"Chinese Moon is relatively round" in the eyes of Westerners

The International Astronomor Federation is named after the passing astronomers on the ring -shaped mountains on the surface of the moon.

Among the dense small characters, there are five ancient Chinese names:

Thousands of households, Zu Chongzhi, Zhang Heng, Guo Shoujing, Shishen.

Wanhu's real name Tao Chengdao. In fact, the word Wanhu is not a name, but a official position of Tao Chengdao's dynasty. Although Wanhu is not an astronomer, he is the first person in history to try to use the Rockets to fly to the sky. His courage is the first step in human beings to enter space, so he gets the international first.

Zhang Heng, in his book "Lingxian", took the lead in proposing "the moonlight is the reflection of the sunlight, and the lunar eclipse was due to the cover of the sun", and its invention of the heavenly ritual led in Europe for 500 years.

Everyone knows the ancestor of the ancestor. In the field of astronomy, Zu Chongzhi re -measured the orbit of five major planets such as wood, water, fire, gold, and earth in the sky on the basis of the predecessors, as well as the time required for running for a week. Compared with today's measurement results, the result of Zu Chongzhi's result The error does not exceed 0.1.

There are two other people, Shishen and Guo Shoujing. Their achievements in astronomy can be described as a precedent in human history.

Before introducing these two people, you must first lay an knowledge.

In fact, in ancient times, there was no strict "astronomer". It was more so -called "Qin Tian Jian". It was also known as the History of the History and Sitian Supervisor.

But don't underestimate this officer, this was the main position at the time.

They can predict the "God of God" by observing the changes in the astrology.

For example, which star is very bright, it may be a good thing that happens to the corresponding orientation; which star becomes dim, and it may indicate where someone will go west.

Because of this, Qin Tian's prisoners occasionally were involved in the conspiracy struggle of the former harem.

Astronomer Shi Shen was engaged in this mysterious work during the Warring States Period.

At that time, there was no precise observation instrument. Shishen could only stay up late to stay up late, and observed the stars in the sky by looking up at the naked eye.

One night, Shi Shen was staring at the bright and mysterious night sky, and suddenly realized that the planet's sports trajectory was regular.

By observing the operation of the five planets of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth in the sky, he accurately measured the planetary operation route.

Most of the time, these planets are moving east in the direction of the sky, called "Shunxing".

However, some planets will turn their heads to the west after running eastward for a while, called "retrograde".

After "retrograde" for a while, they resumed "smooth" again.

In addition, he first discovered the phenomenon of "Sun Kuroko", "Crown" and "Sunrise", summarized the operation of the moon, and even named the comet.

Pile pile parts, in the era when the technology was not developed, was observed by the naked eye and recorded in detailed records, which can be described as a miracle.

Shishen's observation of Jupiter is particularly detailed. It is an expert on Jupiter. He even wrote a monograph on Jupiter, called the "Book of Sutra".

Later, the Tang Dynasty's "Datang Kaiyuan Zhan Jing" also quoted what Shi Shenjun and Jupiter said:

"If there is a little red star attached to its side."

At this point, there may be no concepts of Shishen's astronomical achievements.

Then I will give you another timeline--

For the first time in Europe, Jupiter was observed by Italian scientist Gali after the invention of the telescope in the early 17th century.

Our Shishen discovered Jupiter without the assistance of modern tools, and Galileo was nearly two thousand years earlier.

But unfortunately, his works failed to be properly preserved, and his original book "Astronomy" was eight volumes, early.

Later generations picked up the remedies and made the eight volumes of "Star Zhan" of Gande (an astronomer who belonged to the Warring States Period), collectively referred to as "Ganshi Star Sutra", also known as "Star Sutra". "The book is titled" Tongzhan Elephant Calendar ".

The "Ganshi Star Sutra" that is stored today is 2 volumes.

Although some of them have increased their lust, it is undeniable that this is still a literature that has high scientific value for astronomical research.

Let's push the timeline for 700 years. Guo Shoujing should be familiar with most people.

He was born in the Yuan Dynasty and grew up following his grandfather Guo Rong.

Affected by Guo Rong, Guo Shoujing liked to learn from an early age, especially astronomy.

But at that time, I like astronomy, but I couldn't compare with the present. If you want to further study astronomy, you have to test your ability to do it.

Hun Yi is the earliest astronomical observator in ancient times.

At the age of fifteen or six, Guo Shoujing saw an illustration illustration in the book, and began to plan to make a hand.

If you want to be a positive eight classics, you must smell out metal first.

Guo Shoujing had no condition, so he went to chop bamboo and made one of himself with bamboo.

In order to better observe the phenomenon, after doing Hun Yi, Guo Shoujing took a soil step with mud and put Hun Yi on the steps.

In 1276, the Yuan Army captured Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The territory is vast, and the error of the "Da Ming Calendar" used in the past has become increasingly increasing, which is seriously not conducive to activities and agricultural production.

In 1279, the Yuan Shizu Kublai Lie ordered the establishment of the "Tai History Bureau" to mobilize astronomy scholars from all over the country to repair another new efforts.

Guo Shoujing proposed a large -scale celestial observation first.

Compared with the 13 observation points during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Guo Shoujing organized everyone to select 27 observation points across the country. He also organized a stargazing table in Dengfeng, Henan.

The stargazing table consists of two observation rooms, and a copper stick is set up in the middle of the two observations, which is the beam.

There is a Shi Gui below the beam. Shi Gui is spliced ​​from 36 bluestone. Gui Noodles has a scale, so Shi Gui is also called the scale.

