How to "break through" from international aquatic biotechnology?Can't avoid this overwhelming battle

Do you remember the two major content we talked about in the previous issue? ——The role of aquatic genome research and why China develops aquatic biotechnology.

But in fact, it is not just China. The whole genome selection of breeding and molecular design and breeding in all countries in the world presents the ascendant trend, and with the rise of global biotechnology innovation, the research and application of biotechnology has become the focus of the aquatic technology competition in all countries in the world. Hot spots for international exchanges and cooperation.

So everyone may also guess, the theme we discuss today is -genomic research on aquaculture of aquaculture in countries around the world.

Research on aquaculture genome in various countries

With the widespread development of the aquaculture industry, more and more aquatic product resources suitable for different ecological environment are developed and used. At the same time, the problem of biodiversity protection has been paid more attention to the international community. All countries around the world, especially developed countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia have set up various professional or comprehensive biological species of biological species, evaluation and excavation agencies. Different forms of major plans have been formulated.

1. American aquaculture type genome program

In the early 1990s, the US Department of Agriculture had started individual research on aquaculture animals, and in September 1997, it officially launched a relatively comprehensive genome program for aquaculture animals. The plan chose 5 aquaculture animals. They are the Icturus PUNCTATUS, ONCHORHYNCHUS Mykiss, Orechromis Niloticus, Litopenaeus Vannamei, and Crassostrea Gigas.

The first phase of the United States Aquaculture Animal Genome Project spent 5 years. The plan name is "Genetic Maps of Aquaculture Species". And proposed three stages of small goals: establishing a genetic chain chain, positioning of quantitative trait points, and comparative genome.

At present, the three -twice oyster oysters in the United States have accounted for about 70%of the sources of American oyster seedlings. The cultivated South White Plawous Prak Selette has occupied and monopolized the international shrimp farming industry due to its high -yield resistance.

Especially, the seeds of the Miami South whitening pairing base (SIS) have entered the Chinese market for nearly 20 years, and once accounted for about 80%of the market share, almost monopolized the Chinese plant shrimp supply market.

2. Multiple European countries cooperate with Canada to carry out salmon catfish genome programs

Norway, France, Denmark, and Scotland cooperated with Canada, and published chain maps as early as 1997. After establishing a physical graph, they use the method of fluorescent in situ to identify the positioning of microfinance on chromosomes, and try to integrate the physical maps and genetic graphs of Atlantic salmon with the microbesate physical positioning technology.

Among them, Norway has always been very "persistent" for salmon. Since 1972, it has been selected by salmon. It can be said that salmon pourians have been studied through. They have studied the growth rate, sexual mature age, and antiviral disease of salmon. And the mechanism of anti -bacterial disease ability, meat color and fat content in the muscles.

In addition, they are selected on the basis of this basis, and they have cultivated a batch of excellent varieties of salmon sturgeon, and they have greatly shortened the breeding cycle and reduced the bait coefficient.

3. Japan's Rainbow Genome Genome Plan

Japan has also carried out the genome program of the siphon, a large number of microframess satellites and the establishment of genetic chain maps. At the same time, the use of genetic chain positioning technology to use the antibody gene site of the rainbow pupa related to infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPNV) diseases (IPNV) diseases (IPNV) Positioning on the chain.

4. Research on Kaiba genome in Britain and France

Britain and France also walked at the forefront of aquatic genome research. As early as the early 1990s, the genome research of Fugu Rubripes was launched. The rumor is used as a model creature for human genome research because of few repeated sequences in the genome.

It can be seen that the above -mentioned developed countries attach great importance to the development of the aquaculture and breeding industry, not only continuously increased research investment, but also achieved a series of major breakthroughs. Although the total scale of their aquaculture and breeding industry is lower than China, the industrial concentration is high, the coverage rate of good varieties is also high, and the quality of seedlings is still stable. Therefore, the unit price is much higher than my country.

my country's aquaculture animal genome research and development situation

In fact, the research and development of an aquaculture animal genome in my country can actually be summarized in one sentence -the start is late and the pace is fast.

The research of my country's aquatic biomedical technology starts at the beginning of this century. There are still a certain gap between the scale of molecular labeling development of aquatic animal and animal function, the development scale of molecular markers, and environmental genome, comparative genome, and nutritional genome.

But as the saying goes, "good meals are not afraid of late", my country's aquatic biological field is open, accelerating the pace of research, in functional gene screening and cloning, importance molecular marking and application, the construction of aquatic animal genetic chain map, the construction of the genetic chain map, and the construction of the genetic chain map of the aquatic animals, the construction of the genetic chain chain map, and the construction of the genetic chain map, and the construction of the genetic chain map, and the construction of the genetic chain map of the aquatic animals. Gender control and monoe seedling cultivation have made good progress.

And in terms of aquatic molecular breeding, protection of biology, molecular system, molecular immunology, and genetically modified research, genome research technologies and methods have begun, and the rapid development of various research areas has been promoted through genome resources. It can be said that my country's aquaculture research has officially entered the age of genome!

my country's theory and practice of "double flowers" in the theory of aquaculture not only continuously consolidate the basis of the theoretical research of the aquatic industry, but also actively carry out the original innovation and key technological breakthroughs of the aquatic industry.

At present, the collection and preservation of essential resources, the excavation and utilization of genetic resources, the research and development of breeding technology, and the cultivation of new varieties have been made.

my country has successfully completed the whole genome sequence sequence measurement and map drawing of important aquatic species including semi -slip tongue, oysters, carp, grouper, and big yellow croaker to cultivate a number of new aquatic varieties.

