What is it?

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Einstein said: "Raising problems is more important than solving problems."

Genius Ein Stein Still (S01E10)

In the field of science, a good problem can even promote the development of the entire discipline!

Speaking of which, I have to mention such a magical question:

What is it?

This problem can be said to run through the development of the entire modern physics, and even triggered a round of collective torn war between top scientists!

one

Light particles say and fluctuate

Since it is a war, there are two camps first!

In the early days, many people believed that alone was a very small particle flow, which was the "particle theory" of light.

Later, people gradually realized that sound was a wave. As a result, some people gradually believe that light may be a kind of sound wave -like thing, which is the "fluctuation theory" of light.

However, in the era when science is still budding, whether it is "particle theory" or "fluctuation theory", both have great limitations. Both sides are very weak.

two

First Wave Gravity Battle

Until the middle of the seventeenth century!

The first thing to appear is the general general Hu Ke!

That's right, the Huke's Hok's Law (f = -k · △ x).

Robert Hok

In the book "Microex" published in 1665, the book clearly supports fluctuations that the book has a huge impact and the fluctuation says occupy the upper hand for a while.

Twenty -five years later, another fluctuation giant Wellsus put forward the famous Whisper Principles in his book "Light Theory", and he even raised the theory of fluctuations to the height of scientific theory.

Christian Huyattos

Principle

Each point (surface source) on the spherical wave surface is a sub -wave source of a secondary spherical wave. The waves of fluctuations.

The Principles of the Hugangs attacked the city in the field of optics, and explained the phenomenon of straight -line transmission, reflection, refractive refraction, and the dual refraction of the crystal.

Unfortunately, all this is destined to be a flash of flowers.

Because someone talked to fluctuations.

This person is the scientific giant Newton in history.

Azakh Newton

Newton is a firm supporter in particle.

In 1704, Newton published his own masterpiece "Optics", using his genius mathematics ability. Based on the theory of particles, he also fluctuated from time to time to absorb the skill as his own, explaining many phenomena of light.

"Optics"

Instead, the fluctuations say that leaders Hu Ke and Huachangs have died, and the fluctuations say that Qunlong has no head. Coupled with the Newton at this time, Newton, who has published the "Mathematics Principles", everyone worships in his mechanical system. No one dares to question Newton's talent and authority.

Finally, the fluctuation said that he was defeated.

Under the shroud of Newton's halo, the particles said that there were no two for a while, and it had ruled humans for 100 years.

The first wave of waves, ending with the failure of fluctuations!

Three

Second wave grain battle

The most lack of scientific community is some rebels.

The most annoying thing about this kind of person is that I always like to use the most popular theories, and tell the world justified

Thomas Yang is undoubtedly this kind of person.

Thomas Yang- "The last person in the world knows"

Time came to the beginning of the 19th century.

Genius Newton has already died for decades, so some fluctuations began their own counterattacks.

Thomas Yang designed the exquisite and simple double seam interference experiments, and found that the light appeared on the light and dark stripes after passing through the double gaps, which is a typical wave nature.

Double sewing interference experiments -one of the top ten classic physical experiments in history

He still said in his own paper: "Although I admire Newton's name, I don't think he is foolproof. I regret that he will make mistakes, and his authority sometimes may even be even likely Obstructing scientific progress. "

However, his papers had nowhere to publish, so he had to be printed into a pamphlet. It is said that only one book was sold after the release.

Nevertheless, the light and dark stripes of the double seam interference experiments finally shocked the entire particle -speaking legion.

The particles also found that the army also found that the verification of the double seam interference verification was conclusive, and it was difficult to refute with its own particles.

Conversely, the stacking theory of waves can easily predict the reasons and position of the appearance of light and dark stripes!

The particle army couldn't sit still.

They decided to fight the water and mobilize the power of the whole society to save their authority.

In 1819, the French Academy of Sciences organized a reward contest with the topic of using precision experiments to determine the diffraction effect of light and derive the movement of the light through objects near objects.

In fact, the real purpose of this title is that the particle said that the army hopes to use the social forces to use particle to explain the interference and diffraction phenomena of the gab to combat the theory of fluctuations.

Who knows that it is this competition that completely announced the failure of the particle theory!

Because there is a person.

This man is called Fresnel.

Augustine Jean Jean Fresnel

Previously, Fresnel was just an unknown engineer. While this competition, he submitted a paper to the competition organizing committee called "Interaction on Polymark Light".

In this paper, Fresnel revolutionaryly believes that light is a kind of horizontal wave, not that the light that previously thought was a vertical wave. Based on this as the starting point, Fresnel strictly proved the diffraction problem of light, and also solved some other problems that had long -term distress fluctuations. However, the organizing committee judges Bo Song did not believe this.

