Reading Huaxia Science and Technology Story No. 23: Bridge to the Starry Sky -Jane (Hong Kong Volunteer Special)

Hello everyone, I am Zhou Xingzhi, a Hong Kong college student volunteer in the "China Light" exhibition hall of the Chinese Science and Technology Museum. Today I tell you about "Bridge to the Starry Sky -Jane".

Zhou Xingzhi (China Science and Technology Museum "China Light" exhibition hall 2022 Hong Kong college student volunteers)

Political factors determine the development of astronomy, and the revision of the calendar is inseparable from the innovation of astronomical observation instruments.

In 1276 AD, the Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan remembered that Liu Bingzhong mentioned that the current Liao calendar was not accurate, and he did not implement the new calendar of Si Tiantai. At this time, when Xinjun is ascended, you can take the opportunity to change the calendar and let the people in various places know the accurate calendar. Therefore, the Yuan Shizu organized the new calendar of the Tai Shi Bureau (later renamed the Tai Shiyuan), that is, the later "Time Calendar", and the related work was presided over by Wang Yan, Guo Shoujing and others.

"Yuan Shi" Volume 158, the picture comes from the Internet

"The calendar is the test, and the test device is not the first instrument." Before revising the new calendar, large -scale observation of heaven needs to obtain the latest data. However, due to improper transportation and storage, the old muddy ritual has long been unable to perform accurate astronomical observations, and due to the structural shortcomings limited by the multi -ring rings, users are easily blocked by the ring road. Therefore The new astronomical observation instrument- "Jian Yi".

Jian Yi is mainly composed of two groups of perpendicular circles. It points to the four tourism rings in the Beisianji. Founding ring. The base of Jianyi is a rectangular frame, which is supported by the dragon pillar and cloud column to support the four -swim, equatorial ring, and 100 -person ring. The 100 -person ring is fixed outside, the equatorial ring swims within the 100 -car ring, and the four -tour ring is set up between the north -south polar axis. At the same time, there are 4 small cylinders on the occlusal surface of the 100 -car ring and the equatorial ring to reduce friction between the two rings. It is the earliest column rolling bearings in the world.

Jane Yi, pictures are taken on the Zijin Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

In addition, compared with the multi -ring structure of Hunye, Jianyi canceled the zodiac ring and the unnecessary bracket ring, and only retains the measurement ring of the equatorial latitude and horizon latitude, namely Yun instrument). The four -tour ring and equatorial ring in the equatorial device are installed in the upper part, and the vertical ring and the latitude ring in the horizon device are located at the northern end to solve the problem of multi -loop cover.

Jane Yi, the picture comes from the China Science and Technology Museum

On the other hand, Jianyi's 100 -person ring has increased the degree of scales. The 100 -person ring is divided into 36 copies each moment, which improves the accuracy of time observation.

Hundred -person ring scales, pictures are taken in the Zijin Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Generally speaking, the role of ancient astronomical observation instruments is to measure celestial coordinates, and Jianyi is no exception. There are three types of effects: measuring the horizon, equatorial coordinates, and true sun of the celestial bodies.

Jane instrument measurement horizontal coordinates, the picture comes from the China Science and Technology Museum

First, use a flat device to measure the horizon coordinates of the celestial body. In the horizontal system, the vertical ring is set vertically under the cloud column, and the latitude and weft ring is placed on the base vertically on the base. Both rings have scales to peep at the target celestial bodies, and you can read the plain corner and height of the height of the celestial bodies.

Second, use the equatorial device to measure the equatorial coordinates of the celestial body. The equatorial rings and the four -tour ring are available on the number of days, and the four -tour ring is also installed with a peeping of the interior cross wire, similar to a single -lens barrel telescope. Rotate the four -swim ring and move the balancing to observe the celestial bodies, so as to obtain the angle distance between the measured celestial body and the North Celestial pole -to go extreme; turn the equatorial ring and the balance to obtain the distance star that is measured by the measured celestial body and its stay is located. At the angle distance on the equator, the stay, and finally learned the equatorial coordinates.