In addition, my country has initially formed a variety of aquatic gear storage technology systems, which breaks the whole genome sequences of dental, Vannabin pairs of shrimp, thorns, cavia, kelp, etc. The development and utilization process of freshwater fish species of grass carp and dumplings accelerates the use of the development and utilization process of freshwater fish species. The scallop molecular breeding technology breaks through the technical bottleneck of the actual application of the whole genetic application of the aquatic biology, and builds the first whole genome selection platform for the international water production.

Semi -skid tongue genar diagram picture Source: Huanghai Aquatic Research Institute Wang Na provided

Of course, many new achievements of genetic technology have also emerged in this area, such as the innovative RNA function knockout technology of the Institute of Tamsui Fishery Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Aquatic Sciences and carried out fish gender editing.

Picture source: China Aquatic Products

This technology has the characteristics of simple operation and obvious phenotypes. It can operate hundreds to tens of thousands of eggs at the same time, which can achieve the batch screening of excellent traits and improve the effectiveness of biological breeding.

The Danshui Fisheries Research Center applied this technology to create a new breakthrough in the pornographic, females, breeding, and abnormal glycogen synthesis, and gonadic gonades. Essence This technology is used to cultivate 5,000 experimental fish with specific gene transcription knockout.

If this technology is applied to the actual breeding process, it can significantly improve the genetic improvement results of the importance of aquatic animals, greatly shorten the conventional breeding process, and improve the efficiency of the new varieties of aquatic products and new species.

In addition to the RNA function knockout technology, the Heilongjiang Aquatic Research Institute uses gene editing technologies to create a variant of a young muscle spine.

Picture source: China Aquatic Products

We all know that catfish is very delicious, but there are more catfish with a lot of muscle spinning to make many people who want to eat but not stabbing to "watch the fish". Then, this technology can solve this problem well.

This study conducted a systematic study of the molecular mechanism of the development and formation of carpye muscle spines, and screened the crash variants of the muscle -free spines and spines. The essential scientific materials also provide theoretical basis and technical support for the genetic improvement of other economy's muscle spines.

With this technology, it is believed that fishes with muscle -free and small muscle spines will be more and more popular, and more and more people who like to eat fish will be more and more.

Chinese fisheries are fully fighting for the seedling industry!

Although the research of my country's aquaculture genome is a little later than that of other countries, we have "run fast". In recent years, Chinese scientific and technological workers have used genetic technology to achieve new breakthroughs and cultivated new new breakthroughs after another, and cultivated new new new breakthroughs, and cultivated new new breakthroughs one after another, and cultivated new new breakthroughs after another, and cultivated new new breakthroughs after another, and cultivated new new breakthroughs after another, and cultivated new new breakthroughs and cultivated new new new breakthroughs. Variety.

For example, the Yellow Sea Aquatic Research Institute has independently innovated and cultivated a new variety of Chinese shrimp "Yellow Sea 4". They use good breeding as a carrier, and the good varieties and good methods are supported by industrialization and application in the coastal areas of my country.

Picture source: China Aquatic Products

China has a fast growth rate of shrimp "Yellow Sea 4" and strong resistance to resistance. It can effectively ensure the stable development of shrimp breeding industry. It has also promoted the construction of China to the world's advanced ranks. At present, the coverage of China ’s nourishment for shrimp varieties is close to 100%, and the contribution rate of increasing production of good varieties has reached more than 20%.

At the 22nd China International High -tech Achievement Fair in November 2020, China won the "Excellent Product Award" for shrimp "Yellow Sea 4". It can be said that it is the "three good students" of our shrimp industry.

In addition, Luo Feiyu's "Guangdong -Min -Min No. 1" also performs well. It is a new variety that combines breeding technologies such as group selection, family selection, and hybridization selection of the Pearl River Aquatic Products Research Institute. The advantages of high meat output rate.

Picture source: China Aquatic Products

The results of this research solve the problem of hormone -induced rotation of Luo Fei fish single male seedlings, breaking through the technical bottleneck in the large -scale production of Chaoxiong Luo Fei Fish. Essence

The new varieties of the category are easy to produce in large -scale production, and it is suitable for artificially controlled freshwater water in the main producing area of ​​Luofei Fish in my country. It was selected as one of the three key results of the National Key R & D Plan "Blue Grain Science and Technology Innovation", and won the 22nd China International High -tech Achievement Fair Excellent Product Award.

The rapid development of aquatic products in various countries. It is not easy to break through from China. We listed the many achievements of my country's water production technology in China, but in fact, behind this is the hard work of generations of scientific researchers. Let's take a look at the stories behind the scenes of water.Produced: Popular Science China

Author: Liu Yadan (Assistant/Researcher of the former Secretary -General of the Chinese Fisheries Society, a national chief scientific communication expert)

Producer: China Science Popularization Expo

Edit: Wang Tingting

Reference materials:

1. The major progress of scientific research of the Chinese Academy of Aquatic Sciences in Aquatic Products Sciences of China;

2. The Fisheries and Fisheries Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs "" Thirteenth Five -Year Plan "scientific and technological innovation play a leading role to help fisheries green and high -quality development"

3. "Research on the Strategy of the Development of Aquatic Genetics Breeding and the Development of Aquatic Products" Gui Jianfang, Bao Zhenmin, Zhang Xiaojuan

The China Science Popularization Expo is the Science Popular Science Platform of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is sponsored by the Computer Network Information Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Relying on the high -end scientific resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it is committed to spreading cutting -edge scientific knowledge and providing fun science and education services.

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