What do you need to pay attention to when you take risks in space and abyss in space?

If humans can really sail in space for a long time like science fiction movies and novels, think about a little excited?

My Three Star Ship Earth (Source: Bilibili-My Three Body)

Speaking of this, I won't be sleepy.

Not long ago, the rice seeds and namaki mustard seeds carried by the Tiangtian Experimental Counterbits in my country successfully germinated. At present, they have grown well. The long -growing space rice also has a nice name "Xiaowei".

The long-growing space rice and naman mustard seedlings (Source: Bilibili-Our space)

In addition, the Tianshi experimental cabin is also equipped with a life ecological experimental cabinet, which is placed in it. The sink and the zebrafish form a tiny ecosystem. By observing the life parameters of the miniature ecosystem, you can establish a large -scale ecosystem in the future in space [1].

Qi Tian's experimental cabin was successfully launched (Source: Yangguang.com)

So, what do you need to pay attention to in space?

1

Part I: Micro -gravity environment

First of all, we can't feel gravity in space, you can fly casually!

This is because when we are on the spacecraft, space stations, or the moon, because they all turn around the earth, we can increase the heart, which can be used as a non -inertial reference system. We will be inertia in it. This inertial force can also be called inertial centrifugal force. The size of the force is the same as that of the earth's gravity, and the direction is the opposite of all gravity, so we cannot feel the gravity of the earth.

(TIPS: Non -inertia reference system is a reference system with acceleration. When analyzing the exercise of the non -inertial reference system, an inertial force should be added. The acceleration direction of this reference system is opposite.)

In the movie interstellar crossing, the protagonists simulated the gravity by rotating the space station after entering the space station. This gravity is actually another inertia centrifugal force caused by the space station rotation.

Space station rotating during the interstellar cross (Source: Movie Star Cross)

Assuming that the size of the space station is 100M, it can be known that through simple calculations, to achieve the same gravity as the earth, the speed of the space station is equivalent to 6000 times the earth rotation speed of the earth.

Similarly, to change gravity, you only need to design a device that can provide different speeds. A 900mm centrifugal machine was designed in the test cabin, which can achieve fine adjustment of gravity by controlling the speed.

Everyone can't help but want to ask, is there any way to achieve weightlessness on the earth?

As we all know, freedom falling is a weight loss process. According to this principle, people have developed a micro -gravity laboratory: weightless plane.

A secondary weight flight consists of several weightless parabolic lines. Each weightless parabolic line includes 4 stages: the stage of rapid jumping, severe weight, and peaceful flight stage [2]. Each flight can be achieved by 15 to 20 times, and the weight loss can last 25 to 28 seconds. The level of weightlessness can reach 0.01g.

Severe parabola as a parabolic flight curve (Source: Reference [3])

In addition, high -air balloon can also be lost in the predetermined height. This is also a process of free landing. The weight loss time is 30 ~ 60s, and the level of weightlessness can reach 10g [4]. These micro -gravity laboratories can only complete some simple experiments due to the short weight loss time, and can lay the foundation for entering space later.

Relying on a free fall can simulate a real weightless environment.

In addition, you can think about it again: If you give people an upward size equal to mg to offset gravity, don't you have the effect of weightlessness?

Therefore, people have developed a weight -loss experiment of a neutral buoyant sink. The human body increases or reduces the floating device in the water to enable the human body to be equal to the equal weight of the buoyancy and gravity [5].

Astronauts conduct underwater training (Source: CCTV News)

However, in this case, it is just that the human body has achieved weight loss effect as a whole, and human organizations, organs are also subject to gravity. Through this method, training such as space walking and weight loss engineering control can be simulated.

2

Part II: How to block the strong radiation environment?

Strong radiation in the universe is generally high -energy particles. On the one hand, high -energy proton, ions, or mesons such as high -energy proton, ions, or mesons that always exist; on the other hand, the solar proton incident occurred by chance. The energy of the highest energy particles in the cosmic rays can even reach tens of millions of times that can provide the maximum energy of the Earth accelerator [6].

High -energy particles are irradiated to the surface of the object, which will interact with the atoms and molecules on the surface of the object. For the human body, strong radiation can damage the skin and induce cell cancer.