Shi Gui, grooves, and beams form a Gui table, which is used by Guo Shoujing to observe the shadow.

According to the rising and landing of the sun, the different time of the shadow of the beams on the surface of Gui, Guo Shoujing not only continuously observed the length of the shadow of the beam, not only calculated the twenty -four solar terms, but also the length of the return year was measured to the length of the return year. 365.2425.

During the test, Guo Shoujing found that the astronomical instruments left over during the Song and Golden period were so worn out that they could not be used.

So it took him 3 years to restructuring and innovating more than ten original instruments.

First of all, restructuring.

Not only did the heavenly instrument be improved into "Jianyi" (similar to the modern "Tiantu Telescope"), but also merged the three instruments of Jianyi, equatorial latitude, latitude, and sunrise to observe the sports in the sky, moon, and Xingju in the sky. Essence

Moreover, after the improvement is improved, it will not be affected by the shadow shadow on the original instrument.

Then there is innovation.

Guo Shoujing changed the eight -foot high table to a four -foot high table, set up a beam on the table, and Shi Gui was placed under the beam.

When the scenery of the scenery on Shi Gui coincides with the Japanese shadow on the scene, it is the local time.

This is exactly the shadow of the heart, and the accuracy has greatly improved. Before Guo Shoujing's improvement, what was measured was the shadow of the sun.

This large -scale test was called the "Four Sea Test" by later generations.

In 1281, the four seas tests that lasted three years ended.

Compared with modern values, the four seas test not only between 0.2 ° and 0.35 °, but even two places are exactly equal to modern values.

In the same year, Kublai Khan gave the results of Guo Shoujing and his pedestrians.

In the "Time Calendar", it is one year old.

How high is accuracy?

The return of the return of Guo Shoujing was 365.2425 days, which is 365 days 5:49 12 seconds.

It is only 26 seconds from the Grade Gaoli Calendar (commonly known as the Greater Grand Calendar), which was universal in the world.

However, Guo Shoujing's "Time" was more than 300 years earlier than the Western "Grid Gaoli".

Guo Shoujing's influence in the field of astronomy around the world is obvious to all.

But it's funny.

Denmark also has a well -known astronomer called Takuya.

There are many astronomical achievements in the whole life, and they are known as the founder of modern astronomy.

After hearing the deeds of Guo Shoujing in the late Ming Dynasty, Jesus Jesus Tang Ruowang was shocked and called Guo Shoujing as "China's Valley".

But in fact, this expression is obviously inaccurate.

For the original words of the "National History" edited by Fan Shizhi:

It should be said that Di Gu is "Guo Shoujing in Europe".

After all, Guo Shoujing has been born three centuries earlier than Timu.

Whether Guo Shoujing or Shishen or Gande, they all lay a solid foundation for world astronomical history.

It is helpless that my country's outstanding achievements in the astronomical field are being forgotten.

When we talked about astronomy again today, the first thing in our minds was Galileo, Copernicus, Newton, and other Western astronomers, and had little understanding of Chinese astronomical history.

Two thousand years ago, the heritage left by the ancients should have been the first step towards the mysterious starry sky in human history. However, due to many historical reasons, we failed to stand at the forefront of the world in the astronomical field.

But it is very happy that there are a large number of astronomy scholars who have never stopped exploring the universe.

Daiwen Sai, known as the Chinese astronomical business pioneer, resolutely rejected the teacher's retention after obtaining a doctorate degree in Cambridge University in 1940.

At that time, domestic aggression was suffering.

Dai Wenci believes that only science and technology can be strong, and he is eager to serve the motherland he learned.

After returning to China, Daiwen Saiye wrote this book every day, called "Sun and the solar system".

When talking about this book and astronomy, he said:

"Unfortunately, I can only introduce the doctrine of the ancients and foreigners, Kant, Laplaz, cloth ...

Otherwise, what Schmidt school in the Soviet Union said, Fisenkov, Savernovov said.

There is no one Chinese who says.

Speaking of which, we are the most developed country in ancient Chinese literature ... "

At that time, Dai Wensai secretly thought in his heart:

It is time to reclaim again.

The wasteland needs gardener, and Daiwen Sai is willing to be this gardener.

So he took his wife to Nanjing University.

Teaching is on the one hand, and on the other hand, there is no set of astronomical textbooks that are suitable for our specific situation at that time.

Writing a set of textbooks was the top priority of Chinese astronomical education at that time.

Dai Wencai carried this heavy responsibility.

In his life, he developed China's astronomical career.

Until the body has been eroded by the illness, the working time decreases from five hours to one hour or half an hour, Daiwen Sai will call the students and assistants to the bed to discuss astronomy. Occasionally, there was an idea, and immediately let the family members write it down so that scholars can further study.

He has cultivated many astronomical workers for China, and many people have now become the backbone force of major observatory stations in my country.

In the year and nine months before the surgery, he also wrote a manuscript of more than 100,000 words to complete the original manuscript of the "Sciences of the solar system" (volume).

Daiwenzan's astronomical cause is not only the gardener of wasteland, but also a timely rain of astronomical education.

Under his influence, there are still many people who are studying astronomy like David.

There are some secular voices that will question them: "This major looks difficult to find a job, there is no future."

But for them and Chinese astronomy:

Only love is the brightest future.

The masterpiece of the predecessor Liufang Bai Shi has given our cultural confidence;

Later generations of love from the heart are the courage to explore the universe.

Source: People's Reading (ID: Peopleread)

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