underwriting area, it will continue to lose local production capacity, and then continue to lose technology, management, talents, and once again weaken the economy of underdeveloped areas. , Further expand the development gap between regions.

Second, provide employment opportunities nearby. The accumulation and expansion of unbalanced regional development will continue to lose local enterprises. Once the region cannot be kept, talents cannot be kept. The employment problems of the locals cannot be solved, and the labor force can only work in the distance. A series of social problems such as left -behind children will naturally occur.

Due to historical reasons, China's regional economic development is very different. It is manifested in infrastructure, the gap between industrial development, and the gap between education level, and the gap between ideas and ideas. If the macro plan does not pay attention to these gaps, and these gaps are not taken to control and narrowed, the consequences can only be that the economy of backward areas is more backward. Poverty alleviation work before poverty alleviation, and poverty alleviation later. It can only poverty alleviation, and does not meet the "shared" governance concept.

The bidding factors in the jurisdiction area are the regional regional regulatory tools. It is a protective weighted when bidding for enterprises in underdeveloped areas, and is an institutionalized protection measures for enterprises in the region. The weighted factors in the jurisdiction area are generally a coefficient that is greater than or equal to 1. In order not to be used by local protectors, this value is determined and released by the national "Planning and Exchange Rules", which is an open and transparent regional enterprise protection parameter. Different weighted values ​​can be available in different regions, and different products of different products in the same area can also be different.

When the "hub" bidding, the bid evaluation experts score each bidding enterprise in accordance with strict rules. After the scoring results of the bid evaluation experts come out, if there are companies in the area of ​​the regional "hub", their total scores can also be taken by the applicable "bidding factors in the jurisdictional region" Large competitive advantages form a strong guidance: encourage conditions for enterprises to build enterprises in the region. From a macro perspective, this is conducive to the regional balance of the industry. The bidding factors in the jurisdiction area can have different values ​​on different products in the same area. Because many of the well -developed areas are more suitable for some labor -intensive industries, weighted weighted factors in enterprises in the jurisdiction of this industry with higher jurisdictions to ensure that the production of such products is left to the local area. For high -precision products that are suitable for developed areas, weighted weighted factors in the jurisdiction of enterprises in the jurisdiction may not be given. Some products need to be concentrated, so the weighted factors may be 1 when the product bids, and there is no weighted. The bidding factor in the enterprise in the jurisdiction area is uniformly managed by the "National Planning and Exchange Rules Formulation Center". Protectionist uses.

Reprinted from the "Plan-Market Economic System Theory" (published in April 2019), some texts have been deleted and adjusted.

Text/Pan Zhikai: "Planning-Market Economic System Theory" (Published in April 2019 in Intellectual Property Press) Author

About the Author:

Pan Zhikai, born in August 1948 in a peasant family in the suburbs of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, graduated from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1976, and has a graduate degree of master's degree. Senior Advisor of the Digital Economy and Digital Trade Professional Committee of the China World Trade Organization Research Association, author of "Plan-Market Economic Systems" (Published by Intellectual Property Publishing House), customized traffic patent inventors Relevant leaders' work experience.

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