Simplified measuring is extreme. The picture comes from the China Science and Technology Museum

Jane instrument measurement, the picture comes from the China Science and Technology Museum

Third, use the balance, equatorial ring, and a hundred -person ring to measure the sun. When the true sun is also known as the sun, as the name suggests, it is a time system that uses the sun position as a real -time standard. When the center of the sun is viewed twice to the time of the air, it is the time of 1 real sun (divided into 12 hours).

When the Jane instrument measures the true sun, the picture comes from the China Science and Technology Museum

The design of Jianyi is unique, exquisite in craftsmanship, and strong practicality. It is an important innovation in the history of the development of Chinese astronomical instruments. But unfortunately, Guo Shoujing's production of Jian Yi failed to stay. It was originally placed in the Dagua Tiantai, was relocated to the Jiming Mountain Observation Station, and then moved back to Beijing in 1668. However, Ji Li'an, a French missionary who was served in Qin Tianjian in 1715, used the excuses of casting and serving meter as a waste copper. Follow. The Jian Yi of Guo Shoujing's version has been lost since then. The oldest existing Jianyi is a imitation product produced in 1437, which is used in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Ming Dynasty in the late Qing Dynasty, the picture comes from the Internet

However, the Ming Dynasty copy version Jian Yi also experienced a lot of hardships. In 1900, the Eight -Power Allied Forces invaded China, and Jian Yi was dismantled and transported to the French diplomatic embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane. It was returned to the Qing government until 1902. In June 1933, in order to avoid the fire, Jian Yi was in a hurry to Nanjing, and in February 1934, he settled on the Zijin Mountain Observatory. Later, due to improper preservation, it was almost damaged in the early 1980s. Therefore, the Nanjing Municipal Government repaired Jianyi in 1988, and then placed it on the open -air exhibition of the Nanjing Zijin Mountain Observatory, which is the blueprint of other Jianyi replicas today.

Undoubtedly, Jian Yi is one of the important inventions of Chinese astronomy and represents the superb level of ancient Chinese technology. As a testimony of the history of Chinese science and technology, Jian Yi is also the pioneer of similar devices of astronomical instruments in later generations. Its equatorial device and horizon are the prototypes of modern large telescope equatorial devices and horizon latitude meters. The cross wires in the bae can be called the pioneer of the astronomical telescope cross. Therefore, Jian Yi not only reflects the great achievements of ancient Chinese craftsmanship, but also promotes the development of Chinese astronomy, with practical value and historical significance. Well, this is the content of "Reading Huaxia Science and Technology Story" in this issue. The cloud Range Rover and enjoy science. Please continue to pay attention to the "Yunxiang Science" event of the Chinese Science and Technology Museum.

Reference

1. Yishi Tong. Jane Yiyi [J]. Mechanical workers, 1984 (06): 2,65,1.

2. Zhao Yang. Jianyi [J]. Research on the Museum of Natural Science, 2018 (02): 2.

3. Pan Yan. Two ancient heavenly measuring instruments in Nanjing — Ming System Hunye and Jane [J]. Cultural relics, 1975 (07): 84-89,103.

4. Fan Shanguo. Science giant Guo Shoujing [J]. Chinese classics and culture, 1996 (02): 21-29.

5. Chinese Philosophy Book Electronic Plan: "Yuan Shi", from https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gbchapter=6344688

Planning: Zhou Xingzhi, Dai Yihua, Ye Yaling, Wang Meiling

Production: Zhou Xingzhi, Chen Lei

Audit: Cui Xidong, Wang Zi, Wang Xuezhi, Li Guangjin,

Dai Tianxin, Ye Yaling, Dai Yihua

Ancient Science and Technology Exhibition Department of the Chinese Science and Technology Museum (raised)

(This article is reproduced by the Chinese Science and Technology Museum of Science and Technology Exhibition Department (raised) permit)

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