The atoms in the material generally combine through covalent bonds, ion bonds, metal bonds, or Van Detvars force between molecules.

These combinations are essentially implemented by the outer electrons of the atom.

Therefore, if the outer electrons in the atom obtain energy from high -energy particles, they will be separated from the atoms, which will destroy these chemical bonds, causing the atoms to be unable to combine stable and damage the object.

In addition, high -energy particles may interact with the inner electrons in the atom to produce a large number of harmful rays.

The first is that the electrons get high energy directly from the solid, and the second is that when the inner layer is in the low -energy electron out of the solid, the outer layer is in the high -energy electron transition to the low energy level to radiate photons. The X -ray that is called X -ray, and then radiates the inner electrons to radiate secondary electrons. High -energy ray interacts with the electronic interaction in the atom

High -energy particles can even interact with the nucleus of nuclear, breaking the restraint of nuclear force, thereby radiating proton and neutrons.

So how to block these high -energy particles?

A direct idea is to use thick materials as a barrier. However, this method requires a lot of materials. Even if a space of a spacecraft is shielded, the required radiation -proof materials need to be consolted in tons. [6]. At the same time, the secondary radiation such as electrons, neutrons, and X -rays that high -energy particles and materials are interacted with materials will also cause new problems.

Another consideration is: Since these high -energy radiation is a charged particle, can you use the electric field or magnetic field to restrain the particles or change the motion trajectory of these particles?

The role of the geomagnetic field is that this protects the life on the earth from high -energy rays of the universe.

The charged particles will be affected by Lorenz when moving in a magnetic field, which will change the movement trajectory. The electric field will also apply electric field for the electric field to change the size and direction of the particle speed.

By reasonable designing the electromagnetic field distribution of external spaces, high -energy rays from the universe can be deflected or decelerated, thereby protecting our space station.

It is worth mentioning that the motion of the charged particles in the electromagnetic field, as shown below, is a common topic of college entrance examination.

Electronics has the effect of electrical field power and Lorenz in electromagnetic field

So Xiaopi Friends, I have a set of five -three secrets here, and I will give you the heavy responsibility of leading humans to the universe!

We can generate a magnetic field on the surface of the spacecraft to simulate the distribution of the ground magnetic field.

Or use a low -intensity magnetic field to gather thermal electronics in the surrounding space to gather around the spacecraft to form an electronic cloud, which generates a powerful electric field, and then blocks the charged particles.

Four metal balls can also be connected to the main cabin of the spacecraft, which are negatively charged to form a non -symmetrical static field distribution, which directly offsets the motion trajectory of the peripheral charged particles. [6]

The main compartment of the space station plus a four -metal ball protection device composition diagram (Source: meal reference 6)

Of course, the protection materials and electromagnetic field methods of radiation protection in actual operation must be used.

3

Part III: Destiny: Oxygen and Water

If you want to survive in space for a long time, it is limited to bring oxygen and water from the ground. So what are the convenient and fast methods of oxygen and water?

Electrolytic water is a simple way. By constructing an electrolytic battery, the molecules at the anode are oxidized and lost electrons to generate oxygen and hydrogen ions. The oxygen is discharged with the flow of the water, and the hydrogen ions and the solid polymerization film internal water molecules are migrated to cathode under the action of the electric field. The electrons of the ions are restored to hydrogen.

Solid polymer electrolytic hydroxyrocyte schematic diagram (picture reference self -literature [8])

In addition to the oxygen we want, the hydrogen produced by electrolytic water will also be very useful.

Human absorption of oxygen exhales carbon dioxide, and noticed that there is also oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide, so carbon dioxide and hydrogen can cause water to produce water.

However, because the properties of hydrogen and carbon dioxide are relatively stable, catalysts (metal iron, cobalt, nickel, and cricket) need to be used to react in high temperature and high pressure environments. Due to the different proportion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen mixing, additional carbon monoxide, carbon monouper, methane, methanol and other substances will be generated, so in actual operation, the proportion of the two to participate in the response is needed to prevent adverse substances.

In addition, the response between sodium oxide and carbon dioxide can also generate oxygen.