Simon Dney Bo Song

He said to Fresnel, "I read your theory and calculated it. I found that your theory will come to such a ridiculous conclusion that your theory is applied to disclaimed in the disc. A bright spot will appear in the middle, how can this be possible? "

Fresnel retreated.

But Alaguo, who is also one of the judges, insisted: "Isn't this simple? Let's do an experiment to verify it."

As a result, the experiment showed that there was really a highlight of the center of the discs of the disc shadow, which fully met Pusong's prediction.

As a particle, Pusong, the supporter, helped a big busy saying.

To commemorate this dramatic incident, later generations called this bright spotted spotted spot.

Poles

With the interference and diffraction of light as a weapon, the fluctuation said that it finally ushered in its own spring.

Later, Maxwell, a genius physicist who could be Newton, was born, unified the entire electromagnetic kingdom, and proposed the Maxwry equation group that made all scientists intoxicated, and pointed out that light is only an electromagnetic wave.

James Clark Maxwell

In 1887, Hertz even proved the existence of "electromagnetic waves" with experiments, and accurately calculated that the speed of electromagnetic waves was equal to 300,000 kilometers per second, which was completely in line with Maxwell's theory.

Heinrich Rudov Hedz

Back to this towering tree, the status of fluctuations seems to have no one to shake!

Whoever thought that it was the so -called Cheng Xiao He, and the defeat was also Xiao He!

Unrestrained

The third wave of waves

Hertz also found in the experiment of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that lighting on the metal and electrons that can be able to play metal surfaces. This is the photoelectric effect.

Photoelectric effect

Surprisingly, the noble and elegant electromagnetic theory will actually hit the wall on the issue of explaining the photoelectric effect.

At this time, Einstein appeared on the stage of history.

Albert Einstein

He believes that in order to explain the photoelectric effect, it is considered that light is composed of a limited number of "photons". They are not divided and can only be absorbed or launched.

What? Isn't this the formation after the version? It's just that Newton's small ball is replaced with photons.

The particles that have been silent for nearly 100 years said, as ghosts, they returned in this way!

In 1923, Cumpton also discovered that when an X -ray was illuminated with an object, the wavelength of the X -rays scattered out of the scattered will become longer. This phenomenon is called the "Conopon effect".

Like the photoelectric effect, the Connpton effect cannot be explained by the classic electromagnetic theory. Only by using Einstein's photon theory, can the experimental phenomenon be successfully explained from the perspective of photon and electronic collision.

Connpton

At this time, the fluctuations said that the army found that the troops confronted with them were that the army had even divided themselves in autumn in terms of weapons and equipment.

The third wave of waves broke out.

Originally, the battlefields of the particles were mainly photoelectric effects and the Connpton effect, and the volatile battlefield was in the interference and diffraction of light. Once they entered the field of the other party, they would only make themselves asylum. One step of the defense.

However, later, Delbro intends to propose the well -known "material wave" concept, thinking that all material is volatility, and G.P. Thomson really got the electronic diffraction pattern in the experiment and verified the view of Debro.

Electronics is also a wave! Everything is a wave!

Finally, the third wave of wave grain war has been fully upgraded, becoming a world war in the field of physics!

Until 1927, Haisenburg proposed the "uncertainty principle" that shocked the world, that is, you cannot know the position and speed of a particle at the same time.

Waya Karl Heisenburg

At the moment of seeing the principle of uncertainty, Bohr finally understood that whether it is photons or electronics, or even everything else, they are both particles and waves! The more we know about the attributes of a particle, the less understanding the attributes of the waves, and vice versa. This is the thought behind the principle of uncertainty.

Nels Henryk David Boli

The disputes that lasted hundreds of years finally settled!

It turns out that whether it is particulate or fluctuating, it is only a part of the nature of light. Only the organic fusion of the two can form flesh and blood light.

Light has a two -phenomena, and all substances have a two -phenomena!

This is the final ending of the trichic waves!

Arrest

Summarize

Three wave -grain wars, the duration of duration, a wide range of scope, and deep influence, is very rare in the entire physics history!

The following table sorted out the content and ending of the three waves of the waves (the red text indicates that the view is wrong).

The name of Bohr's ... —The theory of fluctuations, electromagnetics, and quantum mechanics was born in the war.The subtlety of science is really worthy of our detailed taste!Reprinted content only represents the author's point of view

Does not represent the position of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

If you need to reprint, please contact the original public account

Original title: "What exactly is scientific history?"

Source: Pomelo Knowledge

Edit: Lezi Superman

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