Use carbon dioxide preparation of water and oxygen reaction equations

In addition to chemical reactions, we can also recover daily water and urine. Pure water is prepared again by distillation-cooling.

Water will show different looks from the ground in space, and there is no pressure inside the water without gravity. However, due to the attraction of water molecules, water still has surface tension.

The most natural way of existence in a ball of water is to form a spherical shape. This is because under the same volume, the surface area of ​​the spherical object is the smallest, and the surface of the liquid can be equal to the surface area of ​​the surface tension. Therefore, maintaining the spherical shape in space can minimize the surface energy of the water, which is the most stable state.

In the previous space teaching, there was a phenomenon that was stable in the cup. It was exactly the same as the water on the earth. The majority of netizens also discussed this. What is going on?

Water in a cup in space in space lectures

This is due to the infiltration of water and glass surface.

There will be a layer of attached layer on the surface of the solid and liquid. The attractiveness of the liquid molecules to the molecule in the attached layer is internal agglomeration, and the direction is directed to the liquid; the attractiveness of the solid molecules to the molecule in the attachment layer is adhesion, and the direction points to the inside of the solid.

If the adhesion is greater than the internal agglomeration, the joint force of the attached layer is pointed to the inside of the solid, so the liquid molecules will move towards the attached layer, but this will increase the contact area of ​​the liquid and solid to increase the surface energy. The phenomenon of infiltration and balance shown. [9] The phenomenon of liquid infiltration (Source: Qin Yunhao's "Hot learning")

PS: This cup of water is squeezed into the cup (a very hard process). As long as it is no longer exerting external forces, this cup of water will keep that.

So what is the phenomenon of gas in space?

Compared with liquid, the distance between gas molecules is much larger, so there is no attractiveness between molecules. The pressure of the gas comes from the heat movement of the gas molecule. Therefore There is no difference.

4

Part IV: Planting vegetables

We look forward to the perspective. If plants can be grown in large scale in space and ecosystems can be established, plants can absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis to produce oxygen, then not only can it solve the problem of water and oxygen, but also solve the problem of food.

As mentioned earlier, most of the time in space is in a micro -gravity environment. For plants, without the restraint of gravity, soil support may not be required. The cells are no longer squeezed by gravity, and the distance between each other will not be too compact. At the same time, the cells may grow wildly in all directions, so the plant may be larger than on the earth.

However, micro -gravity may also affect the cell skeleton, cause the growth of cells to cause deformity, or affect the nature of the cell membrane, which affects the communication of intercocnial matter. At the same time, micro -gravity will also affect the cell division cycle [10].

In short, the role of micro -gravity on plant growth is still the focus of space micro -gravity research at the moment. The questioning compartment launched by my country has also carried the experimental compartment of plants and cell growth under the condition of micro -gravity.

Most of the cases in space are missing soils, so hydroponic cultivation can be used to grow plants. Hydroponic cultivation is also called soil -free cultivation. It is usually used on the earth to overcome the difficulties of salt, pests and pests, and acid -base imbalances encountered in soil cultivation [11]. Hydroponic cultivation can survive plants by preparing proper nutrient solution.

The general fresh plants have 75%~ 95%of the parts. The remaining dry substances include C, H, O, N, P, K, CA, MG, S and other basic elements and MO, B, CL, Ni and other trace elements, trace elements have functions such as regulating the metabolism of plants, participating in the transformation and transportation, signal transmission and penetration adjustment of substances [12].

In order to provide sufficient basic elements and trace elements for plants, we can dissolve the compounds containing various elements with distilled water to dissolve and mixed mixed mixes into nutrient solution. At the same time, a certain solution pH value is needed.

The cultivation process is to first choose the seeds of full insect -free disease, and then disinfection makes it not infected by bacteria during the cultivation process.

Then use water to soak the seeds to absorb water, and the seed skin expands, so that the seeds can absorb oxygen and strengthen the life processes such as seed metabolism and enzymatic reactions.

Then wait for its germination to transplant into the nutrient solution, and finally replace the nutrient solution regularly at the same time and timely supplement the consumed oxygen [12].

Taking rice farming cultivation as an example, from left to right, it is rice seeds to absorb water and dew, germination and transplantation. (Source: Reference [12])

Soil planting may also be a method of planting plants in space. For example, in the movie Mars rescue, the protagonist is to make potatoes by using feces.

Mark grows potatoes in Mars (Source: Movies Rescue)

However, it is necessary to study the physical and chemical properties of the planet soil in a large area of ​​soil planting, and then transform the soil so that the soil can store water and minerals. At the same time, there must be a biological community composed of bacteria and fungi in the soil to ensure the existence of the root circle of the plant. This is because of the nitrogen metabolism of microorganisms, fermentation and breathing, and other life activities have an important role in the growth of plant root systems. Microbial and plants form symbiosis The relationship between antagonism and parasites [13].

In short, soil planting in space is still in an imaginative stage. Let's settle down to study the moon soil that just brought back from the moon. Hey!

Lost the dream of the dream cannot grow vegetables (Source: Bilibili-Guangming Daily)

5

Part V: Electricity problem

Through the above analysis process, you want to survive in space, whether it is producing oxygen and water, or planting plants, let alone the operation of the space station and instrument. These require a lot of energy or electricity. So how to generate electricity in space?

One of the ways to think of directly is to use solar power generation, that is, the optoelectronic effect is used to convert optical energy into electrical energy.

For an atom, electrons are distributed on the energy levels outside the atomic nucleus. When the two atoms approach each other, these energy levels will split. For solids, there are a large number of atoms that approach each other. At the same time, because the atomic arrangement is periodic, the electronic orbital in the atom will cross each other to form a energy zone that is continuously distributed with energy. The part that can accommodate the electron is called the allowable band, and the part that cannot be accommodated by the electron is called the forbidden band. The size of the forbidden band is called a gap.

The allowable band is divided into guides and price bands. For a semiconductor, most electrons are in the price zone without external interference and do not participate in conductivity. Only a small part of the electrons will jump to the guide zone to participate in the conductivity. The higher the temperature, the more electrons in the transition to the guide zone. This is why the semiconductor will increase with the temperature increase with the temperature. These thermal electrons are balanced carriers. The formation process that can be banded in the solid and the electronic distribution of semiconductors

Different doping of semiconductors will become N -type semiconductor and P -type semiconductor. For example, for silicon single quality, it is a semiconductor in this signs, that is, as many electrons that inspire the electrons and valence bands to the guide zone.

If the phosphorus atom is doped, an additional electrons will be introduced, which will cause more electrons than the hole. It mainly depends on electronic conductivity, which will become N -type semiconductor. If boron atoms are mixed, an additional acupuncture will be introduced, which causes more cave to be more electrons. It mainly depends on the electrical conductivity, which is a P -type semiconductor.

Combining the P -type semiconductor and N -type semiconductor together becomes a PN knot.

Due to the higher electron concentration in N -type semiconductors, the electrons will spread in space and spread from N -type semiconductors to P -type semiconductor. After the original area of ​​the E -type semiconductor is left, the unchanging ion is left to form a positive charge space area; the electrons enter the P -type semiconductor to fill the cavity in the original area, forming a negative ionic negative charge space area. Electronic spatial diffusion has led to the original neutral two people's space charges, thereby forming an electric field internally [11].

When the photoresmal is irradiated on the semiconductor, if the energy of the photon is greater than the width of the semiconductor, a large amount of electrons will absorb the energy jump of the photon to the guide zone called a non -balanced carrier. For PN, these non -balanced carriers migrate through the spontaneous electric field inside to form current. Solar batteries rely on this basic principle to convert light energy into electrical energy.

PN Jieguangsheng current principle schematic diagram

In addition, you can also use nuclear reactions to generate electricity. The main method of nuclear power generation is nuclear fission. In the future, it is expected to achieve controllable nuclear fusion.

Whether it is nuclear fusion or nuclear fission, the basic principle is that the atom nucleus loses proton or neutron at high temperature, and the proton and neutrons re -form a new atomic nucleus. In the process of forming the new atomic nucleus, the total quality of the old atomic nucleus and proton neutrons participating in the reaction is greater than the quality of the new atomic nucleus. minus. Therefore, the quality loss will occur in the subsequent process. According to Einstein's quality equation, the quality of losses will be converted into huge energy.

For example, a typical light nuclear fusion process is a nucleus (a proton plus a neutron) reaction to generate the process of 氦 atomic nucleus (two protons plus two neutron), protons and neutrons. Add two neutron) and 两 3 (two protons plus one neutron) [15]:

So how to turn nuclear energy into electrical energy?

In fact, the method is very simple, that is, boil water. Nuclear energy heating water turns into water vapor with very high energy. The water vapor blowing mechanical blades to generate AC electricity through electromagnetic sensory effects.

AC generator schematic diagram (Figure source: Baidu Encyclopedia)

Can other generations of power generation be developed in the future?

There are answers, such as using thermoelectric materials for temperature difference.

For a thermoelectric material, if there is a different temperature at both ends, it will generate an electric momentum. When connecting the short circuit of the upper wire, the current will generate current.

The heating effect diagram (Source: reference [16])

The thermal power effect was first discovered by German scientist Sebeck in 1821. The basic principle is: for semiconductors, its hot load will have greater kinetic energy than the cold end. At the same time, we mentioned that the heat stimulation will also make the load transition from the price band to the guide zone, so There are more loads that transition to the guide zone. The common role of the two causes the carrier to spread to the cold end, which makes the accumulation of charge from both ends of the semiconductor.

For example, for the N -type semiconductor, the electrons migrate from the thermal end to the cold end, so as to accumulate negative charge at the cold end, and the thermal end forms a positive charge area, so the two end of the semiconductor will form an potential difference. [16]

At present, thermoelectric materials are still in the development stage, but it also has broad application prospects.

6

Conclusion

Well, you have already mastered the basic knowledge you need to know in space. Are you ready to go to space and adventure?

Although, there is still a long way to fly to the universe, and it is necessary to rely on the joint efforts of everyone from all walks of life.

In short, let us move towards the stars and the abyss of the universe far away!

references:

[1] "Ask the sky" 4 major scientific experimental cabinets, in detail! China Science Journal/2022/July/25/001 version.

[2] Micro -gravity science experiment system based on heavy aircraft, Lu Congmin, Silong, Zhao Guangheng, Zhang Yuhan, Journal of Tsinghua University (Natural Science Edition) Volume 43, No. 8, 2003.

[3] Magical lost heavy plane, Tang Chengge, science and technology vision 2006.1.

[4] Micro -gravity environment simulation experiment system with high air balloon, Wang Jianyi, aerospace control, No. 3, 1990.

[5] Research on the research on the simulation of the simulation of human -machine integration, Zhou Qianxiang.

[6] Analysis and research of active space radiation protection methods, Chen Shishi, Zhang Ningbo, Xiong Fenfen, the 9th Academic Annual Conference Collection of the China Aerospace Society Deep Space Exploration Technology Commission. society.

[8] Research on the influencing factors of electrolytic water hydrogen, Li Jing, Master of Beijing University of Architecture, June 2020.

[9] Hot Studies, Qin Yunhao, Higher Education Press.

[10] The research progress of cell skeleton in space life sciences, Wang Chi, Zhuang Fengyuan, Wang Wen, medical biomechanics 2007, Volume 22, No. 2.

[11] Analysis of the design and control performance of the circulation control system of hydroponic cultivation Nutritional solution, Fang Hui, Yang Qichang, Wei Lingling, Wu Guodong, Wei Qiang, Agricultural Mechanization Study, March 2009, Issue 3.

[12] Improvement of rice seedlings without soil cultivation methods, Huang Qiuyu, Tang Ming, Li Yi, chemical and ecological environment research, 2013, Volume 30, No. 3.

[13] Research on the Repair Process of Plant Filter and Pollutoring Soil Pottery Repair Process, Wei Shuhe, PhD in the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, May 2004.

[14] Semiconductor Physics, Liu Enko, Electronic Industry Press.

[15] Atomic Physics, Yang Fujia, Higher Education Press.

[16] The basic principles, key issues and research progress of thermoelectric materials, Guo Kai, Luo Jun, Zhao Jingtai, Natural Magazine, 2015, Volume 37, Issue 3.

Edit: Garrett

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